富营养化水体生态修复技术中凤眼莲与磷素的互作机制

为进一步完善富营养水体生态修复技术体系,提升除磷效能,从磷素对水体富营养化进程的贡献展开分析,指出磷素是制约浮游藻类生长的关键因素,并分析了凤眼莲Eichhornia crassipes与磷素的互相作用机制,即磷素对凤眼莲植株生理性状具有影响,而凤眼莲对磷的吸收同化作用又促成了除磷目标。研究显示:随着水中可获取磷浓度的升高,凤眼莲吸收的磷素更多地分配在茎叶部分。水体磷浓度过高,将激发凤眼莲对磷素的超累积性;水环境中磷素缺乏,凸显出凤眼莲的根部形态可塑性。水体氮磷浓度比(N/P)为2.5~5时凤眼莲可获得最大生物产量。凤眼莲对可溶性反应磷具有极优的净化效果;在藻华爆发期间,凤眼莲能通过密集根系捕获飘移的蓝藻,并吸收利用藻细胞衰亡所释放的磷素。在工程实践中,需统筹考量磷去除效果与去除速率,在高污染负荷的情况下,应优先考虑去除速率;当水再生作为饮用水源时,应优先考虑去除效果。凤眼莲生态修复工程设计须遵循先后次序:(1)最终水质目标;(2)生物产量;(3)植株品质。最终水质目标及营养去除与营养负荷水平密切相关。在大型湖泊和水库实践应用中,须先控制外源磷负荷,再逐步削减内源磷负荷。利用凤眼莲深度净化污水处理厂尾水,或在高负荷的入河、湖口处种养凤眼莲,可减轻外源磷负荷;在蓝藻积累和衰亡的背风区域种养凤眼莲,以吸收蓝藻释放的营养,从而减轻内源磷负荷。     

粤北2座不同营养水平水库浮游植物功能类群的季节演替

于2011年1—12月对广东省韶关市白水礤水库和苍村水库这2座中型居民供水水库进行每月1次、为期1a的采样,利用营养状态指数(TSI)进行水质综合评价,将水库中的浮游植物按功能类群进行分类,并结合水库的水文、水质和浮游植物的生境特征,分析全年优势功能类群的演替特点及其主要的环境影响因子。结果表明,白水礤水库为贫营养型水库,苍村水库为低中营养型水库,全年共检出浮游植物7门45属(种),可划分为16个功能类群,其中,白水礤水库全年以适应低营养盐环境的功能类群占优势,耐富营养化的功能类群仅在丰水期有检出;而苍村水库全年都能监测到耐富营养环境的功能类群,且在丰水期明显占优势,但在枯水期和平水期因营养盐含量的降低,演变为以适应低营养盐环境的功能类群为主。营养盐含量的不同是导致2座水库浮游植物功能类群产生差异的根本原因,而因降水季节的变化所致水体环境因子的变化则是造成2座水库浮游植物功能类群演替不可忽视的因素。     

粤北三座典型中型水库富营养化与浮游植物群落特征

于2010年丰水期（8月）和枯水期（12月）采集粤北地区3座中型水库（沐溪、苍村和赤石迳水库）的水和浮游植物,分析植物群落与水质,以考察季节性温度差异与鱼类养殖对水库水质和浮游植物群落结构的影响。结果表明,3座水库分别属富营养、中营养和中营养水平,营养盐质量浓度丰水期高于枯水期。共鉴定浮游植物7门56种（属）,群落组成以蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻为主。沐溪水库丰枯两季均以蓝藻为优势类群,其浮游植物丰度和生物量明显高于其余两座水库（p〈0.01）;苍村和赤石迳水库丰水期优势门类均为蓝藻,枯水期均为硅藻。3座水库浮游植物丰度均表现为丰水期高于枯水期,生物量则枯水期高于丰水期,但均无显著性差异（p〉0.05）。RDA（冗余分析）结果表明,透明度、总氮和悬浮物是影响浮游植物群落结构的主要因素;其中,沐溪水库的营养盐和悬浮物与浮游植物群落正相关,苍村和赤石迳水库浮游植物群落则与水深和透明度正相关;温度对浮游植物群落的影响主要体现在种类组成的季节差异上。营养盐和优势种类的季节差异造成了浮游植物丰度和生物量在丰水期和枯水期的不一致。聚类分析将不同季节的3座水库分为2个类区,非养鱼水库苍村和赤石迳水库为第一类区,养鱼的沐溪水库为第二类区。沐溪水库库区内发展鱼类养殖业为浮游植物提供了高质量浓度营养盐（尤其是总磷）,即使在温度较低的冬季仍支持蓝藻种类的优势性。     

