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1.
Salicylaldehyde Schiff base of amino-methylated polystyrene has been developed as a novel reagent for the removal of Fe(III) from solutions. The selectivity of the metal ion uptake over a wide range of different concentrations of metal ion, effect of pH, ligand concentration and the influence of other foreign ions were studied. A very good selectivity was achieved for the removal of the ion. It was found that 0.01 g of the ligand was sufficient to achieve about 96% removal of the metal ion in terms of concentration (ppm) from a 30 ppm solution in acidic pH.  相似文献   

2.
西安市春季大气细粒子的质量浓度及其水溶性组分的特征   总被引:25,自引:0,他引:25  
为了探讨西安市春季大气细粒污染物的污染水平及水溶性组分的特征及来源,2005年3—5月对西安大气PM2.5进行了观测,并应用离子色谱对其中的水溶性组分进行了分析。结果显示,西安市春季大气PM2.5的质量浓度为159.9μg·m-3。分析的11种阴阳离子(Na 、NH4 、K 、Mg2 、Ca2 、F-、Cl-、Br-、NO2-、NO3-和SO42-)质量浓度占PM2.5的30%,表明水溶性组分是大气细粒子的主要组成之一。NH4 、SO42-和NO3-为水溶性离子的主要组分,其平均质量浓度分别为6.6、20.1和7.6μg·m-3,在总水溶性离子中的百分比分别为12.4%、47.4%和16.9%,SO42-和NO3-质量浓度与能见度有较好的负相关性,表明细粒子中二次气溶胶组分对能见度有显著的影响。阴阳离子的平衡和pH值的测定结果显示,西安市大气细粒子污染物为弱酸性。离子间的相关性分析揭示水溶性离子在颗粒物中主要结合方式为(NH4)2SO4、NH4HSO4、NH4NO3、KHSO4和K2SO4。Mg2 和Ca2 的相关性也较好,其摩尔比率为0.07,小于中国北方沙漠和黄土的平均值(0.15),揭示二次扬尘和建筑扬尘等过程对Ca2 的质量浓度影响较大。计算的NO3-/SO42-质量浓度比值的均值为0.38,说明固定排放源(燃煤)对细粒子中水溶性组分的贡献大于移动排放源(机动车)。  相似文献   

3.
    
A possible contamination of water resources by the application of pesticides is a problem confronting many irrigated areas in arid and semi-arid areas. The best management practices have to be adopted to minimize pesticide transport and leaching under irrigated conditions. Atrazine dissipation in loam and sandy loam soils has been tested in the laboratory using disturbed soil columns under saturated flooding conditions. All the experiments were performed in replicates. The chloride transport was also studied to test its behavior as an inert tracer in both the soils. Atrazine and chloride breakthrough curves were analyzed with the parameter optimization program CXTFIT to determine transport parameters including pore-water velocity (v), retardation coefficient (R), hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient (D), and pulse duration (t o ). The pore-water velocity and pulse duration of the solute were estimated from the experimental conditions and kept constant during the optimization procedure. The results indicated that the R of chloride was not significantly different from 1, indicating that chloride is an inert tracer for the types of soil tested in this study. The average R of atrazine was 4.56 and 3.15 for sandy loam and loam soils, respectively. Results also showed that the hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient was much higher in the case of sandy loam soil compared to the loam soil for the two solutes, thus indicating non-equilibrium transport conditions. In the case of chloride, D increased from 0.4 for the loam soil to 16.2?cm2/min for the sandy loam soil. Similar results were observed in the case of atrazine in which D for the sandy loam soil was 60% higher than that for the loam soil. More atrazine leaching is expected under field conditions due to the presence of soil cracks and macropores.  相似文献   

