间伐对杉木人工林林下植被多样性及其营养元素现存量影响

间伐改变了林分结构,影响林下植被的生长和发育,但长期间伐对杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata林下植被多样性的影响尚缺乏系统研究。在浙江开化通过样地调查,采用Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数研究3种间伐处理下杉木人工林林下植被多样性的变化;分析林下植被主要营养元素含量,研究间伐对营养元素现存量的影响。以试验区传统经营方式为对照,即林木生长中期（第14年）进行1次轻度间伐（间伐强度约15%,T1）;中度（总间伐强度约35%, T2）和强度（总间伐强度约50%,T3）间伐均在第7年和第14年进行了2次间伐。间伐15年后的结果表明,3种间伐处理下,林下植物种类数分别为18种（T1）、17种（T2）和20种（T3）,林下植被总密度和盖度均随间伐强度增加而增大;林下植物Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数在不同间伐处理之间均没有显著差异（P＞0.05）。林下植被全碳（TC）、全磷（TP）和全钾（TK）含量在不同间伐处理之间差异不显著（P＞0.05）,全氮（TN）含量随间伐强度增加而降低,其中T3处理显著低于T1（P＜0.05）。林下植被生物量随间伐强度增大而增加,林下植被TC、TN、TP和TK现存量在不同间伐处理之间均没有显著差异（P＞0.05）。这些试验结果说明杉木人工林间伐15年后间伐强度不会显著影响林下植被多样性和营养元素的积累。     

间伐对马尾松人工林林下植物多样性的短期和长期影响

探讨不同间伐强度林下马尾松人工林植物多样性的动态变化,为确定合理的间伐强度提供理论依据。以南京溧水林场马尾松俨砌USmassonianaLamb．）中龄人工林为研究对象,于2007年和2011年对间伐1a和5a后各间伐林下植物多样性进行了调查和分析。结果表明：间伐la和5a后,与对照相比,中强度间伐林下植物种类、数量、丰富度Margalef指数、多样性Simpson、Sharmon-Weiner指数和均匀度JSW指数均显著提高（P〈O．05）,林下植物的生态优势度指数显著降低（P〈O．05）;弱度间伐林下各指数在间伐1a后显著降低（P〈O．05）,而在间伐5a后显著提高（P〈O．05o中强度间伐后林分各指数增幅最大,其中Shannon．Wiener指数对间伐措施更为敏感。间伐5a后,中强度间伐林下植物种类、数量和多样性指数比间伐1a后有所提高,弱度、中度、强度间伐后的林下植物种类比对照分别增加15、17和15种,总密度分别增加1．40、3．44和2．14倍。从短期和长期影响效果来看,中、强度间伐有利于植物多样性的提高。     

宁夏荒漠草原枯落物分解过程中植物营养元素变化特征

以宁夏荒漠草原优势植物赖草(Leymus secalinus)、胡枝子(Lespedeza bicolor)及二者混合物为研究对象,采用分解袋法研究了不同处理间植物枯落物营养元素残留率变化特征,旨在揭示荒漠草原优势植物枯落物分解过程中营养元素变化规律。结果显示,(1)随着分解时间变化,P在3种处理植物枯落物中均呈"释放-富集-释放"的规律;K在胡枝子和混合枯落物中呈"释放-富集-释放"的规律,而在赖草枯落物中则仅表现为释放现象;N在赖草和胡枝子枯落物中呈"释放-富集-释放"的规律,而在混合枯落物中则仅表现为释放现象。(2)经过640d分解,P和K残留率表现为胡枝子枯落物赖草枯落物混合枯落物,N残留率表现为赖草枯落物混合枯落物胡枝子枯落物。(3)经过640 d分解,植物枯落物P、K和N在3种处理间整体上呈净释放状态。研究表明,宁夏荒漠草原植物枯落物营养元素变化特征与植物种的差异性密切相关;混合植物枯落物P和K释放率高于单一种植物枯落物,而N释放率表现为胡枝子枯落物高于赖草及二者混合枯落物。     