GWLF模型的原理、结构及应用

GWLF(Generalized Watershed Loading Function)模型是一个半分布式、半经验式的流域负荷模型。它能够利用GIS及RS提供的空间数据,在中型尺度流域的范围内进行非点源污染负荷估算,模型比较适合于数据量少,参数相对缺乏的地区。重点介绍了GWLF模型的污染物负荷估算的原理,同时将GWLF模型应用于天津市于桥水库流域,利用沙河流域1999年水量、水质数据进行校准,初步估算出于桥水库上游流域的非点源负荷。     

亚热带水库沉积物钻孔中有机质的历史记录及其环境意义

氢指数(HI)是重要的有机质评价参数,能够反映沉积有机质中脂肪大分子物质的相对含量,并用于反演水生生态系统的历史初级生产力,有助于研究藻类生产力对污染物的富集作用。为了探讨氢指数的环境指示作用,选择了亚热带的3座水库作为研究对象,采用Rock-Eval热解与生物标志物-中性糖方法相结合的研究技术,研究了沉积钻孔有机质的来源与特征;并结合210Pb和137Cs定年技术,综合运用氢指数和总糖含量对水库的初级生产力进行了重建。结果表明:中富营养的增塘和联安水库沉积有机质主要来源于浮游藻类,且受降解的程度较小,而贫营养的新丰江水库钻孔下层有机质主要是受降解作用或陆源高等植物等的影响。近年来,3个水库的HI值都有显著性的增加,且与其对应的总糖含量以及近50年来的滑动平均温度都高度的相关,说明这些水库都经历了气候变暖所引起的初级生产力增长。同时,升高的水库生产力扩大了沉积物剖面中重金属和多环芳烃的累积。     

台风强降雨输入水源水库的泥沙沉降模拟分析

台风强降雨作用能够引起湖泊水体中悬浮泥沙含量升高、水体营养盐浓度改变、透明度降低,使得藻类生长受到影响。目前关于水体中悬浮泥沙静态沉降的研究主要集中在正常条件下,而有关极端气候台风强降雨后泥沙自然沉降过程对水质的影响研究还相对较少。因此,进行台风强降雨输入水源水库的泥沙静态沉降实验研究,对于分析识别极端气候条件对水源水库水质和富营养化的影响具有重要意义。该研究于2015年10月强台风"彩虹"登陆粤西期间,采集台风强降雨后高州水库含悬浮泥沙的原水,通过实验模拟台风强降雨期间水库含沙原水自然沉降过程中水环境因子的变化情况,分析台风强降雨输入的泥沙沉降对高州水库水质的影响。结果表明,泥沙沉降过程中水体水质变化明显,随沉淀时间延长,水体溶解氧、pH、泥沙含量、浊度、氮磷浓度、叶绿素a、综合营养状态指数(Trophic Level Index,TLI)降低,透明度增大,氮磷比呈先增加后降低趋势;水体叶绿素a浓度与浊度、泥沙含量、总磷、pH和溶解氧呈显著正相关(P0.001),且与浊度的相关系数最高(r=0.941,P0.001),与透明度呈显著负相关(P0.001),与总氮、电导率、CODMn的相关性未达到显著水平(P0.01);台风后约9d时间,水体pH、电导率、溶解氧、透明度、浊度和泥沙含量可以恢复至正常水平;台风强降雨输入高州水库的泥沙沉降作用降低了水体磷营养盐和叶绿素a浓度,使得综合营养状态指数TLI由中营养水平的41.6降低至贫营养水平的23.4,减缓了高州水库富营养化进程。     