4.
超滤膜污染和清洗方法的研究   总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11  
续曙光  柳贤 《环境化学》1998,17(4):404-407
本文以牛血清蛋白为料液,用酸、碱和表面活性剂作为清洗剂,对聚砜、聚丙烯腈等四种不同材质的超滤膜进行了污染和清洗实验,同时还研究了不同PH值对膜清洗效果的影响,结果表明,对于季铵化聚砚膜,用NaOH清洗效果较好,丙烯腈膜以HCl清洗效果为好;P天等电点附近,容易引起吸附  相似文献   

5.
改进型膜生物反应器处理洗浴污水的试验研究   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
在大量试验研究的基础上提出了一种改进型膜生物反应器 (MBR) ,并对其处理洗浴污水的效果进行了试验 ,结果表明 :利用改进型MBR处理洗浴污水出水水质良好 ,COD <40mg/L ,LAS <0 .2mg/L ,符合国家建设部颁布的生活杂用水回用水质标准。  相似文献   

6.
杨伦  吴仕希  付庆龙 《环境化学》2024,43(12):4059-4071
溶解性有机质(DOM)是各类环境介质中广泛存在的有机混合物,参与了表生地球系统的诸多生物地球化学和环境化学过程. DOM的傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱(FT-ICR MS)谱图仅考虑单电荷离子峰,但对双电荷离子峰的研究十分有限. 本研究结合FT-ICR MS技术,提出基于单电荷离子前体的双电荷离子筛选方法,并将其应用于各类环境介质中DOM的FT-ICR MS谱图中多电荷离子的化学多样性分析. 结果表明,相比传统仅考虑13C同位素峰的方法,基于单电荷离子前体的双电荷离子方法能够有效提高DOM的FT-ICR MS谱图中双电荷离子峰的识别(提高44.90%). 相比单电荷离子,双电荷离子拥有更高的O/C、DBE(最小双键当量)、AImod(修正芳香性指数)和NOSC(碳的名义氧化态)值以及更低的H/C值,表明大部分双电荷DOM是富羧基的脂环分子. 同时,双电荷离子的数量与样品类型有关,土壤DOM中的双电荷离子数量更高. 具体来说,各类样品中双电荷离子的数量和占比如下:海洋水DOM(540,0.18%)、天然淡水DOM(3486,0.81%)、土壤DOM(6334,4.06%)和废水DOM(41,0.13%). 这表明单电荷离子峰是各类环境介质DOM的FT-ICR MS谱图中的主要离子峰. 本研究为DOM的化学多样性研究提供了一种新的数据分析方法,首次系统性地揭示了不同类型DOM中多荷离子的性质,并证实了双电荷离子对不同类型DOM的超高分辨质谱(UHR-MS)数据分析的影响相对有限.  相似文献   

7.
在线反冲洗控制MBR膜污染的试验   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
试验采用在线空气反冲洗和在线清水反冲洗控制膜生物反应器(MBR)膜污染。试验结果表明,通过在线空气反冲洗,膜通量最大可恢复至20.5L/(m2·h),恢复率为95.3%,反冲洗周期为5d,且30d后膜通量仍大于12L/(m2·h);采用在线清水反冲洗后,膜通量最大可恢复至20.9L/(m2·h),恢复率为97.7%,第34天进行第3次在线清水反冲洗后膜通量仍可恢复至19.8L/(m2·h)。  相似文献   

8.
在厌氧膜生物反应器处理高浓度食品废水的试验中,借助原子力显微镜分析了四种表面形貌不同的聚醚砜超滤膜的通量衰减规律.结果表明,超滤膜表面形貌愈粗糙,膜通量的衰减速率愈快,且化学清洗后恢复愈困难.  相似文献   

