典型四环素类抗生素对土壤微生物及植物生长的影响

四环素类抗生素(TCs)在畜禽养殖中的大量使用甚至滥用,导致其在动物粪便中高浓度残留。随着畜禽粪便有机肥的农田施用,TCs持续进入土壤并且不断累积,由此带来的土壤生态危害和健康风险值得关注。以四环素(TC)、土霉素(OTC)为研究对象,采用室内培养试验法,考察2种典型TCs对土壤微生物、酶活性的影响及对植物生长的毒性作用。结果表明,低浓度TC和OTC作用下,土壤细菌和真菌数量即显著降低,土壤细菌较真菌对TCs的污染更为敏感。除TC对土壤酸性磷酸酶和OTC对土壤过氧化氢酶活性主要表现为激活作用外,总体上TC、OTC作用后土壤酶活性呈低浓度促进、高浓度抑制的变化趋势。80 mg·L~(-1)的TC、OTC暴露下,绿豆芽芽伸长被显著抑制,并且随着抗生素浓度的增大,绿豆芽伸长抑制率大幅升高。相同浓度、相同暴露时间条件下的TC对绿豆芽伸长的毒性大于OTC。     

两种四环素类抗生素单一及复合污染对农田土壤理化性质和土壤酶活性的影响

多数农业用地土壤中抗生素含量在μg·kg^-1水平,而μg·kg^-1水平抗生素对土壤质量影响的研究较少,因此开展0(CK)、10、100和500μg·kg^-1土霉素(OTC)和四环素(TC)的单一及复合污染对土壤理化性质和酶活性的影响研究。结果表明：(1)与CK相比,两种抗生素单一处理土壤pH均显著增加,速效磷(OP)含量均显著降低,且TC处理对pH的增长率和对OP的抑制率均显著高于OTC处理,仅500μg·kg^-1 TC处理可溶性盐显著降低;单一OTC处理OP含量显著降低,有机质(OM)含量增加,多酚氧化酶(PPO)、脲酶(URE)和蔗糖酶(SUC)活性均显著降低;单一TC处理OP、OM和有效氮(AN)含量均显著降低,PPO和SUC活性均显著下降。(2)在单一OTC处理中加入低含量TC能在一定程度上缓解OTC对土壤的毒害,以10μg·kg^-1 TC+10μg·kg^-1 OTC处理综合缓解效果为最佳;而加入较高含量TC则增大OTC对土壤的毒性,且毒性随着OT...     

兽药抗生素对生态环境的混合毒性研究进展

抗生素是环境中普遍存在的污染物,畜牧水产养殖是其主要来源之一.环境中可能同时存在多种抗生素残留,因此单一药物的毒性评价难以反映抗生素对生态环境的影响,应探究其混合物的毒性效应.本文在总结大量文献的基础上,介绍了兽用抗生素的残留现状,总结了兽用抗生素对生态环境的混合毒性研究进展,讨论了兽用抗生素残留对土壤生物和水生生物的...     

标准化测试种子发芽和根伸长毒性试验的基质应用研究

种子发芽和根伸长毒性试验是研究和评价新化学物质对陆生生物危害性的重要手段之一。为探究在标准化测试中能否使用非推荐基质,以及使用推荐基质时能否用灭菌法替代酸洗法处理石英砂,选取8种植物种子在5种基质中进行试验。结果表明,不同基质对种子发芽率的影响较小,但基质较低的养分含量和特殊的物理结构易对部分种子根长形成胁迫,甚至直接制约根系发育。生菜、水稻在5种基质中的发芽率和根长无显著性差异;绿豆、甘蓝、西瓜在酸洗石英砂中的根长分别为25.1、24.5、29.0 mm,在其余4种基质中根长显著缩短;青瓜在吸水纸和发芽纸中发芽率偏低,仅为83.3%;玉米在酸洗石英砂和灭菌石英砂中的发芽率和根长无明显差异,为100%/45.7 mm和93.3%/44.8 mm,其他基质中显著偏低。标准化测试条件下,以推荐的酸洗石英砂上各种子的发芽率和根长为评判依据,生菜和水稻试验可使用本研究中任意基质,绿豆、甘蓝和西瓜试验仅可使用酸洗石英砂作为基质,青瓜和玉米试验可使用干热灭菌法替代酸洗法处理石英砂,并且青瓜试验还可使用滤纸基质。以上结果为测试机构在工作实践中优化试验条件提供理论依据。     

