珠江口水、沉积物及水生动物中氯苯类有机物的含量及分布

对珠江口水、沉积物及水生动物体内氯苯类有机物(CBs)的污染现状进行了调查,并对该类污染物在水体多介质体系中的转移分配规律进行了初步研究1.结果表明,珠江口表层水中CBs的总浓度为16.44～963.20ng·L-,DCBs(二氯苯)对污染的贡献较为突出,占74.4%;表层沉积物(干重)中CBs总含量为7.83～40.09 ng·g-1,DCBs、TCBs(三氯苯)、TeCBs(四氯苯)、PeCB(五氯苯)和HCB(六氯苯)分别占总量的71.4%、11.1%、13.0%、1.2%、3.6%;水生动物中贝类的CBs平均含量是38873.0ng·g-1、鱼类为2360.3ng·g-1、虾类则为565.0ng·g-1,DCBs和TeCBs是水生动物体内的主要污染物.CBs在水、沉积物及生物体之间存在明显的富集和放大作用.     

北京通惠河水和表层沉积物中氯苯类有机物污染现状

对2003年11月采自北京通惠河的水和表层沉积物样品中11种氯苯类有机物进行了分析测定.结果表明,通惠河水中氯苯类有机物的总量范围为0.093～6.638 μg·L^-1,其中DCBs平均占氯苯总量的88.8%;表层沉积物(干重)中氯苯的总量范围为95.3～1 827.7 ng·g^-1,其中DCBs、TCBs、TeCBs、PeCB和HCB分别平均占总量的15.6%、31.7%、17.6%、21.2%和13.9%.与国内外其他区域相比,表层沉积物中氯苯类有机物污染较为严重.水和表层沉积物中的氯苯总量没有显著的相关性.     

河西走廊及兰州地区典型有机氯农药的大气残留及时空分布特征

利用PUF大气被动采样器对河西走廊及兰州地区进行了为期1 a,分4个季度的大气样品采集,应用HP6890ⅡGC-ECD对大气中典型有机氯农药六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)的含量进行了分析.研究结果表明,河西走廊和兰州地区大气中ΣHCHs(α-HCH+β-HCH+γ-HCH+δ-HCH)和ΣDDTs(p,p’-DDT+o,p’-DDT+p,p’-DDE+p,p’-DDD)的平均浓度分别为86.22 pg.m-3和34.06 pg.m-3,研究区ΣHCHs和ΣDDTs的背景浓度平均为54.41 pg.m-3和21.56 pg.m-3,同国内外其它地区相比,污染处于相对较低的水平.总体而言,ΣHCHs和ΣDDTs均表现出秋季浓度相对较高(均值分别为127.4pg.m-3和47.06 pg.m-3)的季节特征,酒泉、安西、张掖三地的HCHs和DDTs污染水平较高,推测与这3个地区的耕地面积和历史使用量较大有关.源解析表明,研究区内的HCHs主要来源于禁用前的历史残留以及林丹的使用,DDTs来源于工业DDTs的近期使用,部分地区如酒泉和安西可能存在三氯杀螨醇的使用.河西走廊和兰州地区人群通过呼吸途径对HCHs和DDTs的暴露水平较低.     

北京东南郊化工区土壤和植物中氯苯类有机物的残留及分布特征

对2003-11采自北京东南郊化工区的土壤、植物样品中11种氯苯类有机物进行了分析测定. 结果表明,土壤（干重）中氯苯类有机物（CBs）的总量范围为0.232～51.15 ng·g^-1,均值为18.16 ng·g^-1,其中1,2-DCB、1,4-DCB和HCB分别占45.2％、15.3％和17.1％;植物（干重）中CBs的总量范围为5.635～31.99 ng·g^-1,均值为12.36 ng·g^-1,其中1,4-DCB和HCB分别占51.5％和14.9%. 土壤中∑CBsi>与土壤有机质含量的皮尔森（Pearson）相关系数为0.544（P≤0.05）,呈弱正相关关系. 此外,除1,4-DCB和1,2,4-TCB外,云杉针叶中CBs的土壤-植物富集因子（BCFs）随CBs挥发能力［lg(V_P/K_OW)的增强而降低,随CBs辛醇/空气分配系数（K_OA）的增大而升高.     