成兰铁路干旱河谷段边坡创面不同恢复阶段的植物多样性

成兰铁路工程岷江上游干旱河谷地带是生态环境最为脆弱、植被恢复最为困难的特殊地域单元.以成兰铁路岷江上游干旱河谷区一个典型的边坡创面恢复样地（约2.5年）为对象,对其不同恢复阶段植物群落的物种组成及多样性进行研究,以期为未来干旱河谷地区工程建设的边坡创面植被恢复提供理论依据和借鉴.结果显示：（1）各恢复阶段草本植物物种数差异不大,但灌木植物（2—8—12）和草灌（18—22—29）总的物种数表现出明显的依次增多,物种主要以菊科、唇形科、蔷薇科和豆科植物为主;（2）人工播撒的豆科草本物种在恢复后期重要值和优势比大大降低（紫苜蓿）或者消失（大花野豌豆和地角儿苗）;（3）各恢复阶段草本植物的多样性指数已没有显著性的差异,恢复后期的灌木和草灌总平均物种数还显著地低于原始植被群落阶段,但Pielou均匀度指数显著高于原始植被群落阶段.本研究表明人工播撒一些广用性豆科草本以及胡枝子（Lespedeza bicolor）（豆科）、苦蒿（Eschenbachia blinii）、香青（Anaphalis sinica）等本地物种种子可促进岷江上游干旱河谷区工程建设中边坡创面植被群落的恢复进程,但要完全恢...     

冀东铁矿2种恢复模式植被演替过程中群落结构及生物多样性比较研究

油松（Pinus tabulaeformis）耐低温、干旱和贫瘠,是我国北方温性针叶林中分布最广的森林群落,也是我国北方广大地区最主要的本土造林树种之一,火炬（Rhus typhina Linn.）根萌蘖力强,耐寒、耐旱、耐盐碱,是一种适应周围环境能力极强的外来引入种树种。采用空间代替时间的方法,以冀东铁矿不同年份种植的人工火炬林和人工油松林群落为研究对象,采用样方法进行调查取样,分析了2种恢复模式不同演替阶段群落结构的变化,群落动态,同时采用Pielou均匀度指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分析了物种多样性在群落演替过程中的动态变化,在此基础上,对比分析了2种恢复模式在生态效益方面的优劣。主要结果如下：1）短期来看,火炬可以迅速提高植被盖度,增加生物量,但是,长期来看,随着火炬的快速萌集繁殖和林分的郁闭,林下草本急剧减少,形成火炬单优群落,而不能形成稳定的顶级群落。2）短期来看,油松生长缓慢,其生态效益远小于火炬群落,但是油松群落经过11年的演替形成了乔-灌-草3层结构,群落结构逐渐完善。3）演替初期火炬群落优势种以猪毛蒿（Artemisia scoparia）、狗尾草（Setaria viridis）等耐干旱的植物为主,演替后期林下物种迅速减少以至大量消失;油松群落经过11年的恢复,群落草本层植物种数逐渐增大,从一年生先锋植物占优势过渡到以白羊草（Bothriochloa ischaemun）和硬质早熟禾（Poa sphondylodes）为建群种,并出现了黄刺玫（Rosa xanthina）和胡枝子（Lespedeza bicolor）等多年生灌木。4）演替初期Margalef丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Shannon-Wiener指数表现为：火炬群落﹥油松群落,演替后期则相反,这主要是由群落内种间竞争关系和水热环境的差异造成。4）综合植物群落盖度、物种多样性和群落未来的演替趋势,火炬长期的生态效益远不及油松树种。     

营林措施对成都绕城高速路域杨树人工林群落结构和物种多样性的影响

随着四川省林权制度改革的提出,高速路域人工林经营模式变得越来越多样化,探究不同营林措施对人工林群落结构与物种多样性的影响,可针对性提出林分管理措施建议,使其能更好发挥生态效益.针对人为活动干扰较为强烈的成都绕城高速路域杨树人工林,采用典型样地法,开展不同营林措施(林下种植、翻耕、割灌、弃耕与对照)对人工林群落结构、林下物种组成与物种多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H、Simpon优势度指数H′、物种多样性指数D和Pielou均匀度指数J_sw)影响的研究.结果显示：(1)研究区共记录林下植物212种,隶属于86科159属.植物科属种数量变化规律均为草本层>灌木层.(2)与自然对照样地对比,其余营林措施都会阻碍小径级、小高度级的乔木生长,而割灌和弃耕有助于大径级、高度级乔木生长.(3)在灌木层中不同的营林措施下,H、D和J_sw均有所降低,其中割灌和弃耕措施影响最为显著.在草本层中,翻耕处理能提升物种多样性,林下种植对物种多样性影响不显著,而割灌与弃耕显著降低了H、D与J_sw.(4)人工林下物种多样性指...     