贵州草海湿地农田渠系水质空间分异特征及影响分析

为了解草海湿地农田渠系水质现状、空间分异特征及影响因素,于2011年秋季对草海湿地进行大空间尺度的采样,分析了氮磷等理化指标,采用单因子污染指数法和营养状态指数法分别对农田渠系水质和湖泊营养状态进行评价.结果表明,草海湿地农田渠系水质污染严重,多数水质为V类或劣V类,总氮和溶解氧是水体中的主要污染因子;上游水质劣于下游,尤其是上游靠近县城区域的水质最差;多等级排水渠系对氮磷具有一定的截留作用,干渠V级水质好于低级渠系水质;不同的土地利用方式对水质的影响不同,城镇用地>集中式村落>农田;草海湿地水体上、中、下游营养水平分别为中度富营养、轻度富营养和中营养,外源污染物的累积和湖泊营养水平的提高导致其沼泽化,而流域不合理的土地利用结构加剧了沼泽化的进程.     

基于分形插值模型的平寨水库水质评价

平寨水库是黔中水利枢纽唯一源头水库,其水环境质量直接影响包括安顺和贵阳在内的整个黔中地区的农业灌溉和城市居民饮水安全.为了深入分析平寨水库的水环境质量状况,于2018年1月、5月、8月和11月对平寨水库7个监测断面水样进行采集,测定TP、TN、NH_3-N、COD和DO等5个监测指标,基于分形维数权重建立水质评价模型,对平寨水库水环境质量状况进行综合评价,并与模糊综合评价法和综合污染指数法进行对比分析.结果表明,平寨水库TP、NH_3-N和DO浓度均达到Ⅱ类水质标准,TN和COD浓度均超过Ⅱ类水质标准,主要为Ⅳ类和Ⅴ类,是主要污染因子;TP、NH_3-N和COD浓度在春季最高,TN浓度在秋季最高,DO浓度在冬季最低.平寨水库全年水质类别主要为Ⅲ类和Ⅳ类,在28个监测序列中,水质达到水功能区划标准的仅21.43%;平寨和跨桥断面水质最差,扈家河断面水质相对最好;春、秋季水质最差,冬、夏季次之.分形插值模型不仅能评价水质状况,而且能对同等级水质状况的优劣进行排序,具有较高的分类精度;其评价结果更客观、有效,在水质综合评价中具有良好的适用性.     

河南省水环境质量评价

水环境质量评价可为水环境质量管理和规划提供科学的决策依据。利用河南省环境状况公报水质监测数据,参考水质评价标准《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838─2002)和《地下水环境质量标准》(CB/T 14848─93),评价了河南省18个省辖市和10个省直管县(市)地表水、城市地下水、集中式饮用水源地及水库水质的环境质量。结果表明,2014年河南省化学需氧量和氨氮排放量分别比2013年减少了2.62%和3.61%,降幅高于全国平均同比下降值。全省废水排放量增加趋势明显,2014年和2013年全省废水排放量分别同比增加了2.48%和2.16%。全省地表水水质总体呈现中度污染,主要污染因子是化学需氧量、五日生化需氧量、氨氮和总磷。其中,省辖海河流域水质一直处于重度污染级别;省辖长江流域水质相对较好。全省城市地下水水质基本稳定,水质级别为Ⅱ类,但是开封市和濮阳市城市地下水污染比较严重;全省集中式饮用水源地水质均为Ⅱ类。全省水库水质常年保持在Ⅱ类标准,但是石漫滩水库、昭平台水库、孤石滩水库、宿鸭湖水库水质退化比较严重,主要的污染因子为高锰酸盐、总磷、五日生化需氧量和石油类等。尽管河南省水环境质量有了很大改善,但是河南省地表水环境质量令人担忧,特别是省辖海河流域水污染一直位居全省河流污染之首,严重制约了河南省社会经济的可持续发展和美丽河南建设。     

