紫色土旱坡地氮流失通量对减肥配施秸秆的响应

紫色土旱坡地被认为是三峡库区泥沙和面源污染的主要来源地,加强对紫色土旱坡地壤中流和地表径流中氮流失特征的研究,对防控三峡库区的面源污染有重要的现实意义.依托中科院成都山地所忠县石宝寨试验站的紫色土旱坡地定位径流小区,设置不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(T₁)、优化施肥(T₂)和减肥配施秸秆(T₃)这4种不同的处理,通过监测在油菜-玉米轮作制度下紫色土旱坡地壤中流和地表径流的流失通量、各次径流不同氮形态的流失浓度和流失通量,研究紫色土旱坡地氮流失通量对减肥配施秸秆的响应.结果表明,壤中流径流量占总径流量的比例达到60.14%～88.56%,壤中流氮流失通量占全氮流失通量的72.88%～92.35%.铵态氮主要通过地表径流的方式流失,硝态氮主要通过壤中流的方式流失且是氮流失的主要形态.不同处理的铵态氮和硝态氮流失通量均呈现出T₁>T₂>T₃>CK,T₃处理的氮流失通量为20.07 kg·(hm²·a)     

坡耕地薄层紫色土-岩石系统中氮磷的迁移特征

于2015年两场代表性降雨事件下研究了紫色土坡耕地(1 500 m~2)水文过程驱动的氮磷地表和地下迁移特征.结果表明:(1)前期土壤水饱和度和降雨量决定地表径流和裂隙潜流的产流深度和胶体浓度的基本水平;降雨强度则控制产流量的变化趋势和胶体浓度的峰值水平.(2)氮素主要以溶解态随裂隙潜流迁移;磷素则主要以细颗粒结合态通过地表径流流失.(3)氮磷迁移过程的水文驱动特征明显,氮素迁移主要受裂隙潜流的驱动作用影响,而磷素迁移则主要受地表径流的驱动作用影响.该研究结果丰富了对坡耕地薄层土壤-裂隙母岩二元系统中氮磷迁移对降雨响应规律的认识,可为农业氮磷非点源污染防治提供可靠的田间数据支持并明确关键的水文调控环节.     

近海泥沙输运与生态系统的耦合模拟研究进展

详细描述了泥沙输运过程的生态学概念,即悬浮泥沙和底沙动力过程对近海海洋生态系统的作用,包括泥沙的吸附解吸、沉降与再悬浮过程,底床营养物质释放、对光合作用的影响,以及对近岸海水富营养化和有害赤潮的影响;在近几年近岸海域泥沙输运过程及生态动力学模型研究基础上,回顾了泥沙输运过程与生态系统模型的研究现状。结合现阶段取得的主要研究成果,认为海洋生态系统动力学模型研究应考虑近海泥沙输运过程,定量研究泥沙动力过程的影响,并逐步构建包含泥沙动力模块的海洋生态动力学业务化模型体系。     

土壤垂向异质性及离子强度对全氟辛酸在饱和农田土壤中运移行为的影响

全氟和多氟化合物(Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances,PFASs)污染已对农田土壤-地下水环境构成严重威胁,掌握农田土壤中PFASs运移行为对准确评估其环境风险具有重要意义.本研究以全氟辛酸(Perfluorooctanoic Acid,PFOA)为代表性PFAS...     

农地流转对农地与劳动力资源利用效率的影响——基于甘肃省农户调查数据的实证研究

本研究采用倾向得分匹配法（PSM）分别就农地流转对农地、农业劳动力、非农劳动力和总劳动力资源利用效率的影响进行了分析。结果表明,农户的农地转入和转出行为都能有效提高总劳动力资源利用效率,而农地转出行为在一定程度上降低了农地资源利用效率。农地转入户的总劳动力和农业劳动力资源利用效率比未参与流转的农户分别高2026.153元/人和4844.289元/人,两组农户间的农地资源利用效率差异不显著;农地转出户的总劳动力和非农劳动力资源利用效率比未参与流转的农户分别高3315.577元/人和2581.883元/人,其农地资源利用效率比未参与流转的农户低466.488元/亩。因此,农地流转不一定会提高农地资源利用效率,但有利于促进农村劳动力专业化,从而提高农村总劳动力资源利用效率。     