不同郁闭度马尾松人工林林下植物多样性

对现有11年生马尾松(Pinus massoniana)人工林通过均匀间伐、抚育修枝,结合冠层分析仪测定郁闭度,形成郁闭度约为0.9、0.8、0.7、0.6、0.5的5个梯度林分,研究不同郁闭度林下植物组成及多样性特征,结果表明:(1)各郁闭度林下植物物种重要值分配较为平均,灌木中枹栎(Quercus serrate)、毛桐(Mallotus barbatus)、黄牛奶(Symplocos laurina)较高,草本中铁芒萁(Dicranopteris dichotoma)、金星蕨(Parathelypteris glanduligera)、狗脊蕨(Woodwardia japonila)、山菅兰(Dianella ensifolia)较高,在各郁闭度都占主要优势.(2)随郁闭度减小,林下植物物种数、Margalef丰富度指数、Simpson优势度指数、Shannon-wiener多样性指数都有增大趋势,但多在0.6或0.5郁闭度较0.9郁闭度才有显著增加,在0.5郁闭度灌木物种数又有减小;各郁闭度林下灌木、草本Pielou均匀度指数差异都不显著,5个郁闭度林分草本Alatato均匀度指数差异较小,灌木Alatato均匀度指数在0.6郁闭度中最高,0.5郁闭度较0.6郁闭度又相对降低.(3)各郁闭度林下植物生活型都是以高位芽为主,占比均为50%-60%,在0.6、0.7郁闭度中出现了地上芽植物,0.6、0.5郁闭度中出现了一年生植物、大型高位芽植物,地下芽植物百分比在0.5郁闭度有明显升高.(4)0.9郁闭度林分分别与其他各郁闭度林下植物群落相似系数都较低,0.5、0.6、0.7郁闭度之间群落相似系数相近且较高,都超过70%,在0.7、0.6郁闭度左右物种类别有稳定的趋势,0.5与0.8郁闭度林分群落相似系数又有下降,又有许多新物种更新.综合而言,随郁闭度减小,林下植物物种数、生活型层次和多样性指数都呈增大趋势,在0.6郁闭度中各项指标表现最优,更小郁闭度可能会导致林下植物物种数、均匀度和多样性相对减小,不利于林地地力维持.     

京西九龙山林下植被物种多样性及其空间分异研究

基于北京九龙山植物群落的样地调查数据,采用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数指标对九龙山林下植物物种多样性及其空间分异做相关研究。结果表明,该研究区域物种多样性较低,基本维持在0～3.62,均值为2.40,乔木人工林林下物种多样性高于天然灌丛;九龙山林下物种多样性存在明显的垂直及水平分异,其中垂直分异主要表现为：南山随着海拔升高林下植被物种多样性降低,中山随着海拔升高林下物种多样性呈“V”型变化,北山海拔300 m以下随着海拔升高林下物种多样性降低,海拔300～400 m林下物种多样性波动较大,650 m以上林下物种多样性较高且随着海拔的升高而增高;水平分异主要表现为：在海拔400 m以下地区,林下物种多样性表现为油松>侧柏>黄栌>侧柏-元宝枫混交林;海拔400～650 m地区为天然灌丛物种多样性最高,元宝枫最低;海拔650 m以上地区,华北落叶松林林下物种多样性最高,荆条林最低。京西九龙山人工林林下植被物种多样性存在明显的空间分异,而造林树种、立地条件、人为干扰强度是影响该地区林下物种多样性及其空间分异的主要原因。     