高州水库水质与浮游生物动态分析

为评价分析流域治理对水质的影响，于2000年丰水期和枯水期调查了高州水库（石骨库区）营养状态及浮游生物分布，并与历史资料进行比较分析。从2000年的数据来看，水库营养水平属于寡中营养型；丰水期的营养水平，浮游植物丰度及Chl a含量均高于枯水期，丰水期以蓝藻，绿藻和硅藻为主要优势种，而枯水期主要为蓝藻，浮游动物丰度枯水期远高于丰水期，以桡足类的广布中剑水蚤（Mesocyclops leuckarti)，无节幼体，桡足幼体以及枝角类的角突网纹Sao(Ceriodaphnia cornuta)和长额象鼻Sao(Bosmina logirostris)为主，与1988年的数据相比，总磷含量大幅度下降（0.021-0.006mgL^-1)，尽管总氮含量呈上升趋势（0.405-0.820mgL^-1)，但总的营养水平有所下降，浮游生物种类与丰度发生了较大变化。浮游植物种类组成由蓝藻占绝对优势演变为以蓝藻，绿藻和硅藻为主要优势种，浮游动物则由桡足类和枝角类取代原生动物和轮虫，成为主要的优势种群。浮游植物和浮游动物丰度均大幅度下降，说明经过近十年的流域治理，水库水质得到一定的改善。图3表4参19     

低水位运行对天目湖水库水质与生态的影响

2008年8月天目湖沙河水库开始进行除险加固施工,施工期间水库平均水位比2004—2008年平均值低1.73 m,对此期间水质、浮游生物等变化情况进行实地监测,研究低水位运行对沙河水库水质和生态的影响。结果表明,2008年9月—2009年8月低水位运行期间,水体对于外源营养盐输入的缓冲能力减弱,ρ(TN)浓度峰值与强降雨过程有关,1次早春暴雨(2009年2月17日—2月27日)即导致水体ρ(TN)由0.92升高到2.09 mg.L-1,直到夏季暴雨期后才回归正常;ρ(TP)主要受浮游植物生物量和悬浮物含量影响,低水位运行对其影响不大;2009年夏季浮游植物中蓝藻门比例明显高于2008年同期,说明整体藻类群落结构向偏富营养化状态转化;2009年6—8月原生动物平均丰度为1 730 L-1,轮虫为4 188 L-1,轮虫丰度较2008年同期增加近1倍,桡足类平均丰度较2008年同期下降21%,枝角类丰度变化剧烈;2009年夏季水库水体Chl-a营养状态指数高于2008年同期。总体而言,低水位运行期间整体生态系统的脆弱性增强,浮游动物、浮游植物、营养盐等生态系统基本要素的波动大大增加,环境条件变化对水库的冲击效果变...     

Trophic food web and ecosystem attributes of a water reservoir of the Ria Formosa (south Portugal)

Using a top-down modelling approach, a balanced trophic food web model of a water reservoir of the Ria Formosa lagoonal system was constructed. Few adjustments of input data were necessary to run the model since most of the parameters were estimated at the study site and the characteristics of the water reservoir allowed a high degree of control and precision in terms of sampling and data collection. Trophic levels of the 14 compartments included in the model varied between 1.0 for primary producers and detritus to 3.4 for carnivorous fish and the 14 groups were aggregated in a food chain with six trophic levels. The water reservoir has a detritus based food chain, with the majority of the biomass concentrated in the first two levels, the producers level and the herbivore/detritivore level (97.6%). The transfer efficiencies were low, and decreased with increasing level number, varying between 6.0 and 0.2%. The degree of “ecosystem maturity” was difficult to establish, but several parameters indicate that it could be high. The water reservoir studied, which has similar environmental and ecological characteristics as the Ria Formosa lagoon, is near its carrying capacity.     

