Saguenay河溶解有机质光化学生成溶解无机碳的研究

溶解有机质作为水生生态系统中一种重要的活跃的有机组分,对生态系统中的碳循环起到重要的作用.利用模拟太阳光对Saguenay河溶解有机质的光氧化过程模拟,研究了溶解氧浓度、模拟太阳光波长范围和铁浓度对溶解无机碳产量的影响.研究表明,基于空气饱和样品前72 h的溶解无机碳产量1.39 μmol·L-1·h-1,氧气饱和条件下照射的溶解无机碳产量增加了52.5%,而氮气饱和条件下的照射则只有空气饱和样品的10%.实验以Mylar-D、有机玻璃UF-3和有机玻璃UF-4为滤光片研究了波长范围对溶解无机碳产量的影响,近似计算的结果表明UV-B、UV-A和可见光部分分别占无机碳产量的16.5%,55.4%和28.0%,表明溶解无机碳的生成可发生在紫外光无法到达的水体较深区域.铁在光化学催化氧化过程中起重要作用,当总铁浓度达到10 μmol·L-1时,有效的增加了溶解无机碳的生成速率,其生成速率约为初始样品的1.68倍(初始样品中总铁含量为3.2 μmol·L-1).     

长江重庆段溶解性有机物的荧光特性分析

利用三维荧光光谱(EEMs),并结合平行因子分析(PARAFAC)及主成分分析(PCA),研究了长江重庆段溶解有机物(DOM)的荧光组分特征及其污染来源,并探讨了荧光强度同溶解性有机碳(DOC)及溶解氧(DO)的相关性.结果表明,PARAFAC模型识别出长江重庆段DOM由2类6个荧光组分组成,即类腐殖质荧光组分C1(350/422 nm)、C4(245,305/395 nm)、C5(260,340/420 nm)、C6(260/480 nm)及类蛋白荧光组分C2(275/300 nm)、C3(227,278/329 nm).在DOM来源组成中,陆源的类腐殖质含量占62.56%,类蛋白物质含量占31.31%.类腐殖质组分的荧光强度同DOC的含量存在明显的线性正相关(r=0.73),类蛋白组分的荧光强度同DO的含量呈明显的线性负相关(r=0.80).EEMs-PARAFAC不仅可以表征长江重庆段DOM的光谱特征,示踪长江重庆段的有机污染程度,还可以为三峡库区水体保护提供依据.     

Modeling the seasonal autochthonous sources of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen in the upper Chesapeake Bay

In this paper we investigate the seasonal autochthonous sources of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) in the euphotic zone at a station in the upper Chesapeake Bay using a new mass-based ecosystem model. Important features of the model are: (1) carbon and nitrogen are incorporated by means of a set of fixed and varying C:N ratios; (2) dissolved organic matter (DOM) is separated into labile, semi-labile, and refractory pools for both C and N; (3) the production and consumption of DOM is treated in detail; and (4) seasonal observations of light, temperature, nutrients, and surface layer circulation are used to physically force the model. The model reasonably reproduces the mean observed seasonal concentrations of nutrients, DOM, plankton biomass, and chlorophyll a. The results suggest that estuarine DOM production is intricately tied to the biomass concentration, ratio, and productivity of phytoplankton, zooplankton, viruses, and bacteria. During peak spring productivity phytoplankton exudation and zooplankton sloppy feeding are the most important autochthonous sources of DOM. In the summer when productivity peaks again, autochthonous sources of DOM are more diverse and, in addition to phytoplankton exudation, important ones include viral lysis and the decay of detritus. The potential importance of viral decay as a source of bioavailable DOM from within the bulk DOM pool is also discussed. The results also highlight the importance of some poorly constrained processes and parameters. Some potential improvements and remedies are suggested. Sensitivity studies on selected parameters are also reported and discussed.     

夏季渭河西安段溶解性有机质(DOM)的特征、分布及来源分析

通过紫外吸收光谱,三维荧光光谱结合平行因子分析(EEMs-PARAFAC)方法及主成分分析(PCA),研究了夏季渭河西安段水体中的溶解性有机质(DOM)的组成、来源,及其与水质指标的相关性.在研究区域共检出2种类别5个不同的DOM组分,分别为类腐殖质荧光组分C1、C2、C3、C5和1个类蛋白类荧光组分C4,5个组分具有...     