不同林龄红锥人工林林下植被物种多样性恢复动态

为了解林下植被物种多样性随林龄的恢复轨迹,在广东省龙眼洞林场采用空间替代时间的方法,选取以相同方式经营的6个林龄序列(10、15、20、25、30和34年)的红锥(Castanopsis hystrix)人工林为研究对象,利用α和β多样性指数分析物种多样性随着林龄的变化趋势.结果显示:(1)共发现植物32科45属51种,其中灌木层物种有23科33属39种,草本层有9科12属12种.(2)灌木层和草本层的物种丰富度随着林龄的变化趋势类似,呈现先增加后下降的趋势;Simpson优势度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数随着林龄的增加呈现先增加后下降的趋势,其中灌木层和草本层Simpson优势度指数的最大值均出现在20年的林龄;灌木层和草本层的Pielou均匀度指数表现较为平稳.(3)草本层植被群落的Jaccard相似性指数和Morisita-Horn相似性指数沿恢复轨迹呈下降趋势,且草本层植被的Jaccard相似性指数和Morisita-Horn相似性指数呈显著正相关.上述结果表明不同林龄红锥人工林林下植被物种多样性变化在扰动后的恢复过程中呈现非线性关系,与传统观点一致.未来该红锥人工林林下植被随着恢复时间会维持一个较为稳定的状态.(图4表5参50)     

三种类型森林林下植物多样性及生物量比较

对相同立地条件下海南天然次生林、桉树和马占相思林的林下植物多样性及生物量进行调查,通过比较,灌木植物的物种丰富度S、多样性Simpson指数、Shannon-wiener指数,Margalef指数、均匀度Pielou指数为:天然次生林＞桉树人工林＞马占相思人工林,方差分析前两者之间差异不显著,后两者之间差异极显著;而草本植物的变化趋势为:桉树人工林＞天然次生林＞马占相思人工林,方差分析结果前二者间除均匀度Pielou指数差异不显著外,其它多样性指数间差异极显著,后二者间差异不显著.灌木植物地上部分总生物量的变化趋势为:天然次生林＞桉树人工林＞马占相思人工林,草本植物的变化趋势为:桉树人工林＞马占相思人工林＞天然次生林.     

不同林龄木麻黄人工林生物多样性与土壤养分状况研究

木麻黄（Casuarina equisetifolia）是我国东南沿海海岸防护林骨干树种。本文对广东省茂名市木麻黄防护林开展了不同林龄的种群结构、植物多样性、以及土壤养分特征的研究。结果表明,滨海沙地木麻黄群落在生长过程中有明显的自疏现象,18年林个体数（975株·hm-2）不足3年林个体数一半（2350株·hm-2）,3年至6年龄木麻黄生长最快。调查林地内共有植物27种,其中灌木8种,草本植物18种。随林龄的增长,林下植物种数显著增加,多样性指数、均匀度指数逐步增加,优势度指数下降。林地土壤有机碳、全氮与速效氮供应水平极低;土壤磷供应相对较好,表层有效磷一般高于3.5mg·kg-1。土壤有效养分与植物多样性显著相关,显示养分是植物定居的主要限制因素。结果表明,木麻黄林结构简单,生物多样性低,土壤养分贫乏。     

东北过伐林区不同林分类型土壤肥力质量评价研究

保持和提高森林土壤肥力质量是实现森林健康的基础。研究不同林型下土壤肥力质量对森林可持续经营具有重要意义。以东北过伐林区金仓林场中的落叶松Lartx gmelinii人工纯林、云杉Picea asperatax紫椴Tilia amurensis天然混交林、紫椴×白桦Betula platyphylla天然混交林、五角槭Acer monox白桦×落叶松天然混交林、五角槭×白桦×紫椴天然混交林、白桦×落叶松天然混交林和五角械×紫椴×青杨Populus pseudo-simonii天然混交林为研究对象,分析和比较了不同林分下的土壤物理和化学性质,并采用主成分分析与聚类分析相结合的方法评价了其土壤肥力质量。结果表明：①林分类型对土壤理化性质影响显著;随土壤深度增加,土壤密度和土壤pH值增大,而土壤含水量、物理性粘粒含量和养分质量分数减少,但其在不同林分下的变化程度不同;②土壤因子之间关系密切,物理性粘粒含量与含水量、全氮、速效钾质量分数呈极显著正相关,而与土壤密度和pH值呈显著负相关;土壤养分质量分数之间具有不同程度的显著正相关关系;③采用主成分分析法对不同林分下0～60cm的土壤肥力质量进行了评价,土壤肥力质量表现为天然混交林高于落叶松人工纯林;采伐降低了土壤的肥力质量;在落叶松人工纯林中,随着林龄的增加,土壤的肥力质量下降。通过对土壤肥力质量综合指标值的聚类分析,将研究区土壤肥力质量分为优、良、中、差4个等级,肥力质量属于中等以上（优、良、中等）的林地所占研究样地的比例为66．7％,研究区森林土壤肥力质量属于中等水平。建议在经营过伐林时,注意调整林分结构和树种组成,控制采伐强度,同时进行长期定位观测和比较,以改善林分整体的肥力状况。本研究结果为该地区林业可持续经营提供直接依据,也为东北地区森林土壤肥力质量评价提供参考。     