广东电子垃圾污染区水体底层鱼类对PCBs的富集效应

采用GC/MS分析方法测试了广东电子垃圾回收地水体沉积物中多氯联苯(PCBs)含量,并利用以前测定的底栖性鱼类(鲮鱼、鲫鱼和乌鳢)PCBs含量数据,计算了生物/沉积物富集因子(BSAF)和生物放大因子(BMF),研究底栖性鱼类对PCBs的富集能力及其影响因素.研究表明,沉积物中总PCBs含量达到24.5~38.6μg/g干重,证实当地环境已受到PCBs严重污染.鲮鱼、鲫鱼和乌鳢的BSAF范围分别为0.05~2.52、0.01~1.20和0.01~5.03.根据乌鳢/鲮鱼和乌鳢/鲫鱼食物关系计算的BMF范围分别为0.14~2.23和0.14~4.93, 其中大部分PCB同系物的BMF>1,表明乌鳢对PCBs具有生物放大作用.BSAF及BMF均与PCBs的KOW和氯原子取代数具有显著相关性,说明化合物的理化性质是控制其生物富集的主要因素.     

晋江流域表层土壤中有机氯农药分布特征及污染评价

以网格法（12km×12km）采集晋江流域42个表层土壤代表性样品,并用GC-ECD内标法对土壤中的滴滴涕（DDTs）和六六六（HCHs）进行分析,揭示了研究区土壤中有机氯农药（OCPs）的残留水平、空间分布及来源.结果表明,晋江流域土壤中HCHs及DDTs的异构体或衍生物的检出率在81.0%～100%之间.OCPs、...     

西南典型菜地土壤重金属健康风险和毒性效应

为揭示我国西南典型蔬菜种植区土壤中重金属的污染特征及人体健康风险,选择通海县菜地土壤为研究对象,分析了土壤中Cd、As、Pb、Cr、Ni、Cu和Zn的积累特征,结合体外胃肠模拟法（SBRC）和胃上皮细胞（GES-1）毒性实验评估土壤中重金属生物可给性与人体健康风险,并利用细胞毒性研究验证健康风险.结果表明：菜地土壤中7种重金属仅Cd的平均含量超出农用地土壤污染风险筛选值（GB 15618-2018）,且变异系数（72.73%）最大;Cr、Cd和Zn的平均含量超出了云南省土壤背景值;土壤重金属生物可给性差异较大,Cd的生物可给性（35.31%）最高;研究区可能存在由重金属引起的致癌风险,非致癌风险不明显,Cr、As和Ni是致癌风险的主要贡献元素;基于生物可给性的综合非致癌风险（HI）和综合致癌风险（CR）均小于基于总量的评价结果;健康风险的细胞毒性验证实验表明生物可给态重金属暴露后抑制了细胞活性,改变细胞形态,诱发了明显的胃上皮细胞损伤.     

长江流域岸边土中OCPs的残留特征、来源及风险评价

选取长江流域干流及支流周围的土壤作为研究介质,分析表层土壤中13种有机氯农药（OCPs）的含量,用同分异构体比值法和主成分分析法解析其来源,并对土壤中的OCPs进行风险评估.结果表明,长江流域表层土壤中∑₁₃OCPs的含量范围为8.94~77.79ng/g,平均含量是24.55ng/g,主要成分是六HCHs和DDTs.OCPs的含量水平表现为上游与下游相近,且二者均小于中游,在世界范围内处于中等水平.土壤中的HCHs主要来自于林丹的历史残留;DDTs主要来自于三氯杀螨醇的近期输入和工业DDTs的非法使用.健康风险评价表明,中游地区的风险高于上游及下游地区,特别是在城陵矶、南嘴和湘阴3个地区,土壤中OCPs对儿童的致癌风险Risk_综合处于10^-6~10^-4,存在一定的致癌风险.     