我国典型土壤上重金属污染对番茄根伸长的抑制毒性效应

采用盆栽试验观测了我国3种典型土壤——黄泥土、褐土、红壤上不同重金属(铜、锌、铅)作用下敏感植物番茄的根伸长,其中黄泥土和褐土上重金属添加量范围为Cu(0～2000mg·kg-1)、Zn(0～4000mg·kg-1)和Pb(0～5000mg·kg-1),红壤上为Cu(0～400mg·kg-1)、Zn(0～750mg·kg-1)和Pb(0～2000mg·kg-1).对不同土壤上Cu、Zn、Pb对番茄的根伸长抑制率进行了比较,以阐明不同土壤上重金属种类及用量对蔬菜根生长的抑制及毒性效应.结果表明,相同Cu、Zn、Pb污染水平(添加量)下,土壤中重金属对番茄的根伸长抑制率大小顺序基本表现为:红壤>黄泥土>褐土.番茄对红壤中的重金属最敏感,其次是黄泥土,再次是褐土.番茄对不同重金属的毒性响应不同,对Cu最敏感,Zn和Pb次之.土壤中有效态重金属含量与番茄根伸长呈显著(p<0.05)或极显著(p<0.01)负相关,表明有效态重金属含量是影响蔬菜根伸长的重要因素.     

恩诺沙星与Cu复合污染对白菜和西红柿根及芽伸长的抑制作用

抗生素恩诺沙星和重金属Cu是当今我国土壤中较常见的污染物。本研究考察了恩诺沙星与Cu复合污染对砖红壤中白菜和西红柿种子的根及芽伸长的影响,以评估恩诺沙星和Cu复合污染潜在的生态风险。结果表明,加入不同浓度的Cu时,土壤中的恩诺沙星浓度与2种作物的根伸长和芽伸长的抑制率均显著相关(P0.05);白菜的敏感性均大于西红柿;白菜和西红柿的根伸长对复合污染的生态毒性的敏感性均较芽伸长更高;与单一恩诺沙星胁迫相比,在恩诺沙星与Cu(100 mg·kg~(-1))或Cu(300 mg·kg~(-1))复合污染下,二者对白菜和西红柿的根及芽伸长抑制效应均表现为协同作用。试验结果在揭示恩诺沙星与Cu复合污染的生态毒性效应的同时,也为重金属和抗生素复合污染的生态风险评价提供科学依据。     

土霉素对小麦毒性效应的品种间差异

为了研究土霉素对小麦毒性效应的品种间差异,收集了63个小麦品种,根据土霉素对小麦种根影响的试验结果,从中筛选出对土霉素耐性相差最大的两个小麦品种,探讨了土霉素对这两个小麦品种叶片叶绿素含量的影响.结果表明:1)小麦对土霉素的耐性存在品种间差异,在供试的63个小麦品种中,核优1号对土霉素最敏感,而烟农21对土霉素最不敏感,二者的EC50值分别为1.25和54.21mg·L-1;2)土霉素处理能够显著降低小麦叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b以及总叶绿素的含量,其中对土霉素敏感品种核优1号的抑制显著高于不敏感品种烟农21;3)就同一品种而言,土霉素胁迫条件下,叶片叶绿素a的降低程度明显高于叶绿素b,叶片叶绿素a/b的比值显著降低.土霉素对敏感品种核优1号叶绿素a/b比值的影响显著弱于不敏感品种烟农21.     