A diameter increment model for Crimean pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) and Calabrian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) stands in Isparta region, Turkey

The purpose of this research was to test the precision of a diameter increment model for the estimation of future periodic diameter increment. Individual trees of Crimean pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) and Calabrian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) located in both natural and plantation stands were selected. For that reason, normal closed canopy, pure, even-aged and undisturbed stands were examined. In 2002, plots were sampled in three natural and three plantation stands in Isparta region of Turkey. The number of sampling points in sample plots ranged from 19 to 55. In each sampling point, a subject tree and six competitors were selected. In each sampling point, subject tree and competitor trees were stem mapped (x and y coordinate system), and diameter (dbh), total height, age, and 10-yrs radial increment recorded. The predictors of a distance dependent diameter increment model were chosen that included tree level (diameter (d), competition index (CI), and age (t)) and stand level (basal area (G), and site index (SI)) characteristics as well as their transformations. The best fit index of the regression model was pursued in trials with variable combinations. The models explained 65%, 60%, 68% and 50% of the variation in individual tree diameter increment of Crimean pine and Calabrian pine for both natural and plantations stands, respectively. These models can be estimated diameter increment of individual trees at highly significant level (p<0.001).     

人为干扰对江油地区马尾松人工林群落结构和物种多样性的影响

物种多样性是群落功能复杂性和稳定性的重要量度指标,人为干扰对森林群落的影响可以通过群落结构和物种多样性的变化而直接显现,不同干扰强度下的森林群落结构和物种多样性特征不同。采用典型样地法,对比研究两种人为干扰强度（干扰强和弱）对江油地区的马尾松（Pinus massoniana）人工林群落的物种组成、群落结构和物种多样性的影响,采用物种丰富度指数D值、Shannon-wienner指数H值、Simpson优势度指数H′值和均匀度指数Jsw值来综合衡量群落的物种多样性水平。结果表明,（1）在总面积3200 m2的8个样地中记录到124个物种,隶属于105属56科,干扰强的群落各层次物种数均低于干扰弱的群落。（2）不同强度人为干扰下马尾松人工林的群落结构不同,干扰弱的群落径级结构呈近正态分布,在径级Ⅵ（7 cm≤d〈9 cm）处出现数量的峰值26株,群落结构较稳定;干扰强的群落径级结构不呈正态分布,在径级Ⅶ（13 cm≤d〈15 cm）处出现峰值43株。干扰弱和干扰强的群落高度级结构与其径级结构具有相似性,干扰弱的群落的个体主要集中在低中高度级（3≤H〈17）;干扰强的群落的个体数在各高度级分布不均匀,主要分布在中高高度级（H≥13）;干扰强的群落的个体数在各径级和高度级分布相对不均匀,群落结构趋于不稳定。（3）人为干扰对马尾松人工林群落造成负面影响,随着人为干扰强度的增加,物种丰富度指数D值、Shannon-wiener多样性指数H值、均匀度多样性指数Jsw值降低,Simpson优势度指数H′值增大,物种多样性呈下降趋势。     