Distribution and health risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides （OCPs） in industrial site soils： A case study of urban renewal in Beijing, China

A field survey was conducted in a contaminated industrial site of southern Beijing,China to investigate the contents and distribution of the organochlorine pesticides(α-,β-,γ-,δ-HCH,p,p-DDT,p,p-DDE,p,p-DDD and o,p-DDT) in the profiles of soil,and a health risk assessment was carried out with CalTOX multimedia exposure model.Results showed that mean concentrations of total hexachlorocyclohexane isomers(HCHs) and total dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane isomers(DDXs) in soils were in the range of 13.20-148.71 mg...     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

水库淹没带土壤有机氯农药分布特征及风险评价

采用GC-MS气相色谱与质谱联用仪,分析了密云水库南水北调来水前高程130～150 m之间的淹没带表层土壤样品中17种有机氯农药(OCPs)的含量、残留特征,讨论了有机氯农药的可能来源,并对OCPs的潜在风险进行了评价.结果表明:①密云水库淹没带土壤有机氯农药残留以六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)为主,含量均值分别为1. 74 ng·g-1和1. 01ng·g-1,与国内其他湖库区相比,ΣHCHs含量相近,ΣDDTs含量较低.②水库淹没带土壤有机氯农药残留具有一定的空间分布特征.水陆域交错处土壤OCPs含量普遍高于水域、陆域土壤中含量,且存在显著性差异性.水库东部及潮河入库区、独立小流域淹没区,OCPs残留以DDTs为主;库北山前平原淹没带及库西中部淹没区OCPs则以γ-HCH残留为主;白河入库处河滩淹没区HCHs及DDTs残留均有较高占比,这与其污染来源有关.③源解析结果表明,淹没带土壤HCHs来源主要与林丹类农药的输入有关,而DDTs主要来自于早期农药使用的残留.④生态风险评价表明,水库淹没带土壤中大部分样点OCPs生态风险低,白河入库区及库西中部淹没带滴滴涕有潜在风险性.     

Residues of organochlorine pesticides in surface soils from college school yards in Beijing, China

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been a major environmental issue, attracting much scientific concern because of their nature of toxicity, persistence, and endocrine disrupting effects. Soil samples were collected from ten college school yards in Beijing in 2006 and analyzed to determine fifteen OCPs. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) were found to be the main pollutants, accounting for 93.70% of total OCPs, followed by hexachlorohexanes (HCHs) (2.25%) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) (1.82%). Content...     

电子拆解区家禽中溴代阻燃剂的污染特征

对某电子废物拆解区散养草鸡进行了12种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)和十溴二苯乙烷(DBDPE)的污染水平分析.结果显示,草鸡中PBDEs和DBDPE主要通过土壤途径摄入,各个组织中PBDEs均被检出,肾脏中PBDEs含量最高(2071 ng·g~(-1),以脂重计),肝脏中PBDEs平均含量(550ng·g~(-1),以脂重计)远高于肌肉组织(131 ng·g~(-1)(腿肉)和76 ng·g~(-1)(胸肉),以脂重计),DBDPE主要在肾脏和卵组织中检出.同时,本文对电子拆解区居民通过食用草鸡摄入溴代阻燃剂(BFRs)的健康风险进行了初步评价.结果显示,尽管拆解区居民通过食用草鸡暴露PBDEs和DBDPE的风险处于可接受水平,但综合饮用水、大气呼吸和灰尘摄入等其他暴露途径,BFRs健康风险仍不容忽视.     