9.
赵瑾  王文华  曹军瑞  姜天翔  王勋亮 《环境化学》2018,37(12):2740-2748
采用微絮凝-超滤工艺处理不同温度的海水,研究了温度对有机物的去除效果、絮体特性以及超滤膜通量的影响规律.以三氯化铁为絮凝剂,分析了微絮凝-超滤对海水UV254、DOC及三维荧光光谱的影响,监测了不同海水温度下微絮凝过程中产生絮体的絮凝指数、分形维数等特性,考察了微絮凝对超滤膜污染的减缓作用.实验结果表明,当FeCl3投加量为1.0 mg·L-1时,对5℃、10℃、15℃、20℃海水的UV254去除率分别为84.4%、81.3%、78.1%、71.9%,DOC去除率分别为81.8%、75.8%、65.0%、57.5%,微絮凝-超滤工艺对低温海水的去除效果优于常温海水,可去除海水中的芳香族蛋白类和腐殖酸类有机物;温度对絮凝指数FI的影响较小,说明其不同温度下微絮凝形成的絮体粒径变化不大;但低温海水形成的絮体分形维数要小于常温海水,说明低温海水的絮体结构更加疏松,疏松的絮体结构更有利于减缓后续超滤膜通量的下降.  相似文献   

10.
横向流超滤膜污染动力学模型   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
王晓昌  王锦 《环境化学》2002,21(6):552-557
从超滤过程中膜面滤饼层内对流传输、反向传输和颗粒积累的质量平衡关系出发,建立了描述渗透通量随时间变化关系的横向流超滤膜污染动力学模型.该模型将通常难以确定的滤饼层比阻和反向扩散系数包含在两个经验参数a,b中,通过简单的实验确定参数值后,即可用于横向流超滤过程的数学模拟.模拟计算结果与实验实测数据比较接近,且从理论上说明了横向流超滤从非平衡到最终平衡状态过渡的原理以及半透膜压、膜面剪切率对渗透通量的影响.  相似文献   

11.
膜生物反应器投加PAC处理生活污水效能的试验   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
在一体式MBR系统中投加少量的粉末活性炭,运行效果良好,并且可以很好地降低膜污染。粉末活性炭在形成生物活性炭后,对难降解有机物具有很好的降解能力;NH4^ -N的去除率得到进一步提高,NO3^-的含量升高;但反硝化作用不明显,致使总氮去除率不高;生物活性炭很好地吸附并降解了易引起膜污染的有机物,改变了污泥的性质,对膜组件起到了很好的保护作用。  相似文献   

12.
    
• A stable and electroconductive CNTs/ceramic membrane was fabricated. • The membrane with the electro-assistance exhibited optimal fouling mitigation. • The removal efficiency was improved by the -2.0 V electro-assistance. • Electro-assisted filtration is energy-saving than that of commercial membrane. Ultrafiltration is employed as an important process for water treatment and reuse, which is of great significance to alleviate the shortage of water resources. However, it suffers from severe membrane fouling and the trade-off between selectivity and permeability. In this work, a CNTs/ceramic flat sheet ultrafiltration membrane coupled with electro-assistance was developed for improving the antifouling and separation performance. The CNTs/ceramic flat sheet membrane was fabricated by coating cross-linked CNTs on ceramic membrane, featuring a good electroconductivity of 764.75 S/m. In the filtration of natural water, the permeate flux of the membrane with the cell voltage of -2.0 V was 1.8 times higher than that of the membrane without electro-assistance and 5.7-fold greater than that of the PVDF commercial membrane. Benefiting from the electro-assistance, the removal efficiency of the typical antibiotics was improved by 50%. Furthermore, the electro-assisted membrane filtration process showed 70% reduction in energy consumption compared with the filtration process of the commercial membrane. This work offers a feasible approach for membrane fouling mitigation and effluent quality improvement and suggests that the electro-assisted CNTs/ceramic membrane filtration process has great potential in the application of water treatment.  相似文献   

13.
欧阳科  黎丽华  陈媛  谢珊 《生态环境》2011,20(4):706-710
采用一体式MBR处理垃圾渗滤液,系统考察MBR对COD、NH4+-N和TN的去除效果。结果表明:可将垃圾渗滤液的COD降至650-1 500 mg·L-1范围;在HRT为1.5 d、DO为0.75-1.20 mg·L-1、不排泥条件下运行时,对TN质量浓度低于2 300 mg·L-1、容积负荷低于0.25 kg.m-3.d-1(以N计)的渗滤液进行处理,MBR对NH4+-N与TN的去除率可分别达到87%和72%以上。在MBR处理垃圾渗滤液的运行中发现,膜的污染速度较快,并且呈现"两段性"的规律,采用碱+氧化剂的清洗方式可有效去除膜污染,降低过膜压力。  相似文献   

