烯啶虫胺在棉花和土壤中的残留及消解动态

采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定烯啶虫胺在棉花和土壤中的残留.烯啶虫胺在棉叶中的平均回收率为99.41%-101.54%,变异系数为2.88%-5.76%;棉籽中烯啶虫胺的平均回收率为79.42%-94.19%,变异系数为1.06%-6.30%;在土壤中的平均回收率为96.68%-105.58%,变异系数为1.40%-4.81%.烯啶虫胺在棉花和土壤中的消解动态以及最终残留结果表明,烯啶虫胺消解较快,在山东省和河南省两地棉叶中的消解半衰期分别为5.75d和5.58d,土壤中的消解半衰期为1.45d和1.35d.在棉花上使用10%的烯啶虫胺水剂,按照最高推荐剂量和最高推荐剂量的1.5倍,施药3次,收获期距最后一次施药21d,烯啶虫胺在棉花和土壤中最终残留量均小于0.006mg·kg-1.     

氟铃脲在棉花和土壤中的残留与降解行为研究

利用高效液相色谱分析方法,考查氟铃脲在棉叶及土壤上使用后的降解和残留行为,为安全施药提供依据。采用田间试验法研究氟铃脲在棉叶和土壤中的残留消解动态。氟铃脲在棉叶中的消解动态均满足一级降解动力学过程及其降解常数。按照试验要求,氟铃脲在棉籽中的最终残留均未检出,低于日本规定的最大残留限量值（0.05 mg·kg-1）。该分析方法操作简单,精密度、准确度和灵敏度都符合农药残留标准要求,适用于棉花和土壤中的氟铃脲残留测定;建议2%氟铃脲乳油在棉花上防治病害,用药次数1次,使用剂量是22.5～30.0 g·a·i·hm-2,在棉花上的安全间隔期可定为10 d。     

霸螨灵在棉花和土壤中的残留降解动态

于2006和2007年在济南和杭州2地进行田间试验,采用液液萃取和高效液相色谱检测方法,研究了霸螨灵在棉叶、棉籽和土壤中的残留降解动态.试验结果表明:本方法中霸螨灵的最低检出浓度为0.01 mg·kg-1(以S/N=3计),霸螨灵添加浓度为0.10、0.50、1.00 mg·kg-1时,其在棉叶、棉籽和土壤中的添加回收率为72.5%～103.1%;霸螨灵在济南和杭州2地的消解趋势基本一致,在棉叶中的半衰期为3.8～4.3 d,在土壤中的半衰期为8.8～9.6 d;霸螨灵在棉籽中的最终残留量均<0.01mg·kg-1,在土壤中的最终残留量<0.01～0.98 mg·kg-1.建议我国将霸螨灵在棉籽中的MRL(最高残留限量)值定为0.1 mg·kg-1.     

80%胺鲜酯·甲哌鎓在棉花和土壤中的残留及消解动态

采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定胺鲜酯与甲哌鎓在棉花和土壤中的残留.胺鲜酯与甲哌鎓在棉叶中的平均回收率为86.9%—115.4%,变异系数为2.2%—11.3%;棉籽中胺鲜酯与甲哌鎓的平均回收率为76.3%—98.4%,变异系数为3.1%—9.8%;在土壤中的平均回收率为81.3%—108.2%,变异系数为2.7%—8.4%;胺鲜酯与甲哌鎓在棉花和土壤中的消解动态以及最终残留结果表明,在山东和河南省两地,胺鲜酯与甲哌鎓在棉叶中消解较土壤中快,在山东省棉叶及土壤中的消解半衰期分别为1.3—4.5 d和4.3—7.6 d,在河南省棉叶及土壤中的消解半衰期分别为1.3—1.9 d和4.1—6.2 d.80%胺鲜酯.甲哌鎓可溶性粉剂在棉花和土壤中最终残留量均小于0.005 mg·kg-1.     

联苯菊酯在棉花和土壤中的残留和降解行为研究

为了评价为联苯菊酯在棉花上使用的安全性,于2010—2011年在济南、杭州两地采用田间试验和气相分析方法研究了联苯菊酯在棉叶、棉籽及土壤中的消解动态和最终残留。联苯菊酯在棉叶和土壤中的降解行为均符合一级降解动力学方程,其降解半衰期分别为4.2-6.7、10.6-16.0 d。联苯菊酯在棉籽和土壤中的最终残留质量分数均小于最低检出限0.01 mg.kg-1,低于联苯菊酯在棉花上的最高残留限量（MRL）0.5 mg.kg-1。建议10%联苯菊酯可溶液剂防治棉花蚜虫,用药次数1-2次,使用剂量是9-18 aig.hm-2,在棉花上的安全间隔期14 d。     

虱螨脲在棉花和土壤中的残留动态

在长沙和郑州2地进行田间试验,采用液相色谱技术研究虱螨脲在棉籽、棉叶及土壤中的残留动态.结果表明:虱螨脲在棉叶、棉籽和土壤中的添加回收率分别为86.0%～94.7%、88.5%～92.1%和83.9%～97.7%;最低检出浓度分别为0.025、0.025和0.006 mg·kg-1.虱螨脲在棉叶和土壤中的半衰期分别是3.06～3.45和2.51～2.88 d.在推荐使用剂量和高剂量条件下,收获的棉籽中虱螨脲最终残留量均未检出,拟推荐我国棉籽中虱螨脲的MRL(最高残留限量)值为0.05 mg·kg-1.     