铜与草甘膦复合污染对小麦种子发芽与根伸长的抑制作用

污染物的交互作用及其生态毒理效应已成为环境科学研究的重要方向.论文以小麦种子为供试作物,研究了重金属铜(Cu2+)与除草剂草甘膦复合污染对其发芽率以及发芽后的根长、芽长的影响,以表征Cu与草甘膦复合污染的生态毒性.研究结果表明,在实验浓度下,Cu2+单一污染对小麦发芽率没有明显的影响,对根伸长和芽长的抑制显著;而草甘膦单一污染对小麦发芽、根伸长和芽长均有明显的抑制效应.当Cu2+与草甘膦复合污染时,Cu2+的存在在一定程度上减弱了草甘膦对小麦发芽及芽长的抑制作用;而在根伸长实验中,在低草甘膦浓度条件下,Cu2+的存在在一定程度上增加了草甘膦对根伸长的抑制作用;在较高草甘膦浓度条件下,Cu2+的存在则降低了草甘膦对根伸长的抑制作用.Cu2+的存在减轻草甘膦对小麦毒性的可能原因是:草甘膦与Cu2+络合形成了毒性较小的稳定络合物,使草甘膦毒性降低或失去活性.     

3种抗生素对黑麦草种子萌发的生态毒性效应

为探明四环素、环丙沙星和磺胺嘧啶3种抗生素对黑麦草种子萌发的影响,为评价抗生素污染的生态影响提供科学依据,采用保湿培养法研究了它们对黑麦草种子萌发的影响,比较分析了抗生素的生态毒性差异和相对敏感的指标。结果表明,在种子萌发期,一定浓度范围的抗生素胁迫会引发植物种子抵抗逆境的应激反应,因此,3种抗生素在1 mg·L~(-1)处理水平下均能促进种子发芽。超过该浓度,四环素对黑麦草种子发芽仍有一定的促进作用,而环丙沙星和磺胺嘧啶则表现为抑制作用。四环素对种子发芽率的最大无作用浓度(NOEC)为5 mg·L~(-1),而环丙沙星和磺胺嘧啶对种子发芽率的NOEC为1 mg·L~(-1)。实验结束时,3种抗生素在1 mg·L~(-1)处理水平下的种子发芽率最高。3种抗生素浓度超过0.1 mg·L~(-1)时,种子根长和芽长即受到抑制,因此,它们对种子根长和芽长的NOEC均为0～0.1 mg·L~(-1)。其中,磺胺嘧啶的抑制作用最为显著。根长受到抑制的程度强于芽长。黑麦草种子萌发受3种抗生素影响程度依次为磺胺嘧啶环丙沙星四环素。     

典型SSRIs类抗抑郁药对鱼类的毒性效应研究进展

选择性血清素再摄取抑制剂(selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors,SSRIs)是一类在临床上具有良好治疗效果的抗抑郁药物,由于使用量巨大,在水环境中频繁被检出,其潜在生态毒性效应引起人们的广泛关注.鱼类作为水生脊椎动物,具有和人类相似的神经调控系统,更易受到水体中残留的SSRIs...     

南京城郊零散菜地土壤与蔬菜重金属含量及健康风险分析

采集南京城郊零散菜地土壤和青菜配对样品各18个,用原子吸收光谱仪测定了铜、锌、铅、镉的质量分数。结果表明,南京城郊零散菜地土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd质量分数的变化范围分别为39.38±9.85、254.79±132.77、67.77±57.52、1.03±1.28 mg/kg;重金属质量分数在土样之间存在较大的变异性,反映了人为活动已对南京城郊土壤重金属污染产生了明显的影响。在城郊零散菜地土壤上种植的青菜,其叶中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd质量分数的变化范围分别为5.00±1.57、62.21±16.05、5.90±3.09、0.73±0.39 mg/kg,其中Pb、Cd质量分数全都超过国家食品卫生标准。依据USEPA推荐的RfD值和我国居民平均食物消费结构进行计算,结果表明这些零散菜地的蔬菜重金属污染可能给食用者带来健康风险;食用其中一些污染严重的蔬菜而摄入Pb、Cd引起的健康风险分别高达90.66%和42.17%。     

Toxic effects of wastewater from various phases of monosodium glutamate production on seed germination and root elongation of crops