广东省跨市河流边界水质控制断面方案讨论

在对广东省主要跨市河流进行详细调查的基础上，分析现有跨市河流边界水质控制断面的存在问题；综合考虑跨市河段的地理位置、水体现状功能及水环境敏感性等因素，并兼顾上、下游地区社会经济发展现状及趋势，建议在新丰江、增江、韩江、灞江、绥江、西南涌、西江干流、榕江、枫江等河道新设边界水质控制断面13个，在全省共布设38个断面，构成广东省跨市河流边界水质达标管理的监测体系。文章还建议，要尽快制定广东省跨市河流边界水质保护条例，为加强广东跨市河流边界水质的达标管理，解决上下游地区之问的污染纠纷提供法律依据。     

Phosphorus fractionation in surface water and sediments of industrially polluted freshwater reservoir,India

Industrial pollutions are responsible for alterations in biogeochemical cycling of phosphorus (P) in freshwater systems. The objectives of the present study were to quantify the major P forms and assess the relationship between P fractions in water and surface sediments of Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar (GBPS) reservoir, India. Surface water samples (n?=?48) and surface sediment samples (n?=?48) were collected from six regions of GBPS reservoir in December 2014. The results showed that total particulate phosphorus (TPP) and total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) account for 45%–58% and 42%–55% of total phosphorus (TP) in the surface water. The authigenic-P was found to be more than 84% of the total P in surface sediments. The TPP showed a positive statistical relationship with sedimentary P fractions (authigenic-P, exch-P, and organic-P) indicated the impact of industrial pollution load on inorganic and organic P fractions in water and sediments of GBPS reservoir. The discriminant fraction analysis (DFA) revealed that the exch-P, Fe(III)-bound-P, detrital-P, organic-P, and TPP were sensitive indicators of P dynamics in the industrially polluted GBPS reservoir.     

Are watershed and lacustrine controls on planktonic N2 fixation hierarchically structured?

N2 fixation can be an important source of N to limnetic ecosystems and can influence the structure of phytoplankton communities. However, watershed-scale conditions that favor N2 fixation in lakes and reservoirs have not been well studied. We measured N2 fixation and lacustrine variables monthly over a 19-month period in Waco Reservoir, Texas, USA, and linked these data with nutrient-loading estimates from a physically based watershed model. Readily available topographic, soil, land cover, effluent discharge, and climate data were used in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to derive watershed nutrient-loading estimates. Categorical and regression tree (CART) analysis revealed that lacustrine and watershed correlates of N2 fixation were hierarchically structured. Lacustrine conditions showed greater predictive capability temporally. For instance, low NO3(-) concentration (<25 microg N/L) and high water temperatures (>27 degrees C) in the reservoir were correlated with the initiation of N2 fixation seasonally. When lacustrine conditions were favorable for N2 fixation, watershed conditions appeared to influence spatial patterns of N2 fixation within the reservoir. For example, spatially explicit patterns of N2 fixation were correlated with the ratio of N:P in nutrient loadings and the N loading rate, which were driven by anthropogenic activity in the watershed and periods of low stream flow, respectively. Although N2 fixation contributed <5% of the annual N load to the reservoir, 37% of the N load was derived from atmospheric N2 fixation during summertime when stream flow in the watershed was low. This study provides evidence that watershed anthropogenic activity can exert control on planktonic N2 fixation, but that temporality is controlled by lacustrine conditions. Furthermore, this study also supports suggestions that reduced inflows may increase the propensity of N2-fixing cyanobacterial blooms in receiving waters of anthropogenically modified landscapes.     