噻嗪酮在番茄和土壤中的残留分析

建立了一种固相萃取-反相高效液相色谱检测噻嗪酮在番茄和土壤中残留的方法.方法的添加回收率为79.8%-109.2%,变异系数为2.8%-7.0%.最小检出量为6×10-11g,最低检测浓度为0.01mg·kg-1.消解动态研究表明,噻嗪酮在番茄中的消解半衰期为3.27-3.83d,在土壤中的消解半衰期为10.57-12.91d.最终残留试验研究表明,在嚷嗪酮含量为432g(a.I.)-ha-1与216g(a.I.)·ha-1,施药2次和3次的情况下,噻嗪酮在番茄中的最终残留2d为0.076-0.237 mg·kg-1,3d为0.013-0.105mg·kg-1噻嗪酮在土壤中的最终残留2d为0.067-0.294mg·kg-1,3d为0.044-0.197mg·kg-1.     

啶虫脒在甘蓝和土壤中的残留消解动态研究

采用田间试验及气相色谱检测方法,研究了啶虫脒在甘蓝(Brassica oleracea L.var.capitata L.)和土壤中的残留消解动态.结果表明,啶虫脒在甘蓝和土壤中消解较快.在甘蓝中半衰期为1.4～1.6 d,药后3d消解90%以上;在土壤中的半衰期为1.8～1.9 d,药后7 d消解90%以上.3%啶虫脒可湿性粉剂,45、22.5 g·hm-2,施药2次,药后3、5、7 d苹果和土壤中残留量均小于2 mg·kg-1.     

灭线磷在稻田土壤和田水中的降解动态和残留分析

采用气相色谱法研究了10%灭线磷GR(颗粒剂,下同)中灭线磷在广东省、湖北省两地水稻田土壤和田水中的残留降解动态和最终残留量.研究结果表明灭线磷在土壤和田水中的添加回收率分别为82.85%～93.70%和85.03%～98.17%.灭线磷在稻田土壤和田水中降解动态符合一级动力学指数模型,在广东省和湖北省稻田土壤中的半衰期分别为9.73 d、10.70 d,田水中的半衰期分别为0.83 d、0.85 d.10%灭线磷GR以(1800 g(a.i.)·m~(-2)和2700 g(a.i .)·hm~(-2)两个剂量施药后,灭线磷在广东省土壤中的最终残留质量分数为0.002 3～0.0034mg·kg~(-1);2700 g(a.i.)·hm~(-2)施药后,灭线磷在湖北省土壤中的最终残留质量分数为0.001 7 mg·kg~(-1),1800 g(a.i.)·hm~(-2)施药后,在土壤中未检测出灭线磷.     

烯肟菌酯在苹果及土壤中的残留动态研究

对烯肟菌酯在苹果和土壤中的残留消解规律和最终残留进行分析,结果表明,烯肟菌酯的最小检出量为4.10×10-13 g,对苹果和土壤中烯肟菌酯的最小检出浓度分别为0.002 mg·kg-1和0.003mg·kg-1,苹果中烯肟菌酯的平均回收率为92.19%-97.69%,变异系数为4.78%-10.71%;土壤中烯肟菌酯平均回收率为100.43%-107.84%,变异系数为2.21%-4.61%.烯肟菌酯在苹果中的消解动态以及最终残留试验显示,烯肟菌酯消解较快,在天津市和合肥市两地苹果中降解的半衰期分别为7.74d和2.91d,土壤中降解的半衰期分别为8.85d和11.09d.在苹果树上按推荐剂量的2倍使用18%氟环唑·烯肟菌酯悬浮剂施药3次,距最后一次施药21d,烯肟菌酯在苹果和土壤中的残留量分别为0.0247mg·kg-1-0.0843mg·kg-1和0.1013mg·kg-1-0.1480mg·kg-1,苹果收获时烯肟菌酯的消解率在90%以上.     

