针铁矿及腐殖质对水体重金属离子的吸附作用

采用针铁矿、腐殖质、针铁矿-腐殖质复合微粒对重金属离子进行了吸附解吸实验.结果表明它们对Cu2-、Zn2+有强烈的吸附作用.针铁矿对Cu2+和Zn2+的吸附边界pH值分别为4.3和5.8,且吸附率可达95%以上.腐殖质对Cu2+和Zn2+的吸附边界pH值分别为4.1和5.6,且在pH值为8时,吸附率可达96%以上.针铁矿与腐殖质形成的稳定复合微粒不仅对重金属离子具有良好的吸附作用,还具有均匀性好和沉降稳定的特点,可用于土壤修复和含重金属离子的污水的处理.     

Pb2+、Cu2+、Cd2+在胡敏酸上的吸附和竞争吸附

研究了金属离子Pb2+、Cu2+、Cd2+在胡敏酸上的单一吸附和两两组分竞争吸附.结果表明,总体胡敏酸对Cu2+、Pb2+的吸附明显强于Cd2+.Freundlich方程对Pb2+、Cd2+单一金属离子吸附等温线的拟合呈极显著关系,Langmuir方程为胡敏酸吸附Cu2+的最佳拟合方程.Pb2+、Cu2+、Cd2+的两两组分竞争吸附表明,胡敏酸对3种离子均具有"选择性吸附",竞争能力从大到小依次为Pb2+、Cu2+、Cd2+.     

淀粉黄原酸酯基高吸水树脂吸附重金属离子研究

为了进一步探讨淀粉黄原酸酯基高吸水树脂对水中重金属离子吸附作用的机理及其影响因素,考察了离子总量和pH值对吸附的影响,并用扫描电镜和透射电镜等方法对其进行了表征.结果表明:该树脂对重金属离子的吸附是通过表面吸附、网络结构内部的束缚作用和官能团的络合作用方式实现的;该树脂以过硫酸钾为氧化剂,与马铃薯淀粉黄原酸酯形成氧化还原引发体系,使马铃薯淀粉黄原酸酯和部分水解的丙烯酰胺在较低的温度下接枝聚合,一般在35～45℃即可聚合.此外,淀粉黄原酸酯基高吸水树脂对重金属离子的吸附作用较强,可以应用于去除污水中的重金属离子.     

细菌-矿物复合吸附剂对重金属离子的吸附与解吸作用

将胶质芽孢杆菌(Bacillus mucilaginosus)KO2菌株在无氮培养基中培养得到细菌吸附剂,将K02分别接种到含有硅藻土或沸石粉的培养基中培养,得到细菌-硅藻土复合吸附剂和细菌-沸石复合吸附剂,研究三者对几种重金属离子的吸附和解吸作用.结果表明,细菌与矿物的复合吸附剂效果更好,解吸率也更高,其中细菌-沸石复合吸附剂效果最好.比较对Cu2+、Zn2+、Cd2+、Cd3+、pb2+的吸附作用.该吸附剂对Pb2+选择性最好,吸附率达97%,且吸附后可以自动聚集成团沉降,相比细菌和矿粉单独使用,沉降时间明显加快.用浓度均为0.1 mol/L的草酸、草酸铵、乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA-2Na)、硝酸钠4种溶液作解吸剂,分别对上述3种吸附剂体系进行解吸.EDTA-2Na对3种吸附条件下的Pb2+解吸效果最好,最高达到90%.在应用细菌吸附剂和细菌-硅藻土吸附剂条件下,EDTA-2Na解吸效果从大到小为Pb2+、Cu2+、Cr3+其他解吸剂均对Cu2+效果最好;草酸的解吸率从大到小依次为Cu2+、Cr3+、Cd2+、Zn2+、Pb2+.而在采用细菌-沸石吸附剂条件下,不同解吸剂对不同重金属解吸效果完全不同.用EDTA-2Na做解吸剂,5种离子的解吸率都明显高于其他组,草酸对Cr3+解吸率最高.研究表明,对重金属离子废水吸附和解吸效果较好的组合为细菌-沸石吸附剂和EDTA-2Na.     

大理石去除水溶液中Cd2+的性能实验研究

对大理石去除水溶液中的Cd2 进行了实验研究,结果表明,大理石对水溶液中的Cd2 具有良好的去除效果.主要研究的影响因素有:pH值,作用时间,Cd2 的初始浓度和大理石投加量.对于50 mg/L Cd2 溶液,pH=8的条件下,大理石的投加量为12.5 g/L,作用时间30 min,去除效率可达92%,吸附量为3.68 mg/g.大理石对水溶液中的Cd2 的吸附作用符合Langmiur等温吸附方程.     