大兴安岭南部温带山杨天然次生林不同生长阶段生物量及碳储量

基于内蒙古赛罕乌拉森林生态系统定位研究站山杨（Populus davidiana Dode）天然次生林幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林、成熟林及过熟林生物量调查,探讨了不同龄组山杨天然次生林单株木、林分、林下植被和枯落物的生物量及群落碳储量的时空变化规律。结果表明：随林龄的增大,山杨天然次生林木和各器官生物量总体呈增加趋势,树干所占比例增加,中龄林增加尤为明显;林下植被层、枯落物层生物量随林龄增大呈增加趋势。群落总碳储量的空间分布序列是：乔木层〉枯落物层〉林下植被层。幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林、成熟林和过熟林群落的碳储量分别为27.146 6、53.545 1、60.889 8、77.915 8、79.135 3t.hm-2,乔木层碳储量分别为22.206 5、47.215 7、52.056 3、68.445 3、68.773 1 t.hm-2,枯落物层和林下植被层碳储量平均值分别为5.814 4、2.172 7 t.hm-2。乔木层、枯落物层和林下植被层碳储量占总量的平均率分别为86.05%、10.39%和3.57%。研究认为山杨天然次生林群落碳储量随林龄增加的变化规律明显,碳汇潜力巨大;中龄林为碳储量增长迅速期,且持续较长一段时间,是林分管理的关键阶段;自然稀疏有利于促进林木生长,林分碳储量并未随林分密度下降而减小。     

Effects of landscape design of forest reserves on Saproxylic beetle diversity

Increasing the density of natural reserves in the forest landscape may provide conservation benefits for biodiversity within and beyond reserve borders. We used 2 French data sets on saproxylic beetles and landscape cover of forest reserves (LCFR) to test this hypothesis: national standardized data derived from 252 assessment plots in managed and reserve stands in 9 lowland and 5 highland forests and data from the lowland Rambouillet forest, a forested landscape where a pioneer conservation policy led to creation of a dense network of reserves. Abundance of rare and common saproxylic species and total saproxylic species richness were higher in forest reserves than in adjacent managed stands only in highland forests. In the lowland regional case study, as LCFR increased total species richness and common species abundance in reserves increased. In this case study, when there were two or more reserve patches, rare species abundance inside reserves was higher and common species richness in managed stands was higher than when there was a single large reserve. Spillover and habitat amount affected ecological processes underlying these landscape reserve effects. When LCFR positively affected species richness and abundance in reserves or managed stands, >12‐20% reserve cover led to the highest species diversity and abundance. This result is consistent with the target of 17% forested land area in reserves set at the Nagoya biodiversity summit in 2010. Therefore, to preserve biodiversity we recommend at least doubling the current proportion of forest reserves in European forested landscapes.     

Tree species diversity and its relationship to stand parameters and geomorphology features in the eastern Black Sea region forests of Turkey

We studied the effects of stand parameters (crown closure, basal area, stand volume, age, mean stand diameter number of trees, and heterogeneity index) and geomorphology features (elevation, aspect and slope) on tree species diversity in an example of untreated natural mixed forest stands in the eastern Black Sea region of Turkey. Tree species diversity and basal area heterogeneity in forest ecosystems are quantified using the Shannon-Weaver and Simpson indices. The relationship between tree species diversity basal area heterogeneity stand parameters and geomorphology features are examined using regression analysis. Our work revealed that the relationship between tree species diversity and stand parameters is loose with a correlation coefficient between 0.02 and 0.70. The correlation of basal area heterogeneity with stand parameters fluctuated between 0.004 and 0.77 (R2). According to our results, stands with higher tree species diversity are characterised by higher mean stand diameter number of diameter classes, basal area and lower homogeneity index value. Considering the effect of geomorphology features on tree species or basal area heterogeneity we found that all investigated relationships are loose with R < or = 0.24. A significant correlation was detected only between tree species diversity and aspect. Future work is required to verify the detected trends in behaviour of tree species diversity if it is to estimate from the usual forest stand parameters and topography characteristics.     