阿维菌素在不同类型土壤中的吸附研究

采用Freundlich吸附等温方程研究了阿维菌素在不同类型土壤中的吸附。结果表明:阿维菌素的吸附等温线均为直线,说明吸附可能与其在土壤有机质中的分配作用有关;土壤有机质含量是影响阿维菌素土壤吸附的最重要因子,吸附系数与有机质含量呈正相关;阿维菌素有机质吸附常数平均值为2 369.185,吸附自由能为17.25~20.59 kJ.mol-1;降低水土比可以增加阿维菌素在腐殖酸和土壤中的吸附。     

Changes in some soil properties at different incubation periods after tobacco waste application

In this study changes in organic carbon (OC), basal soil respiration (BSR), nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N), electrical conductivity (EC) and aggregate stability (AS) of a clay loam soil due to tobacco waste (TOW) application were monitored for 240 days. After incorporating 5% TOW into soil according to oven dry weight basis, soil samples were incubated at field capacity for 20, 40, 80, 140 and 240 days under a greenhouse condition. TOW application significantly increased all soil properties over the control treatment Soil OC and AS values had significant positive correlations each other and with the other soil properties. Soil OC, BSR and AS values significantly increased from 0.12%, 0.03 microg CO2-C g(-1) dry soil 24 hr and 20.7% in control treatment to 1.13%, 3.7 microg CO2-C g(-1) dry soil 24 hr and 54.4% in TOW treatment, respectively in 20 days. While the highest NO3-N (1780 ppm) was found in 40 days, the highest EC (3.35 dS m(-1)) was in 240 days after TOW application. Disaggregation occurred in all treatments after 20 days of incubation due to probably the more substrate demands of microorganisms in soil.     

Nutrient utilization by Casuarina equisetifolia plantation of different ages in the tropical coastal area of South China北大核心CSCD

Casuarina equisetifolia plantation plays a key role in protecting coastal areas from hazardous climate. However, the plantations in the tropical coastal area of south China have degraded severely in recent years. This research aimed to investigate the nutrient status of the plantation ecosystem along a chronological sequence. The results showed that different parts of the Casuarina equisetifolia had very similar level of Carbon (C), 448-462 g kg-1 in the branch and trunk, 416-430 g kg-1 in the leaf and shed leaf, 320-391 g kg-1 in the fine root. Carbon content did not vary with the plantation age. High fine root biomass did not definitely lead to high soil carbon stock. Casuarina equisetifolia had Nitrogen (N) content of 9.9-11.9 g kg-1, with the highest N found in the leaf and fine root. The Phosphorus (P) content was in the order of leaf > fine root > trunk. The plantation in fast growth period of age 6 had the lowest N and P. The soil of 3-year plantation had the highest P content among the 4 age classes, which also resulted in the highest soil C and N content in plantation of 3 years among all. However, the C and N stock of the sandy soil was extremely low compared to normal soil of the region. Soil N was weakly correlated with leaf N, but soil P not correlated with leaf P. Except for the obvious dynamics of C/N and C/P ratios in the leaf, which showed a peak in 6-year plantations, the C/N and C/P ratios of different organs did not change with the plantation age. Casuarina equisetifolia retranslocated nutrients from aging leaf at a rate of 18-30% for N and 43-58% for P. The nutrient resorption efficiency was not correlated with nutrient level in either soil or plant. In summary, Casuarina equisetifolia has low level of nutrient status. The plantation growth is limited by N and P in young period, but by P in relatively older period.     

南方茶园红壤施用PAM对土壤理化性质和茶叶安全的影响

传统的水土保持措施在坡地茶园上应用比较困难,而利用聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）来防治茶园土壤侵蚀的适宜性还有待研究。因此,在铁观音（Camellia sinensis）茶园设置6个不同PAM施用量的小区（0、2、4、6、8、10 g·m-2）,并采集春、夏、秋3个收获季节的土壤和茶叶样品,通过分析茶园土壤理化性质和茶叶中丙烯酰胺残留来评价PAM对土壤理化性质和茶叶安全品质的影响。结果表明：与对照小区相比,土壤容重在低PAM施用浓度小区中发生降低,土壤有机质在不同季节的各PAM处理之间差异不显著,而土壤速效磷、碱解氮和速效钾在3个收获季节中的流失下降明显,其中施用2 g·m-2 PAM的小区其土壤速效磷、碱解氮和速效钾含量最高。每个PAM处理的茶叶样品和土壤样品中单体丙烯酰胺的残留量分别为0.011~0.095μg·L-1和0.008~0.036μg·L-1,均远低于丙烯酰胺安全限值0.5μg·L-1。文章认为红壤茶园施用PAM不仅可以保持土壤肥力,而且对茶叶生产也是安全的。施用PAM是一种适宜的防治红壤茶园土壤侵蚀的水保措施,且最佳用量为2 g·m-2。     