粮食安全:西北地区退耕对粮食生产的可能影响

据西北五省区制定的规划或计划,到2010年将累计退耕400×104hm₂,约占现有耕地面积的1/4。按照目前的单产水平和粮食作物比例,西北地区将减少粮食产量近400×104t,相当于1996年西北地区粮食总产量的1/8。同时,退耕对当地的粮食生产存在正面影响,主要表现在:①退耕节省下来的生产要素的转移可以带来未退耕耕地粮食产量提高;②西北地区生态环境以及局地小生境的改善可以促进粮食生产、降低灾害风险。此外,农业科技进步和工程设施建设的加强,会对保留耕地上的粮食生产起到极大的推动作用。通过对西北五省区粮食单产的预测并结合人口预测可知,2010年西北地区粮食总产量可达4516.9×104t,在人均400kg、425kg和450kg水平下粮食需求分别为3936.1×104t、4182.1×104t和4428.1×104t。因此,从长远的角度来看,就西北地区整体而言将不会出现粮食短缺,但粮食盈余水平较低;而就具体省区而言,陕西、甘肃和青海三省区必须通过粮食调入才能满足本省区需求,而新疆和宁夏粮食则有一定盈余。     

A policy review of synergies and trade-offs in South African climate change mitigation and air pollution control strategies

Climate change mitigation and air quality management are mostly addressed separately in South African legal acts and policies. This approach is not always coherent, especially in the context of other serious issues South Africa is facing, such as poverty alleviation. Policies implemented to mitigate climate change might increase negative health affects due to unanticipated outcomes (e.g. increased local air pollution), and these indirect consequences must therefore be taken into account when devising mitigation strategies. However, greenhouse gas mitigation policies can also have co-benefits and positive impacts on local air pollution. An evidence-based approach that takes into account greenhouse gas emissions, ambient air pollutants, economic factors (affordability, cost optimisation), social factors (poverty alleviations, public health benefits), and political acceptability is needed tackle these challenges. A proposal is made that use of an integrated climate/air pollution techno-economic optimising model, such as the Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Synergies (GAINS) model, may provide a rational decision support tool to guide policy makers into effective strategies for combined Climate Change and Air Quality mitigation measures.     

Spatial variability of organochlorine pesticides （DDTs and HCHs） in surface soils from the alluvial region of Beijing, China

The spatial variability in the concentrations of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) in surface soils was studied on the basis of the analysis of 131 soil samples collected from the surface layer (0-20 cm depth) of the alluvial region of Beijing, China. The concentrations of total HCHs (including α-, β-, γ-, and δ-isomers) and total DDTs (i ncluding p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE, and o,p'-DDT) in the surface soils tested were in the range from nondetectable to 31.72 μg/kg dry soil, with a mean value of 0.91, and from nondetectable to 5910.83 μg/kg dry soil, with a mean value of 32.13,respectively. It was observed that concentrations of HCHs in all soil samples and concentrations of DDTs in 112 soil samples were much lower than the first grade (50 μg/kg) permitted in "Environment quality standard for soils in China (GB15618-1995)". This suggests that the pollution due to organochlorine pesticides was generally not significant in the farmland soils in the Beijing alluvial region. In this study, the spatial distribution and trend of HCHs and DDTs were analyzed using Geostatistical Analyst and GS (513).Spatial distribution indicated how these pesticides had been applied in the past. Trend analysis showed that the concentrations of HCHs,DDTs, and their related metabolites followed an obvious distribution trend in the surface soils from the alluvial region of Beijing.     