14.
为了确定煤矸石的污染析出特性及规律,以某高速公路的煤矸石为研究对象,通过实验室模拟大自然降雨的过程,并控制实验过程中的浸泡时间、pH、固液比及空隙率,对煤矸石进行淋溶实验.结果表明,在静态浸泡实验中,污染物浸出量随浸泡时间的延长而增大,48 h污染物析出达到平衡;煤矸石中污染物的浸出量随初始pH值的降低而增大;随固液比的增大而增大.煤矸石空隙率越小,污染物析出的质量浓度越高.在模拟自然降雨的第一次淋溶过程中,煤矸石中浸出的污染物质量浓度最大,从第二次的淋溶过程开始,污染物的释放量便迅速下降,并保持较平稳的溶解释放速率.实验结果说明,降雨次数和降雨量的增加会促进煤矸石中污染物的溶解释放.在煤矸石中混合黏土、砂砾等增加煤矸石的空隙率,可以降低污染物析出量,从而减轻煤矸石资源化利用中对沿线土壤和地下水的二次污染.  相似文献   

15.
三维荧光光谱表征膜污染物   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
刘铮  董秉直  陈艳  刘浩 《环境化学》2010,29(3):496-501
本文探讨三维荧光光谱表征天然湖水中膜污染物质的可行性.选取天然湖水中的4种溶解性有机组分,进行膜过滤试验,探讨水样的荧光峰位置、强度和分布等特征参数与其分子量、亲疏水性质的关系,从而达到用三维荧光光谱参数定性、定量表征膜污染程度的目的.经研究发现,EEM谱图上与膜污染关系最密切的两个区域是:λex=220—250nm/λem=350—380nm和λex=230—280nm/λem=380—500nm,其对应的小分子蛋白类和腐殖类有机物是造成膜污染的主要成分.此外,EEM谱图上的荧光强度还可用来表征过膜前后有机物的截留效率.经研究认为,采用三维荧光光谱反映膜污染成因和膜截留效率,具有实际应用意义.  相似文献   

16.
    
A novel SBM-C-PBR was constructed for microalgae cultivation. Membrane fouling was greatly mitigated by membrane carbonation. NH4+ and P removal rates were around 80% in SBM-C-PBR. Biomass was completely retained by membrane. In this study, a novel sequence batch membrane carbonation photobioreactor was developed for microalgae cultivation. Herein, membrane module was endowed functions as microalgae retention and CO2 carbonation. The results in the batch experiments expressed that the relatively optimal pore size of membranes was 30 nm, photosynthetically active radiation was 36 W/m2 and the CO2 concentration was 10% (v/v). In long-term cultivation, the microalgal concentration separately accumulated up to 1179.0 mg/L and 1296.4 mg/L in two periods. The concentrations of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids were increased about 23.2, 14.9 and 6.3 mg/L respectively in period I; meanwhile, the accumulation was about 25.0, 14.5, 6.6 mg/L respectively in the period II. Furthermore, the pH was kept about 5.5–7.5 due to intermittent carbonation mode, which was suitable for the growth of microalgae. Transmembrane pressure (TMP) was only increased by 0.19 and 0.16 bar in the end of periods I and II, respectively. The pure flux recovered to 75%–80% of the original value by only hydraulic cleaning. Scanning electron microscope images also illustrated that carbonation through membrane module could mitigate fouling levels greatly.  相似文献   