溶解性有机质在红壤水稻土碳氮转化中的作用

溶解性有机质(DOM)是土壤中活跃的C、N库,在土壤有机质分解转化等过程中有着重要的作用。但其在水田土壤C、N转化过程中究竟起多大作用仍不明确。本研究采用室内恒温培养法观测了DOM和红壤水稻土C、N矿化的关系。结果表明,去除DOM显著降低了培养期间土壤有机质的累计矿化量。其中土壤有机碳的累计矿化量下降了11.4%～20.8%(平均15.4%),且其影响主要体现在培养前期;土壤有机氮的累计矿化量下降了16.4～22.9%(平均19.2%)。研究结果初步表明,虽然DOM只占土壤有机质的很少一部分,但在红壤水稻土C、N矿化中起重要作用。     

溶解性有机物对土壤中重金属环境行为的影响

为揭示在溶解性有机物（DOM）作用下土壤中重金属的吸附和迁移规律并确定迁移数学模型,通过不同条件下的等温吸附实验和土柱淋滤实验,研究了溶解性有机物对重金属Cu,Cd,Pb,Zn在褐土中吸附和迁移行为的影响。结果表明DOM对Cu和Cd在土壤中的吸附促进作用较明显,对Pb有微弱的促进作用,对Zn的吸附影响不明显;随着pH的改变,25℃下Cu在土壤中的吸附高于15℃和35℃条件下。DOM质量浓度越高,Cd、Zn溶出的促进效果越明显,Cu、Pb则恰好相反。DOM对土壤中Cd、Zn的垂直迁移起着促进作用,而对Cu、Pb迁移起着一定的抑制作用;DOM对土壤重金属的平均迁移量随时间的延长而减少。此迁移模型能够定量计算并预测重金属质量浓度的时空分布。     

不同生态类型富营养化湖泊沉积物中有机质赋存形态

以藻型湖泊(太湖)、草藻型湖泊(南四湖)、草型湖泊(白洋淀)湖泊沉积物为研究对象,采集了11个表层沉积物样品,测定沉积物中总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)含量并利用物理分组方法,研究了3种不同生态型湖及同一湖泊不同区域沉积物中总有机质(OM)、轻组有机质(LFOM)和重组有机质(HFOM)的赋存特征.结果表明,南四湖沉积物中总氮、总磷和总有机质含量显著高于太湖和白洋淀;尽管太湖、南四湖和白洋淀沉积物中总有机质含量较高,但是轻组有机质(LFOM)含量较低,分别占总有机质的0.95%—1.08%、0.21%—1.37%和1.4%—1.78%;重组有机质(HFOM)含量较高,分别占总有机质的83.83%—87.4%、94%—98.98%和88.2%—98.3%,表明3种不同生态型湖泊沉积物中所含有机质绝大部分为难分解的重组有机质,轻组有机质基本矿化分解.相关性分析表明,轻组有机质(LFOM)、重组有机质(HFOM)与总有机质(OM)之间均呈现显著正相关关系.     

可溶性有机物对土壤中主要有机污染物环境行为的影响

概括了环境中可溶性有机物的特点，并系统总结了当前国内外关于可溶性有机物对土壤中主要污染物环境行为的影响的研究进展。阐述了可溶性有机物对农药、多环芳烃在土壤中的吸附、解吸及分配等环境行为所起的作用。最后指出了该方面研究存在的问题及今后应加强的方向。     

Effect Of pH on the complexation of U(II) with organic matter dissolved in resh waters

In the present work we study the effect of pH on the complexation of copper with organic matter dissolved in fresh surface waters. Samples collected in rivers of Galicia (NW of Spain) were titrated with copper solution at pH values in the range 5.5–7.5. Copper concentration was measured by DPASV technique. The complexation parameters were obtained from the simple model of 1 : 1 complex formation. The obtained values show a linear increase of the logarithm of the conditional stability constant as the pH increases.     

哈尔滨市降雪中溶解性有机物光谱特性分析

研究雨雪中的溶解性有机物(DOM)将有利于把握其理化性质及其在生态系统中的行为和功能.本研究运用三维荧光光谱(EEMs)技术结合平行因子分析(PARAFAC)、紫外-可见光谱技术(UV-vis),对哈尔滨市2018年3月1日降雪样品中DOM的光谱特性及来源进行解析.结果表明,降雪样品中DOM的相对分子质量较大,芳香构造...     