焉耆盆地土壤重金属的污染及潜在生态风险评价

通过采集干旱区典型绿洲-焉耆盆地表层土壤样品,测试其中10种重金属的含量,采用多元统计分析、污染指数法及潜在生态风险指数法研究土壤中重金属的赋存特征、来源及其污染状况和潜在的生态风险.结果表明:焉耆盆地土壤中10种重金属的平均值和最大值均未超过土壤环境质量二级标准,但重金属Zn、Pb、Cu、Ni、As和Cr的最大值超过新疆土壤背景值,超标率分别为8%、7%、11%、9.2%、12%和8.1%. 统计分析表明焉耆盆地土壤中10种重金属的平均含量顺序为: Mn>Zn>Cr>Ni>Cu>Co>Pb>As>Cd>Hg. 研究表明焉耆盆地土壤中重金属Zn、Pb、Hg、Cu之间具有较高的相关性, 主要来源于人为污染;重金属Mn、Co、Cd、Cr、Ni、As之间具有较高的相关性,主要来源于自然地质背景;污染指数评价表明焉耆盆地土壤中10种重金属均未出现污染状况,处于较低的生态风险,但土壤中重金属Pb、Zn、Hg的含量在部分地区相对较高的现象应引起重视.     

Perfluoroalkyl substances and organochlorine pesticides in sediments from Huaihe watershed in China

Twelve perfluoroalkyl substances （PFASs） and nine organochlorine pesticides （OCPs） were quantified in surface sediments from the Huaihe River, China, along which there are intensive industrial and agricultural activities. Concentrations of PFASs ranged from 0.06 to 0.46 ng/g dry weight （dw）, and concentrations of OCPs ranged from 1.48 to 32.65 ng/g dw. Compared with other areas in China, concentrations of PFASs were lesser than the national mean value, while concentrations of OCPs were moderate. Concentrations of perfluorooctanoic acid （PFOA） and perfluorooctane sulfonate （PFOS） ranged from n.d. （not detected） to 0.03 and n.d. to 0.10 ng/g dw, respectively. Among the three groups of OCPs, mean concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexane and its isomers （HCHs）, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites （DDTs） and hexachlorobenzene （HCB） were 5.62 ± 4.35, 2.43 ± 3.12 and 1.55 ± 4.17 ng/g dw, respectively. Concentrations of HCHs and DDTs decreased from upstream to downstream along the mainstream of the Huaihe River. When compared to sediment quality guidelines （SQGs）, concentrations of HCHs, DDTs and HCB would pose adverse biological effects. In general, contamination by PFASs in the upstream of the Huaihe River was more severe than that in the downstream, which was mainly caused by interception from dams, locks and industrial emissions. And OCPs from tributaries, especially the Yinghe River and Wohe River, were higher than those from Huaihe mainstream, and primarily came from historical inputs.     

典型污染区农业土壤中PAHs的分布、来源及生态风险

采用同位素稀释气相色谱-质谱（GC/MS）分析了路桥农业表层土壤中16种优控PAHs的含量,并对其分布、来源及生态风险进行了分析.结果表明,土壤中16种PAHs的检出率达到100%,其总含量范围为52.3~991 μg·kg-1,与土壤有机碳显著相关（p < 0.01）.PAHs组成特征表明,路桥土壤中以高环PAHs为主.PAHs（除Nap、Acy和Fl）间呈显著相关（r > 0.7,p < 0.01）,表明采样区PAHs污染来源具有一定的相似性.同分异构体比值和因子分析表明,路桥农业土壤中PAHs主要来源于煤和生物质的燃烧.土样中16 PAHs的毒性当量浓度（TEQBaP）介于4.61~164 μg·kg-1之间,7种致癌性PAHs对总TEQBaP的贡献达99%.在35%的土样中,10种PAHs的总TEQBaP超过荷兰土壤目标参考值,表明路桥部分农业土壤存在潜在的生态风险.     