17.
Increasing concentrations of chloride ions (Cl-) in the atmosphere is one of the most important global environmental factors influencing processes in terrestrial ecosystems. To understand the roles played by plantations in intercepting atmospheric Cl- in mountainous regions, a one-year field observation of precipitation and throughfall was conducted in a subalpine artificial Picea asperata plantation in western Sichuan and the dynamics of Cl- concentrations in rainfall, snowfall, and throughfall, and canopy interception on atmospheric Cl- were investigated from August 2015 to July 2016. During the observational year, 27 rainfalls and 6 snowfalls were observed and sampled. The average concentration of Cl- in the precipitation was 1.33 mg/L and the average concentrations of Cl- in rainfall and snowfall were 1.41 mg/L and 0.98 mg/L, respectively. Correspondingly, the total input of Cl- by the precipitation processes was 7.56 kg/hm2, which included 6.31 kg/ hm2 by rainfall and the remainder by snowfall. In one entire year, the total canopy interception of Cl- was 2.61 kg/hm2 and the average interception rate was 38.08%. During the rainy season, the canopy interception of Cl- was 2.20 kg/hm2 and the average rate was 38.90%, whereas during the snow season, the canopy interception of Cl- was 0.41 kg/hm2 and the average rate was 34.39%. The maximum and minimum interception rates occurred in August and September, respectively. Significantly negative correlation was found between the interception rate of Cl- and precipitation. In summary, the P. asperata plantation in the subalpine forest region of western Sichuan exerts an important role in intercepting atmospheric Cl-, which is of great significance for maintaining and improving the environment of the water conservation region in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. Furthermore, changes in the precipitation pattern caused by global changes might affect the role of the artificial forest canopy interception on atmospheric Cl-. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.  相似文献   

18.
    
• Ceramic membrane filtration showed high performance for surface water treatment. • PTC pre-coagulation could enhance ceramic membrane filtration performance. • Ceramic membrane fouling was investigated by four varied mathematical models. • PTC pre-coagulation was high-effective for ceramic membrane fouling control. Application of ceramic membrane (CM) with outstanding characteristics, such as high flux and chemical-resistance, is inevitably restricted by membrane fouling. Coagulation was an economical and effective technology for membrane fouling control. This study investigated the filtration performance of ceramic membrane enhanced by the emerging titanium-based coagulant (polytitanium chloride, PTC). Particular attention was paid to the simulation of ceramic membrane fouling using four widely used mathematical models. Results show that filtration of the PTC-coagulated effluent using flat-sheet ceramic membrane achieved the removal of organic matter up to 78.0%. Permeate flux of ceramic membrane filtration reached 600 L/(m2·h), which was 10-fold higher than that observed with conventional polyaluminum chloride (PAC) case. For PTC, fouling of the ceramic membrane was attributed to the formation of cake layer, whereas for PAC, standard filtration/intermediate filtration (blocking of membrane pores) was also a key fouling mechanism. To sum up, cross-flow filtration with flat-sheet ceramic membranes could be significantly enhanced by titanium-based coagulation to produce both high-quality filtrate and high-permeation flux.  相似文献   

19.
当利用纳滤膜处理高浓度工业废液时,实验研究表明随着浓缩时间的延长,渗透液通量衰减系数和膜污染阻力提高很快;浓缩时间较短时,纳滤膜的分离过程由浓差极化控制;浓缩时间较长时,纳滤膜分离过程由浓差极化和膜污染共同控制;提高卷式纳滤膜浓缩液流量会增加纳滤膜浓差极化与膜污染的影响,板式纳滤膜恰与此相反;原浓度高的母液,其渗透液通量衰减系数和膜污染阻力随浓缩时间的延长其提高速率相对也高。  相似文献   

20.
聚丙烯腈卷式超滤膜组件的污染及其清洗方法   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
以牛奶为料液,用聚丙烯腈卷式起滤膜组件进行了污染规律和清洗方法的研究.实验结果表明:负压抽洗的效果比低压高流速和反冲洗效果好;采用物理方法和化学方法结合,可明显提高清洗效果.  相似文献   

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