几种不同更新的森林群落碳储量结构特征分析

森林更新是维持和扩大森林资源的主要途径,也是森林结构调整、森林可持续经营和构建多功能高效的森林生态系统的过程。在安徽南部的岭南林场,选择了马尾松（Pinus massoniana Lamb）人工林（MP）、杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata）人工林（CF）、阔叶混交天然次生林（MB）和针阔混交人工次生林（MN）等4种具有典型代表性的森林群落类型,研究了不同更新方式形成的森林群落的碳储量结构特征。结果表明：（1）针阔混交次生林树干生物量密度最大,为（67.32±56.57）mg.hm-2,杉木人工林生物量密度最小,为（43.79±9.13）mg.hm-2,而马尾松树干生物量所占比例最大,为（64.04±1.49）%。阔叶混交次生林碳储量最高,为（126.47±90.75）mg.hm-2;（2）4种群落类型中,阔叶混交林与马尾松群落碳密度最大,分别为95.67和98.21mg.hm-2,杉木群落碳密度最小,为55.41 mg.hm-2。阔叶混交林中的灌木层生物量碳密度最大,为（17.438±24.627）mg hm-2,马尾松林的草本层和枯落层生物量碳密度最高,分别为（1.326±0.431）、（5.517±2.846）mg.hm-2;（3）阔叶混交林群落的地下碳储量最高,为（10.5±9.8）mg.hm-2,群落地下碳储量从大到小的顺序是阔叶混交林〉针阔混交林〉杉木林〉马尾松林。相应的群落地上碳储量从大到小的顺序是阔叶混交林〉针阔混交林〉马尾松林〉杉木林。杉木林根茎比（R/S）最大,为0.21±0.01,杉木林群落中的灌木层根茎比（R/S）最大,为1.61±0.11;（4）在阔叶混交林中,株数密度与乔木层、草本层的碳比例正相关。在杉木林群落中,平均胸径、株数密度与乔木层碳所占比例成负相关。除杉木林群落外,灌木层碳含量之比与胸径及密度等调查因子都呈负相关。     

Soil Collembola Diversity, Endemism, and Reforestation: A Case Study in the Pyrenees (France)

The diversity of soil Collembola was studied in two sites of the central Pyrenees (France). In each site a seminatural beech forest was compared to a conifer plantation. At the Rille site planted spruce and naturally regenerated beech forest were established on ancient meadows, and at the Carmil site a fir plantation had locally replaced the natural beech forest. Thirty-two soil cores of 250 cm³ were collected in each forest type at each site, and core fauna were extracted with a Berlese-Tullgren funnel. Differences in structure and composition of collembolan communities were observed from original to planted forest, and these changes followed different patterns at the two sites. In both cases, however, the diversity of the fauna was impoverished in the plantation. The endemic component suffered a particularly severe loss in species richness and abundance, whereas non-endemic species were more weakly affected. Endemic biota, which from a conservation perspective represent the most valuable element of the fauna, were its most vulnerable component. Endemic species and endemic areas therefore deserve particular attention when biodiversity fluctuations caused by reforestation are studied. This could lead to reassessment of the potential effects of artificial reforestation on the biodiversity of temperate forests. There is a general need for a systematic inventory and protection of forests with endemic soil biota.     

Quantifying Habitat Requirements of Tree-Living Species in Fragmented Boreal Forests with Bayesian Methods

Abstract:  Quantitative conservation objectives require detailed consideration of the habitat requirements of target species. Tree-living bryophytes, lichens, and fungi are a critical and declining biodiversity component of boreal forests. To understand their requirements, Bayesian methods were used to analyze the relationships between the occurrence of individual species and habitat factors at the tree and the stand scale in a naturally fragmented boreal forest landscape. The importance of unexplained between-stand variation in occurrence of species was estimated, and the ability of derived models to predict species' occurrence was tested. The occurrence of species was affected by quality of individual trees. Furthermore, the relationships between occurrence of species at the tree level and size and shape of stands indicated edge effects, implying that some species were restricted to interior habitats of large, regular stands. Yet for the habitat factors studied, requirements of many species appeared similar. Species occurrence also varied between stands; most of the seemingly suitable trees in some stands were unoccupied. The models captured most variation in species occurrence at tree level. They also successfully accounted for between-stand variation in species occurrence, thus providing realistic simulations of stand-level occupancy of species. Important unexplained between-stand variation in species occurrence warns against a simplified view that only local habitat factors influence species' occurrence. Apparently, similar stands will host populations of different sizes due to historical, spatial, and stochastic factors. Thus, habitat suitability cannot be assessed simply by population sizes, and stands lacking a species may still provide suitable habitat and merit protection.