表面活性剂及水溶性有机物对菲生态毒性的影响

采用室内培养试验及化学试验研究了表面活性剂及水溶性有机物(DOM)对土壤中菲对小麦的生态毒性的影响.结果表明,绿肥和猪粪堆肥DOM具有具有类似表面活性剂的表面活性性质,且猪粪堆肥的表面活性较大;在本试验条件下,DOM对菲对小麦的生态毒性有减轻作用,而表面活性剂对菲生态毒性有增加的趋势;当DOM和表面活性剂共存时,菲的生态毒性则比DOM单独作用时的结果强,而弱于表面活性剂单独作用的结果.     

Photodegradation of chromophoric dissolved organic matters in the water of Lake Dianchi,China

Water samples were taken from Lake Dianchi, on the Yungui Plateau of southwest China, and experiments were conducted to simulate the photochemical degradation characteristic of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the lake water. Three groups of experiments under different light conditions: ultraviolet (UV) light, visible light, and dark, were done and variations of fluorescence properties, UV absorbance, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations during the experiments were analyzed to study the photodegradation process of CDOM with time. The result showed that light irradiation led to significant photochemical degradation of CDOM, resulting in changes in florescent properties, absorbance losses, decreases in aromaticity and average molecular weight, as well as decline in DOC concentration in the water. It was also observed that UV irradiation had greater effect than visible light did. However, various fluorophores had different sensitivities to the same irradiation condition, that is, protein-like fluorophore at the low excitation wavelengths is more sensitive to UV irradiation than the other fluorophores, and is more readily to undergo photo-degradation. In addition, visible light irradiation did not have significant impact on DOC in the water, with DOC concentration decrease by 5.57% –59.9% during the experiment time. These results may provide new knowledge on the environment behavior of CDOM in the water of Lake Dianchi.     

有机质官能团及微孔特性对疏水性有机污染物吸附的影响机制

作为重要的地质吸附剂,土壤/沉积物中的有机质是环境中疏水性有机污染物主要的汇.由于有机质的结构异质性,疏水性有机污染物一旦进入其中,会被吸附在不同的位点上,反应活性和生态风险进而会发生变化.对疏水性有机污染物在有机质上的吸附进行研究有助于了解其在环境中的分布,传输及生物有效性.本文就疏水性有机污染物在土壤/沉积物中的有机质上吸附的国内外研究进展进行了综述,讨论了重要有机质组分(腐殖质和碳黑)的结构和吸附作用差异性,重点分析了有机质的微孔特性和官能团对吸附的影响机制.     

焦化废水生物出水溶解性有机物特性光谱表征

利用非离子型DAX-8树脂和离子型交换树脂对某焦化废水二级生物出水溶解性有机物(DOM)进行组分分离,从溶解性有机碳(DOC)、紫外-可见光谱、三维荧光光谱、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)等4个方面对组分进行光谱学分析与特征识别.结果显示,疏水性酸性物质(Ho A)、亲水性酸性物质(Hi A)和亲水性中性物质(Hi N)为DOM的主要组分,其DOC含量占总DOC的39.88%、20.85%、25.38%;DOM主要含有单环芳香族化合物或共轭双键类化合物成分,类腐殖质物质和类富里酸物质是DOM的特征有机物;低分子量有机物在亲水性物质组分(HIS)中含量最高,E2 54/E3 65=3.89,E445/E665=1.91,SR=0.926均证明了这一点;亲水性碱性组分(Hi B)组分UV254占比为32%,SUVA值为49.94 L·mg-1·cm-1,不饱和物质和芳香性物质含量最高,芳香化程度最高;Ho A的E300/E400值为2.58,腐化程度最高,组分中含有类富里酸物质.DOM光谱分析能够提供组分中亲疏水性物质的比例、芳香性高低、分子量、发色团及有机基团等信息,可以作为判断废水特征的参考依据.     