木莲木屑去除溶液中重金属的研究

采用批量实验方法并引入23析因实验设计,研究NaOH预处理的木莲(manglietia fordiana)木屑去除水体中的铜、铅、镉的能力及特性,并通过分析pH、初始重金属浓度、吸附剂投入量对吸附的影响来探寻最佳吸附条件。研究结果表明,木莲木屑表面具有丰富的活性基团如羟基、氨基、羧基等,可能是其与重金属离子进行离子交换的主要作用位点;它对单金属溶液中Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附能力强,在pH 5、初始重金属浓度1.574 mmol/L、木屑投入量10 g/L(+,+,-)的条件下达到最大吸附量,分别为0.262 0,0.263 6和0.216 6 mmol/g;木莲木屑成本低、量大、易获取、去除能力高,对Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+具有较好的吸附特性,为其进一步在重金属废水处理中的应用提供基础数据。     

二元含汞重金属混合物对费氏弧菌的联合毒性研究

以费氏弧菌(Vibrio fucheri)作为毒性测试物种,测定了Hg2+、pb2+、Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2、Cr6+对费氏弧菌的单一毒性;采用等毒性配比法研究了Hg2+/pb2+、Hg2+/Cr6+、Hg2+/Cu2+、Hg2+/Zn2+、Hs+/Cd2+5种二元混合体系的联合毒性作用.结果表明,重金属离子单独存在时均会对费氏弧菌产生毒性作用,发光菌的相对发光强度均与重金属离子质量浓度呈负相关关系,线性相关系数为0.876 4～0.973 0.Hg2+、Pb2+、Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+、Cr6+单独存在时对费氏弧菌的EC50分别为0.045 mg/L、0.181 mg/L、0.300mg/L、0.117 mg/L、0.614 mg/L、23.000mg/L,重金属离子毒性从大到小为Hg2+、Cd2+、pb2+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Cr6+.而与单一重金属相比,其二元混合物对费氏弧菌的生物毒性效应和强度完全不同.Hg2+/pb2+、Hg2+/Cr6+二元混合体系表现为拮抗作用,Hg2+/Cu2+、Hg2+/Zn2+均表现为协同作用,Hg2+/Cd2+表现为加和作用.     

针铁矿及腐残质对水体重金属离子的吸附作用

采用针铁矿、腐殖质,针铁矿－腐殖复合微粒对重合微粒对重金属离子进行了吸附－解吸实验。结果表明它们对Cu^2 ,Zn^2 有强烈的吸附作用。针铁矿对Cu^2 和Zn^2 的吸附边界pH值分别为4．3和5．8,且吸附率可达95％以上。腐殖质对Cu^2 和Zn^2 的吸附边界pH值分别为4．1和5．6,且在pH值为8时,吸附率可达96％以上。针铁矿与腐殖形成的稳定复合微粒不仅对重金属离子具有良好的吸附作用,还具有均匀性好和沉降稳定的特点,可用于土壤修复和含重金属离子的污水的处理。     

固定香菇(Lentinus edodes)废弃菌柄对溶液中Cd2+的吸附

为开发廉价实用的吸附材料,利用聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠(PVA-SA)固定香菇废弃菌柄作为生物吸附剂吸附溶液中的Cd2+,吸附过滤后的溶液用原子吸收光谱仪(AAS)测定Cd2+的浓度.结果表明:对溶液中Cd2+的吸附7 h达到平衡,平衡吸附昔为0.200 8 mg/g;模拟二级方程能很好地拟合吸附过程,决定系数R2为0.994 6;Cd2+适宜的吸附pH值范围为4～7,比自由态香菇粉广;随着Cd2+初始质量浓度的增加,溶液中Cd2+的吸附量逐渐增加;与Cd2+共存于同一溶液中的Cu2+或Pb2+明显降低了Cd2+的吸附率;分别用Langmuir、Fre-undlich、Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R)和Langmuir-Freundlich等温吸附模型对Cd2+的吸附过程进行拟合,结果表明Langmuir吸附模型能很好地拟合溶液中Cd2+的等温吸附过程,R2达0.9981.微观形态研究表明.PVA-SA香菇小球吸附Cd2+后粗糙多孔的表面变得密实,表面有Cd沉积和Cd晶体存在.红外光谱(FTIR)研究发现,在PVA-SA香菇小球吸附Cd2+的过程中香菇细胞壁上的-OH、-CO、-CO-NH及PVA发挥了作用.用10 mmol/L的HCI作为解吸剂,3次解吸后PVA-SA小球对Cd2+的吸附率仍可以达到64.17%,表明香菇废弃菌柄的PVA-SA固定技术在重金属生物吸附的实际应用中是可行的.     

固定香菇(Lentinus edodes)菌柄废弃物吸附Cd和Pb后的解吸试验研究

利用6种不同的解吸剂对吸附了pb2+和Cd2+的固定香菇小球进行解吸.结果表明,HCl溶液做解吸剂最佳,可以分别在90 min和60 min内将大量的pb2+和Cd2+从聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠(PVA-SA)固定香菇小球上解吸出来.利用模拟二级动力学方程描述HCl溶液对PVA- SA固定香菇小球上Pb2+和Cd2+的解吸过程,决定系数R2分别为0.9969和0.998 9.Cd2+的解吸率在HCl浓度为0.1 mol·L-1时达到平衡,解吸率为80％;pb2+的解吸率在HCl浓度为1.0 mol·L-1时达到最大,为99.01％.微观形态研究表明,未吸附重金属的PVA -SA固定香菇小球表面粗糙多孔,小球通过物理性吸附或形成无机沉淀将重金属沉积在细胞壁上后,表面变得密实.经HCl解吸后的PVA-SA固定香菇小球表面粗糙度和孔隙度都恢复到吸附前的状态.PVA - SA固定香菇小球对pb2+和Cd2+进行吸附后,利用HCl进行解吸,再吸附,如此3次循环使用后,其吸附率略有降低,但仍可达到85.24％和69.07％.     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。