酸沉降临界负荷计算模式的修正

酸沉降临界负荷是酸沉降水平的函数,不同酸沉降水平下,矿物风化速率有数量级差别,在因此,酸沉降临界负荷的计算应先使用判别方程计算平衡ＰＨ值,然后确定采用何种方法计算,在欧洲可以直接采用动态模式计算临界负荷,是因为其酸沉水平能满足判别方程成立,但在中国大多数情况下不成立。     

丹江口水库生态系统健康综合评价

2007年7月～2008年5月按季度对丹江口水库4个库区(丹江库区、汉江库区、取水口和五青入库区)的水环境和浮游生物进行了调查,采用生态系统健康指数(EHI)法和营养状态指数(TSI)法对该水库的生态系统健康状态进行定量的综合评价.结果表明:2007年7月～2008年5月,丹江口水库整体处于中营养状态,健康状态中等,健康状态总趋势是丹江库区>取水口>汉江库区>五青入库区;各库区生态系统健康状态存在季节性差异,丹江库区、取水口两库区全年为中等,汉江库区在夏季为较差,其它季节中等,五青入库区在冬季最差,其它季节较差.此外,对两种评价方法进行了比较,表明丹江口水库属于响应型生态系统,生态系统健康指数(EHI)适用于丹江口水库生态系统健康的评价.     

A Reliability and Risk Analysis System for Multipurpose Reservoir Operation

This paper proposes a reliability analysis system, which can be widely applied to the cases in which a reservoir is operated to meet several purposes such as flood control, energy generation, irrigation, domestic and industrial water supply, etc. The presented system has a structure of three levels.1. Decision-making.2. Tradeoff analysis.3. The third level that mainly consists of three subsystems:i – The reservoir flood risk analysis subsystem by flood control simulation.ii – The benefit promotion subsystem of reservoir operation using Stochastic Dynamic Programming. In this subsystem, the Lagrange multipliers are introduced into the objective function to take into account the water supply failures. This method guarantees that each run of the SDP will necessarily derive a non-inferior policy for reservoir operation.iii – The reservoir operation simulation subsystem to derive the performance indices associated with the reservoir operation policies. With the input and feedback between the second level and the subsystems of the third level, a great deal of efficient operation policies and the associated performance indices can be obtained. Then the tradeoff relationships between different performance indices can be derived for the decision makers. With application to Yudong Reservoir in Yunnan province of China, the presented analysis system is practically tested.     

Organochlorine pesticide in water and bottom sediment from Aiba Reservoir (Southwestern Nigeria)

Levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in water and sediment from Aiba reservoir (Southwestern Nigeria) have been assessed. The aim of the study was to investigate the pollution status of the reservoir water and the bottom sediment. Analytical measurements were carried out for 20 OCPs using standard literature methods. The results showed higher levels of OCPs in the bottom sediment than the water. Significant positive correlations at p<0.05 level were observed for OCPs compounds in water except γ-BHC and endosulfan III, whereas in sediments α-chlordane, dieldrin, endosulfan II, pp-DDT, endrin ketone and methoxychlor did not show any correlation, and aldrin was negatively correlated with pp-DDD. The mean levels of OCPs in both water and sediments were higher, in most cases, than recommended levels for drinking water. Owing to possible toxicity and bioaccumulation tendency of OCPs by the aquatic habitats, the levels of OCPs detected in water and sediment samples could be a source of future health problems. Environmental monitoring of the reservoir is highly recommended.     

Differences in sensitivity to the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis among amphibian populations

Contributing to the worldwide biodiversity crisis are emerging infectious diseases, which can lead to extirpations and extinctions of hosts. For example, the infectious fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is associated with worldwide amphibian population declines and extinctions. Sensitivity to Bd varies with species, season, and life stage. However, there is little information on whether sensitivity to Bd differs among populations, which is essential for understanding Bd‐infection dynamics and for formulating conservation strategies. We experimentally investigated intraspecific differences in host sensitivity to Bd across 10 populations of wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) raised from eggs to metamorphosis. We exposed the post‐metamorphic wood frogs to Bd and monitored survival for 30 days under controlled laboratory conditions. Populations differed in overall survival and mortality rate. Infection load also differed among populations but was not correlated with population differences in risk of mortality. Such population‐level variation in sensitivity to Bd may result in reservoir populations that may be a source for the transmission of Bd to other sensitive populations or species. Alternatively, remnant populations that are less sensitive to Bd could serve as sources for recolonization after epidemic events.