Characterization of the dissolved organic matter in sewage effluent of sequence batch reactor: the impact of carbon source

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) transformation in sequence batch reactor (SBR) fed with carbon sources of different biodegradability was investigated. During the biologic degradation process, the low molecular weight (MW) fraction (< 1 kDa) gradually decreased, while the refractory compounds with higher aromaticity were aggregated. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and fluorescence of excitation emission matrices (EEM) demonstrated that more biopolymers (polysaccharides or proteins) and humic-like substances were presented in the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) extracted from the SBR fed with sodium acetate or glucose, while the EPS from SBR fed with slowly biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (DOC) substratestarch had relatively less biopolymers. Comparing the EfOM in sewage effluent of three SBRs, the effluent from SBR fed with starch is more aromatic. Organic carbon with MW>1 kDa as well as the hydrophobic fraction in DOM gradually increased with the carbon sources changing from sodium acetate to glucose and starch. The DOC fractionation and the EEM all demonstrated that EfOM from the effluent of the SBR fed with starch contained more fulvic acid-like substances comparing with the SBR fed with sodium acetate and glucose.     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液溶解性有机质特性及其去除技术综述

垃圾填埋场渗滤液所含物质种类繁多,理化特性复杂,且随填埋时间等条件而变化.本文综合分析了垃圾渗滤液溶解性有机质的组成特征、结构特征及随年代变化特征.针对垃圾渗滤液难降解有机质的特性而研发的处理技术包括物化法、高级氧化法和微电解法等,并在实际工程中得到应用.随着越来越严格的渗滤液排放要求,溶解性有机质的去除应充分考虑投资的经济、运行的稳定性和可靠性.     

可溶性有机质对芘在泥炭和高岭土上吸附和解吸的影响

为掌握可溶性有机质(DOM)对憎水性有机污染物吸附和解吸行为的影响,本研究选取四环多环芳烃——芘作为目标污染物,通过批平衡实验研究了不同分子量组分DOM对芘在泥炭和高岭土上吸附和解吸的影响.结果表明,吸附和解吸数据均可以用Freundlich模型很好地拟合(R2＞0.93).DOM的添加抑制了泥炭对芘的吸附,并且分子量...     

焦化废水中溶解性有机物组分的特征分析

焦化废水是典型的具有复杂有机质的工业废水,其复杂的有机构成制约了水处理的水质达标,且可能对排入水体构成危害.为了探明其溶解性有机物的组成,采用XAD-8大孔树脂将焦化废水中的溶解性有机物分为亲水性组分(HIS)、疏水酸性组分(HOA)、疏水碱性组分(HOB)和疏水中性组分(HON),分析了各组分的溶解性有机物(DOC)、紫外-可见光谱、色度,并采用GC/MS对各组分中有机物进行定性分析.结果表明,焦化废水中的有机物主要为HIS和HOA组分,其DOC含量分别占总DOC的44.3%和32.4%;焦化废水在200—250 nm和300—400 nm范围内有特征吸收峰,且吸收光强度顺序为HIS>HOA>HON>HOB;焦化废水的色度主要由HOA和HON构成,其在525 nm和436 nm处的吸光度分别占焦化废水吸光度的42.9%(HON)、42.1%(HON)和21.4%(HOA)、15.8%(HOA);焦化废水中亲水性物质主要是苯胺、苯酚、喹啉、异喹啉,疏水酸性物质中主要是各种甲基取代的酚类物质,疏水碱性物质主要是各种胺类和含氮杂环化合物,疏水中性物质主要是吲哚及其衍生物.     

Geometry of Zn(II) complexes with dissolved organic matter: X-ray studies at variable pH

The structure of Zn(II) complexes with dissolved organic matter (DOM) is an important consideration in developing molecular-level models of Zn(II) speciation, but recent reports favoring the tetrahedral geometry differ from earlier findings that geometry was largely octahedral. In general, the presence of thiolate ligands favors the tetrahedral geometry, while O and N ligands favor the octahedral geometry. This work presents extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopic results, indicating an octahedral geometry over the pH range of 5–9 for a freshwater DOM isolate. Changes in XANES derivatives as a function of pH can be explained in terms of ligand protonation and/or changing ligand groups. Tetrahedral Zn(II)–DOM geometry may be restricted to binding environments containing thiol groups.     

河流有机质生物地球化学研究进展

探讨了近年来河流中有机质的生物地球化学研究状况。大多数河流有机质的来源主要是外源即流域侵蚀而来的,经过河流的新陈代谢过程,把河流中的悬浮物分解为不同类型的有机质。在有机质分解过程中由于外部条件的差异,形成粒径大小不同的颗粒物和溶解有机质、无机质等。河流水体中的溶解有机碳(DOC)在全球不同纬度、不同区域,其含量差异较大,但目前对其生物地球化学控制的量级缺乏足够的理解和认识。另外碳氮同位素及其比值在当前的河流有机质生物地球化学研究中仍起着非常重要的示踪作用。