To make a comprehensive assessment on monosodium glutamate (MSG) wastewater pollution, a pollution exposure experiment was carried out on the seed germination and root elongation of wheat, Chinese cabbage and tomato by using the wastewater discharged from different processing phases of MSG production. The results showed that there were significantly positive linear relationships between the inhibitory rates of wheat seed germination and root elongation and the COD_cr of the mother liquor scraps. The toxicity of MSG wastewater to the test crops was in the order of tomato > Chinese cabbage > wheat, indicating that tomato was the most sensitive to the wastewater, and could be considered as an ideal toxic bioindicator. The half-effect concentrations (IC₅₀) based on the seed germination and root elongation of the test crops exposed to the wastewater discharged from various processing phases of MSG production was 22.0–32 432 and 17.3–3320 mg/L, respectively.     

活性污泥SBR系统对四环素耐药菌和总四环素的去除特性

通过模拟运行SBR工艺,比较不同四环素进水浓度、运行周期以及氧环境条件对四环素耐药菌及痕量四环素的去除特性.结果表明,痕量四环素的存在会对活性污泥中微生物耐药性产生影响,SBR进水四环素浓度为250μg.L-1时活性污泥中的微生物会逐步变成耐药微生物,而进水中不含四环素时,耐药的微生物会逐步变成非耐药微生物.总四环素的去除效果在好氧条件下周期为12 h时最好,达到90%以上.好氧条件下周期为8 h时每克污泥增加的四环素耐药菌数最多,约为2.89×109CFU.g-1;好氧条件下周期为20 h时为最少,约为1.0×108CFU.g-1,有利于缓解四环素耐药菌的产生.     

3种兽药及饲料添加剂对鱼类的毒理效应

采用斑马鱼、鲤鱼作为生物材料,通过斑马鱼急性毒性试验、胚胎发育试验和鲤鱼肾细胞单细胞凝胶电泳试验,分别从生物个体水平、细胞水平和分子水平,对兽药及饲料添加剂喹乙醇、阿散酸和土霉素进行了生态毒理学效应研究。急性毒性试验结果表明,3种兽药及饲料添加剂在有生态学意义的浓度范围内对斑马鱼的急性毒性均不大;胚胎发育试验结果表明,喹乙醇和阿散酸对斑马鱼胚胎发育72 h的EC50值分别为221.20和239.54 mg.L-1,具有明显的致畸效应;单细胞凝胶电泳试验结果表明,喹乙醇和土霉素均具有一定的遗传毒性,能引起鲤鱼肾细胞DNA的明显损伤,并呈现出一定的剂量-效应关系。     

光催化降解对抗生素藻类毒性效应影响研究进展

抗生素滥用带来环境中残留抗生素及其抗性基因的问题,近年来已成为全球关注的热点问题.光催化氧化技术是当前研究领域广泛采用的有效降解水环境中残留抗生素的热门方法;但光催化氧化无法使水环境中抗生素完全矿化,存在生态风险,探明光催化降解抗生素对其藻类毒理效应影响及内在机制,对研发高效、安全的光催化技术具有重要意义.本文在总结水...     

氯化消毒过程对抗生素的降解行为及其毒性效应的影响研究进展

抗生素的大量使用导致其通过各种途径进入到污水处理厂、地表水甚至饮用水源水中.在污水处理厂二级出水排放之前以及自来水的生产和供应过程中,都必须进行氯化消毒处理以杀灭病原微生物.在此过程中,抗生素一方面可能被氯化降解,另一方面也可能转化成毒性更高的降解产物.因此,了解抗生素在氯化消毒过程中的降解行为对于明确其生态和健康风险...     