农户规模经营意愿与行为的影响机制及差异——基于山东省3县379份农户调查问卷的实证

基于社会认知理论与计划行为理论构建分析框架,采用山东省五莲、东平和垦利等三县（区）的379份农户调查问卷数据,综合运用主成分分析法、Heckman二阶段模型和比较分析法,探究农户规模经营意愿与行为的主要影响因素及其作用机制与差异,为推进农地适度规模经营提供决策参考。结果表明：（1）案例区被调查农户对土地政策的认知程度普遍较低,且认知水平与结构均存在地域差异。（2）个体特征、资源禀赋和区位因素对规模经营意愿产生显著影响,而政策认知和社会保障因素的影响却不显著;所选四类因素均表现出了对规模经营行为的影响,其中影响力度较大且通过显著性检验的因素主要是“是否参加农业保险”和“新型经营主体认知程度”。（3）27.70%的受访农户存在规模经营意愿与行为不一致的情形,山区与平原农户规模经营的影响机制表现出一定差异,影响农户意愿与行为的因素也有较大不同。（4）建议深入了解农民的政策认知水平与结构、有针对性地加强宣传教育,因地制宜构建信息平台、降低农地流转交易成本,构建面向小农户的农业社会化服务体系,实现“土地+服务”的二元规模化。     

邻里效应能否促使稻农施用生物农药?——基于鄂、赣、浙三省农户调查数据的考察

在构建邻里效应对农户生物农药施用行为影响的理论模型基础上,利用鄂、赣、浙三省农户的调研数据,实证检验了邻里效应对农户生物农药施用行为的影响,在此基础上,进一步讨论了邻里效应促使稻农施用生物农药的条件与内在作用机制。结果表明：第一,55.76%的样本农户施用过生物农药,且施用生物农药的农户有较强的邻里关系。第二,邻里效应对农户生物农药施用行为有显著的正向影响,且强邻里效应的农户生物农药平均施用量要显著高于弱邻里效应农户。第三,邻里效应对稻农生物农药施用行为的影响存在条件限制,对高收入农户和规模户而言,邻里效应的影响不显著。第四,邻里效应对农户生物农药施用行为有显著直接作用,也通过降低信息搜寻成本和有效规避农业生产风险两条路径间接影响农户生物农药施用行为。     

非农就业与土地流转对农户耕地撂荒行为的影响——以闽赣湘山区为例

耕地撂荒是世界各国长期普遍存在的一种土地利用变化现象。基于闽赣湘山区640户农户调查数据,运用Tobit和IV-Tobit模型回归分析得出：农户家庭非农就业每提升10%,耕地撂荒占比会增加1.11%;小规模农户土地转入会提升其耕地撂荒规模,此时扩大经营规模对耕地撂荒的减缓作用甚微,而土地转出会降低非农就业对耕地撂荒的正向影响。此外,农户的劳动力、土地与农业机械等要素投入,以及灌溉条件和地块数等均稳健影响其耕地撂荒行为。农业机械化和土地流转是缓解山区耕地撂荒的重要举措,政府在推动经营规模扩大的同时,应着重提高地块规模,鼓励留村务农劳动力换工,并提升农机社会化服务水平,以及拓宽农户家庭多元化的收入机会。     

A review of the technology and applications of methods for evaluating the transport of air pollutants

A variety of methods based on air quality models, including tracer methods, the brute-force method (BFM), decoupled direct method (DDM), high-order decoupled direct method (HDDM), response surface models (RSMs) and so on forth, have been widely used to study the transport of air pollutants. These methods have good applicability for the transport of air pollutants with simple formation mechanisms. However, differences in research conclusions on secondary pollutants with obvious nonlinear characteristics have been reported. For example, the tracer method is suitable for the study of simplified scenarios, while HDDM and RSMs are more suitable for the study for nonlinear pollutants. Multiple observation techniques, including conventional air pollutant observation, lidar observation, air sounding balloons, vehicle-mounted and ship-borne technology, aerial surveys, and remote sensing observations, have been utilized to investigate air pollutant transport characteristics with time resolution as high as 1 sec. In addition, based on a multi-regional input-output model combined with emission inventories, the transfer of air pollutant emissions can be evaluated and applied to study the air pollutant transport characteristics. Observational technologies have advantages in temporal resolution and accuracy, while modeling technologies are more flexible in spatial resolution and research plan setting. In order to accurately quantify the transport characteristics of pollutants, it is necessary to develop a research method for interactive verification of observation and simulation. Quantitative evaluation of the transport of air pollutants from different angles can provide a scientific basis for regional joint prevention and control.     