Impact of cadmium and lead on Catharanthus roseus--a phytoremediation study

The Madagascar Periwinkle, Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don (a valued medicinal plant) was exposed to different concentrations ofheavymetals like, CdCl, and PbCl, with a view to observe their bioaccumulation efficiency. Germination was inhibited by both the heavy metals in the seeds previously imbibed in GA, and KNO, for 24 hr. EC50 (the effective concentration which inhibits root length by 50%) was recorded as 180 microM for CdCl2, and 50 microM for PbCl2. Both alpha-amylase and protease activity were reduced substantially on treatment of seeds with increasing concentrations of CdCl2, and PbCl2. Malondialdehyde (MDA) a product of lipoxigenase (LOX) activity also increased due to the treatment of both CdCl, and PbCl2. When two-months-old plants grown in normal soil were transferred to soils containing increasing amounts of these two heavy metals, senescence of lower leaves and extensive chlorosis were noticed after four days of transfer However, plants gradually acclimatized and after 20 days the chlorophyll content was almost comparable to normal. Plants receiving CdCl2 treatment (250 microg g(-1) and less) became acclimatized after two weeks and started normal growth. But PbCl2 of 432 microg g(-1) and less could not affect the plant growth throughout, after a preliminary shock was erased. In case of CdCl2 treatment, a stunted growth with reduced leaf area, reduced biomass and sterility were recorded after six months, while plants show normal growth and flowering in case of PbCl2 treatment. Total alkaloid was also found to be decreased in the roots of CdCl2 treated plants. No change was observed in case of PbCl2. GA3 treatments to the CdCl2 treated plants show internode elongation and increase in leaf area with relatively elongated leaves and thinning of stem diameter AAS analyses of leaves of treated plants exhibited 5-10% accumulation of cadmium, but there was no accumulation of lead at all.     

长期棉花连作对北疆棉区土壤生物活性与酶学性状的影响

以长期连作棉田为研究对象,通过对5-15年连作棉田土壤理化性质和生物学性状的测定,揭示北疆长期连作对土壤主要肥力性质、土壤酶活性、微生物量碳氮以及土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明：长期棉花（Gossypium spp）连作对土壤肥力性状影响显著,表层土壤（0-20cm）肥力明显高于亚表层（20-40cm）。长期棉花连作对土壤酶活性、微生物量碳氮、土壤呼吸等生物活性有显著影响,脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、纤维素酶和多酚氧化酶均随棉花连作年限增加而下降,棉花/苜蓿（Medicago sativa Linn）轮作（CtR-AR）处理各酶酶活性均高于棉花连作处理。微生物量碳（MBC）随棉花连作年限逐渐下降,而微生物量氮（MBN）随不同棉花连作年限并无一致性变化。不同棉花连作年限处理之间的呼吸商（q（CO2））有很大的差异,15年棉花连作非病区（CtN15）土壤呼吸商最高为19.00g？mg-1？h-1,CtR-AR处理的呼吸商最低为13.64g？mg-1？h-1。土壤微生物商随棉花连作年限延长呈现下降趋势,CtN15处理出现最低值,为0.81%。随棉花连作年限增加,土壤微生物活性降低,不利于土壤健康持续利用。     

Cu胁迫下土壤硝化功能的变化及其影响因素初探

随着养殖业的规模化发展,Cu、Zn等重金属元素作为饲料添加剂被广泛应用于畜禽养殖,并随着畜禽粪便的大量、广泛农用,Cu、Zn等低生物毒性的重金属元素在土壤中的逐渐累积以及污染问题日趋严重,这对土壤生态系统的稳定造成了严重的威胁。为探讨Cu胁迫下土壤生态功能的动态变化,文章采用室内模拟培养法,测定了红壤、黄土等8种典型土壤的潜在硝化势对Cu污染胁迫的时间效应;并利用统计分析手段研究了影响Cu胁迫下土壤的硝化功能恢复的主要因素。研究结果表明,在试验处理剂量下,Cu污染处理一周,各土壤潜在硝化势均受到完全抑制,即抑制率在80%以上;随着污染胁迫时间的延长,各土壤的硝化功能均有不同程度的恢复,且在540 d后,500 mg·kg-1 Cu处理土壤（除pH较低的红壤和黑土外）潜在硝化势的恢复率均达到其初始值的80%,即土壤硝化功能基本完全恢复;1000 mg·kg-1 Cu处理土壤（除褐土、棕壤和黄土3中土壤外）潜在硝化势的恢复率均显著低于80%。这表明Cu污染程度的增加可延迟土壤硝化功能的恢复。多元逐步回归分析表明,Cu 污染胁迫下土壤硝化功能的恢复与其初始硝化功能以及其对 Cu 耐受能力显著相关。由此可知,长期Cu污染胁迫下,土壤的硝化功能的恢复主要取决于土壤初始的硝化活性及其对Cu的耐受能力。