Possible cause of inhibition of seed germination in two rice cultivars by heavy metals Pb2+ and Hg2+

Seeds of two rice cultivars (Oryza sativa) cv. PR-116 and Pant Dhan-12 subjected to heavy metal lead (Pb²⁺) and mercury (Hg²⁺) exposure showed an inhibition in germination percentage, shoot and root length, and lower fresh and dry weight after 7 days. Both Pb²⁺ and Hg²⁺ inhibited the solubilization process of starch due to reduction in α-amylase activity, which is also evident from greater starch content and reduced soluble carbohydrate content of endosperms of treated seeds of the two cultivars. Mercury was more tolerated by Pant Dhan-12 when grown under in vitro culture medium containing 2% sucrose. The inhibitory effect of Pb²⁺ on embryo growth was not only abolished but also accelerated by 2% sucrose. The inhibitory effect, however, was not significantly blocked in Hg²⁺-treated embryos grown in vitro in sucrose containing medium. Embryos did not grow normally in a medium devoid of sucrose in either case. Data indicated that Pb²⁺ inhibited germination and seedling growth by impairing the solubilization of endosperm starch without markedly affecting the embryo, while Hg²⁺ inhibited germination and seedling growth by damaging the embryo itself.     

Toxicological effects of mouse diet contaminated with tributyltin on the immune and neurological systems of C57BL/6 mice

Organotin compounds, widely used as antifouling agents, are known to bioaccumulate in the food chain. Among organotin compounds, tributyltin (TBT), a toxic and widespread contaminant, has become a serious factor in environmental pollution and is suspected of being immunotoxic in animals. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of 80 µg of TBT per kilogram of body weight (kg bw), provided in food, on the immune and neurological systems of C57Bl/6 mice. Data showed that TBT increased the proliferation of T and B lymphocytes in both adult and juvenile female and juvenile male mice, but that it decreased the proliferation of both T and B lymphocytes in adult male mice. The macrophages activity in female and male juvenile mice was higher than in adults of both sexes. The natural killer cytotoxic activity was also increased in juvenile and adult males and females compared to the control groups. In the brain, we observed the presence of TBT in the hippocampus, the striatum, the cortex, and the cerebellum in both the male and female groups. The highest levels were observed in the cortex of females and males, while the lowest levels were found in the cerebellum. TBT also induced an increase in the levels of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) in the striatum, the hippocampus and in cortical structures but not in the cerebellum where the levels of TBT are lower. Our findings indicate that TBT modulated the immune and nervous systems causing endocrine and nervous perturbations.     

连续两年紫外线-B辐射增强对玉米种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响

研究了在紫外线 (UV -B)辐射增强条件下与自然光下生长的玉米种子的发芽和幼苗生长特性以及对UV -B反应的变化。结果表明 :与自然光下生长的玉米种子相比 ,UV -B辐射增强条件下生长的玉米种子的发芽率和幼苗生长指标有不同程度的下降 ,但在连续两年UV -B强度增加条件下 ,其种子发芽和幼苗生长指标受高强度UV -B影响的程度显著下降。在连续两年UV -B辐射增强条件下生长的玉米种子萌发的幼苗叶片类黄酮含量显著高于在自然光下生长的玉米种子萌发的幼苗 ,这可能是在UV -B辐射增强条件下生长的玉米对UV -B辐射增强产生适应性的重要原因之一。     

Clove bud oil: an efficient, economical and widely available oil for the inhibition of wheat seed germination

Pre-harvest sprouting refers to the precocious germination of the grain in the spike prior to harvest as a result of moist weather conditions at harvest time. From the agricultural viewpoint, it is necessary to impose an exogenous dormancy to wheat seeds in order to improve the resistance of seed to pre-harvest sprouting. In this regard, we found that clove bud essential oil is a strong inhibitor for wheat seed germination. The extract obtained from clove bud by supercritical fluid extraction using CO₂ as solvent minimized the number of extracts to two compounds, eugenol and eugenyl acetate. Eugenol, as the main constituent of the oil, was responsible for its strong inhibitory activity in wheat seeds. The aqueous solution of clove bud oil was submitted to germination assay at various concentrations from 50 to 400 mg/L. Complete inhibition of seed germination was recorded when the concentration was 400 mg/L. Roots and sprouts have similar sensitivity to inhibitory effect. In an empirical study, the synergistic cooperation of eugenol and eugenyl acetate from clove bud oil in the inhibition of seed germination was found to be a 1:1 ratio. The clove bud essential oil is widely available and will broaden the horizon of applications for natural and safe inhibitors in the fields.