三峡库区“耕—果”转换时空变化特征及其启示——以草堂溪流域为例

三峡库区坡耕地如何实现功能转型,及其转型过程的作用机制对库区未来的粮食安全、生态安全等问题意义重大。本文利用0.51 m高清遥感影像数据,以草堂溪流域为研究区,结合野外实地考察,通过分析坡耕地向经果林的农地用途转换过程来揭示三峡库区坡耕地功能转型的内在机制。研究表明：（1）草堂溪流域的耕—果转换重心在2012年后,以高程800 m为拐点由西南部低海拔平坝地区向东北部高海拔、坡耕地覆盖地区转移,变化发生点均在坡度 15°~30°范围内;（2）研究区耕—果转换的集聚特征一般发生在8.5 km左右的特征尺度上,且空间分布随时间推移愈发均匀;（3）耕—果转换现象与人为活动关系密切,多发生在河流、道路及农村居民点附近;（4）耕—果转换可在微观与宏观尺度上总结为六种变化模式,受社会经济与自然因素驱动,库区耕—果转换的本质为坡耕地功能转型,且转型重点倾向于经济效益与生态效益的共赢。     

山东半岛典型海湾中烷基酚及双酚A的分布特征

烷基酚和双酚A是环境中最常见的内分泌干扰物。本研究对烟台四十里湾和套子湾以及青岛胶州湾表层海水中的壬/辛基酚(NP/OP)、壬/辛基酚单聚氧乙烯醚(NP1EO/OP1EO)以及双酚A(BPA)的浓度水平进行分析,结果显示:NP和NP1EO是最主要的污染物,河口和港口是海湾中污染物浓度最高的区域。总体而言,四十里湾中各污染物的浓度最高,其次为胶州湾,套子湾最低,与国内其他海湾区域相比,污染状况处于中等水平。相对于2005年,胶州湾水体中的烷基酚浓度明显降低。文章同时分析了几个湾的主要入海河流河水样品以及烟台污水处理厂出厂水样,发现污水处理厂出水是烟台四十里湾烷基酚的主要来源。在三个海湾中,烷基酚的分布主要受河流输入、生活污水排放和港口经济活动影响,同时,洋流和潮汐的稀释作用对污染物分布有明显影响。     

深海溢油输移扩散模型研究

在对深海中泄漏的油气混合物在海洋环境中的输运过程及行为变化的分析基础上,建立三维深海溢油输移扩散模型。该模型采用拉格朗日积分法模拟溢油在近区的水下浮射扩散过程,应用粒子追踪法模拟油滴在水下远区的对流扩散以及油膜在海面的漂移扩散过程,并考虑了油气分离输移、气体溶解、天然气水合物形成与分解等复杂行为对溢油运动轨迹的影响。应用该模型数值模拟了两个大型深海溢油现场试验,结果显示溢油在水下环境中的时空分布模拟结果与现场监测数据符合较好,表明该模型具有较高的准确性和实用性,能够为深海溢油的防治管理提供理论与技术支持。     

Distribution and transport characteristics of fine particulate matter in beijing with mobile lidar measurements from 2015 to 2018

Accurately quantifying the concentration and transport flux of atmospheric fine particulate matter(PM_2.5) is vital when attempting to thoroughly identify the pollution formation mechanism.In this study,the mobile lidar measurements in Beijing on heavily polluted days in December from 2015 to 2018 are presented.The lidar was mounted on a vehicle,which could perform measurements along designated routes.On the basis of mobile lidar measurements along closed circuits of the 6 th Ring Road...     