银川市东郊设施蔬菜基地土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯污染特征及健康风险评价

在宁夏银川市东郊设施蔬菜基地共采集49个表层土样,采用气相色谱质谱联用检测方法,分析了土壤中16种邻苯二甲酸酯(Phthalate esters,PAEs)化合物含量,并对其污染分布、污染特征进行了评价,同时对美国EPA和欧盟优先控制的6种PAEs进行了人体暴露的健康风险评价.结果表明,银川市东郊设施蔬菜基地土壤中16种邻苯二甲酸酯化合物(∑16PAEs)的含量范围为2.123~17.271 mg·kg~(-1),平均值和中位数分别为5.120和4.324 mg·kg~(-1).土样中DMP、DEP、Dn BP、DIBP和DEHP的检出率为100%.其中,DMP、Dn BP和DEHP是研究区土壤中PAEs污染物的主要组成部分,DMP、Dn BP和DEHP分别占∑16PAEs总量的46.03%、26.55%和10.32%,三者之和占∑16PAEs的82.79%,占美国EPA 6种优先控制污染物水平的86.16%.对人体健康风险评价表明,研究区6种优先控制化合物对人体产生的非致癌风险均1,未超过EPA推荐的非致癌水平,表明非致癌风险在可接受范围之内.对于DEHP单体,居民通过饮食途径的致癌风险为(0.779±1.370)×10-5,超过EPA推荐的致癌水平,应引起一定的重视,而BBP和DEHP其它非饮食途径的致癌风险都在可接受范围,不会对人体健康产生危害.     

Pollution level and human health risk assessment of some pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in Nantong of Southeast China

Food consumption is one of the key exposure routes of humans to contaminants. This article evaluated the residue levels of 51 pesticides and 16 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in selected fish and food items which were commonly consumed in the Nantong area of Jiangsu Province, Southeast China. The 51 pesticides and 16 PCBs were analyzed by highly sensitive gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The results showed that organochlorine pesticides such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and mirex and other pesticides including chlorpyrifos, pyrethroid pesticides, metolachlor, pyridaben and trifluralin were frequently detected in the samples, which was consistent with the accumulation level and characteristics of these toxic chemicals in human adipose tissue of people living in Nantong. Meanwhile, correlation of the residue level of toxic chemicals with their physical chemical properties and historic use pattern in Nantong area was observed. Combined with dietary survey results at the same sampling locations, human health risk assessment of ingestion through the dietary route was performed. The results suggested that the non-cancer risks of the chemicals investigated can be considered negligible in the Nantong area, however, the cancer risks from lifetime dietary exposure to DDTs and HCB have exceeded the acceptable levels.     

珠江河口区翡翠贻贝中有机氯农药和多氯联苯含量及分布

对分布于珠江河口区海域的翡翠贻贝有机氯农药和多氯联苯的含量进行测定 ,结果显示 :HCHs为ND— 1.1ng·g-1,DDTs为 9.5— 191ng·g-1,PCBs为 82 .8— 6 15 .1ng·g-1.尖沙嘴码头 (维多利亚港 )贻贝积累的PCBs浓度最高 ,珠江河口桂山岛和外伶仃岛的贻贝积累的DDTs和PCBs浓度较高 ,而荷包岛 (珠江河口西海区 )的贻贝则检出含量较高的HCHs和DDTs .贻贝选择性积累含 5— 6个氯原子数的PCB异构体 .各采样点贻贝积累的PCBs组成分析表明珠江河口区海域存在两个PCBs污染源     

西南某退役化工厂场地地下水污染特征及污染物迁移规律分析

针对某退役化工厂场地受有机物污染的地下水含水层,开展地下水污染特征调查,通过风险评价模型、DRASTIC模型分别对研究区进行人体健康风险及地下水脆弱性评价,构建污染物地下水迁移扩散模型,进一步剖析典型污染物迁移扩散的影响因素及动力学模式。结果表明：研究区地下水受1,2-二氯乙烷、苯、三氯甲烷的污染,1,2-二氯乙烷的总致癌风险为4.00×10⁻⁶,超过人体健康风险可接受水平,主要暴露途径为吸入室内空气中来自地下水的气态污染物;研究区地下水脆弱性指数为4.912~5.305,整体处于中等脆弱性水平,地下水系统抵御污染能力较强,地下水埋深、净补给量和含水层厚度是影响地下水脆弱性的主要因素;1,2-二氯乙烷迁移扩散受地下水对流作用、含水介质吸附阻滞作用、生物化学作用共同影响,地下水对流作用是其迁移扩散的主要动力,含水介质吸附阻滞作用及生物化学作用对于其分布范围影响显著。