农田施用沼液的重金属污染评价及承载力估算——以江苏滨海稻麦轮作田为例

以江苏滨海稻麦轮作田为对象，研究沼液施用0，3，5a对土壤和作物籽粒重金属（Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd）含量的影响，评价其污染风险并估算农田沼液承载力.结果表明：沼液施用3，5a后，土壤和作物籽粒中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd均未超标，内梅罗指数与土壤和农产品综合质量指数显示农田重金属污染程度属于清洁.土壤Cu和Zn显著富集，沼液施用5a后，小麦季土壤Cu、Zn含量分别为22.59，63.08mg/kg，较未施用分别提高了19.52%和28.89%.水稻季土壤Cu、Zn含量分别为26.12，78.74mg/kg，较未施用分别提高了27.73%和31.80%.小麦和水稻籽粒Zn含量随沼液施用年限增加而增加（P<0.05），沼液施用5a分别达到25.07，30.98mg/kg，较未施用分别提高了23.50%和16.29%.小麦季和水稻季0~15cm土壤中Cu的累积速率分别为0.74，1.13mg/（kg·a），Zn的累积速率分别为2.83，3.80mg/（kg·a）.基于土壤重金属累积速率，江苏滨海稻麦轮作田沼液安全施用年限为63a.     

The transport of Cu and Zn from agricultural soils to surface water in a small catchment

Long-term manure-borne copper and zinc inputs (18-324 mg Cu m⁻² yr⁻¹ and 100-800 mg Zn m⁻² yr⁻¹) to grassland soils resulted in their catchment in water concentrations that often exceeded the surface water quality criteria (2 μg Cu l⁻¹ and 5 μg Zn l⁻¹). This paper compares retention and release of Cu and Zn by two types of soil, a mineral soil (MS) and a dark colored soil rich in organic matter (OS). On the basis of dry soil mass, the OS has a higher retention/affinity for Cu and Zn than the MS, but much less Zn accumulated in the MS when compared on an areal basis. This is largely because of the much smaller bulk OS density and larger dissolved metal concentrations in the OS drainage than that for the MS. However, because of the greater water retention capacity of the OS, elevated metal concentrations in the soil solution do not necessarily cause greater loss to water. It is concluded that artificially drained OS can contribute significantly to the observed elevated Cu and Zn concentrations of the river, especially during relatively dry weather conditions when the contribution of water seeping from OS to the total river water discharge becomes increasingly important.     

Carbon flow analysis of China's agro-ecosystem from 1980 to 2013: A perspective from substance flow analysis

Research on carbon cycling has attracted attention from both scientists and policy-makers. Based on material flow analysis, this study systematically budgets the carbon inputs, outputs and balance from 1980 to 2013 for China''s agro-ecosystem and its sub-systems, including agricultural land use, livestock breeding and rural life. The results show that from 1980 to 2013, both the carbon input and output were growing gradually, with the carbon input doubling from 1.6 Pg C/year in 1980 to 3.4 Pg C/year in 2013, while carbon output grew from 2.2 Pg C/year in 1980 to 3.8 Pg C/year in 2013. From 1980 to 2013, the crop production system in China has remained a carbon source, and the agricultural land uses were also almost all carbon sources instead of carbon sinks. As soil carbon stock plays a very important role in deciding the function of China''s agro-ecosystem as a carbon sink or source, practices that can promote carbon storage and sequestration will be an essential component of low carbon agriculture development in China.     

Development, dilemma and potential strategies for the application of nanocatalysts in wastewater catalytic ozonation: A review

With the continuous development of nanomaterials in recent years, the application of nanocatalysts in catalytic ozone oxidation has attracted more and more researchers' attention due to their excellent catalytic properties. In this review, we systematically summarized the current research status of nanocatalysts mainly involving material categories, mechanisms and catalytic efficiency. Based on summary and analysis, we found most of the reported nanocatalysts were in the stage of laboratory research, which was caused by the nanocatalysts defects such as easy aggregation, difficult separation, and easy leakage. These defects might result in severe resource waste, economic loss and potentially adverse effects imposed on the ecosystem and human health. Aiming at solving these defects, we further analyzed the reasons and the existing reports, and revealed that coupling nano-catalyst and membrane, supported nanocatalysts and magnetic nanocatalysts had promising potential in solving these problems and promoting the actual application of nanocatalysts in wastewater treatment. Furthermore, the advantages, shortages and our perspectives of these methods are summarized and discussed.