基于多时相遥感的蝗虫生境类型对蝗虫发生的影响

蝗虫生境类型与蝗虫的发生和成灾有着密切联系。对蝗虫生境类型进行正确划分,是研究蝗虫发生与生境关系机理以及进行蝗灾预测预警的关键。综合利用1992—2010年7景LandSat TM数据,利用改进的蝗虫生境类型提取方法,对3个典型历史时期(1992、2000和2009年)渤海新区蝗虫生境进行分类,并结合气象数据对蝗虫发生的影响因素作了分析。研究表明改进的蝗虫生境类型提取方法充分利用多时相数据中植被的物候信息,较好地解决了关键生境类型识别中的同物异谱和同谱异物问题,3个时期蝗虫生境类型分类图分类总精度分别达到89.92%、90.84%和92.23%,Kappa系数分别为0.869 5、0.880 9和0.904 7。对比分析显示,在研究时段芦苇地面积保持稳定,草地面积变大,在蝗虫大暴发时期达到596.2 km2。进一步的分析表明,典型历史时期研究区蝗虫暴发是生境类型和气候因子综合影响的结果。2000年蝗虫大暴发的主要原因是草地面积增加和气候因子的促进作用;2009年蝗虫暴发程度减轻是由于苜蓿地面积增加、草地面积减少以及降水增加等因素共同作用的结果。     

基于RS和GIS黄河三角洲水禽生境因子变化分析

将影响水禽生境选择的因子划分为水、食物、隐蔽物和干扰4类.用遥感(Rs)和地理信息系统(GIS)软件对黄河三角洲地区3期TM数据进行处理,对各生境因子采取一定的分类方法,得出该地区3个时期各生境因子图.通过面积、斑块数变化及转移矩阵的分析可以看出,各生境因子的结构发生了明显的变化,变化表现为干扰加重,积水地区面积增大,谷物草籽面积及适宜隐蔽物范围减少.人类的有意识活动(干扰)是引起各生境因子发生变化的主要驱动力.生境因子变化对水禽生境既有正面影响,又有负面影响.图9表5参30     

基于多源遥感指数监测山区植被动态及其驱动因子的不确定性分析——以尼泊尔地区为例

准确获取山区植被动态数据对山区生态系统研究及其保护有着重要意义。卫星遥感数据作为获取大尺度山区植被动态的重要数据源,已被制作成各种植被监测产品并被应用于植被绿度、覆盖度以及生产力等研究。然而,不同遥感指数监测山区植被动态及其驱动因子的一致性尚不确定。以尼泊尔地区为例,基于5种遥感指数(MODIS NDVI、MODIS EVI、MODIS LAI、MODIS NPP和OCO-2 GOSIF)和5种气候因子(温度、降水、气压、太阳净辐射和CO₂浓度)数据,采用趋势分析和两种残差分析法(多元回归法和一阶偏导法),系统分析了不同遥感指数监测尼泊尔地区植被动态及其驱动因子的不确定性。结果表明：1)2000—2020年尼泊尔地区5种遥感指数均呈现增加趋势,但不同遥感指数空间分布存在差异,MODIS NPP在中山带增加趋势更明显,其他遥感指数在低海拔地区增加态势更明显。2)不同残差分析方法所估算的气候变化对植被变化贡献率差异极大,多元回归法可能严重低估了气候变化的贡献,而一阶偏导法可能高估气候变化的影响。3)基于不同遥感指数的归因结果差异大,气候变化对OCO-2 GOSIF的贡...     

祁连山高山草地蝗虫群落组成、发生时间动态及生物学特性

于2007～2009年间用网罩法全面调查祁连山高山草地蝗虫群落,用野外笼罩法观测优势种蝗虫的发生时间、发育历期和栖境选择,用每雌虫产卵数来说明其生殖力特性.结果表明:该草地蝗虫群落有蝗虫15种、分属4科10属,优势种有红翅皱膝蝗、亚洲小车蝗、宽须蚁蝗、小翅雏蝗和白纹雏蝗.按虫卵孵化时间和成虫发生期,可将草地蝗虫划分为早期发生和混合发生2种类型.发育历期在不同种类之间和龄期之间差异较大,不同种类的相同发育期差异也较大,红翅皱膝蝗若虫1～3龄、成虫期和整个世代发育时间显著长于其它蝗虫(P0.05);同一种类蝗虫不同龄期的发育历期也不相同.草地蝗虫繁殖力在不同种类间差异较大,亚洲小车蝗和白纹雏蝗每头雌虫含卵囊数显著高于其它种类(P0.05),红翅皱膝蝗和亚洲小车蝗卵囊中含有卵粒数显著大于其它种类(P0.05).蝗虫的栖境主要有植栖型、地栖型和兼栖型3种类型,蝗虫个体大小、植被结构和对其栖境选择有重要影响.表3参44     

城市扩展与热岛空间分布变化关系研究——以上海为例

随着城市建设区域和格局的迅速改变,城市热岛分布也发生了巨大变化.为了了解城市热岛分布与城市建设的关系,为城市建设同时缓解改善热岛效应奠定基础,文章采用遥感动态监测和GIS多要素空间分析技术,对上海城市90年代以来的城市扩展以及热岛分布变化状况和演变规律进行监测分析,得出城市建设区域的扩大将会导致城市热岛范围和面积的增大,城市扩展与热岛扩展趋势具有空间一致性.同时,通过对上海城市不同温度情况下地面不同介质的比例、面积进行因子权重分析,得出温度越高,其建筑、交通、工业区的比例越大;反之温度越低,农田、耕地等介质的比例越高;表明不同地物对温度分布、强度的影响明显.研究还表明:城市扩展虽会导致热岛范围加大,但如注重环境和绿化建设,则在一定程度上可缓解热岛效应和缩小热岛范围.     

呼伦湖流域鱼类群落结构特征及与物理生境特征关系研究

为了定量评估物理生境对鱼类群落结构及物种多样性的影响,基于呼伦湖流域2021年枯水期和丰水期2期鱼类调查数据以及采样点物理生境遥感监测数据,采用聚类分析和RDA冗余分析探究呼伦湖流域鱼类群落分布特征、物种多样性与物理生境因子(包括岸线分维数、水面面积和高程值)之间的关系。结果表明,物理生境和鱼类群落可划分为具有明显空间分布规律的4个组群,且物理生境和鱼类群落空间分布存在较高相似度。呼伦湖流域鱼类群落多样性受到分维数、水面面积和高程值生境因子的影响,其中水面面积和高程值影响较大。此外,不同鱼类群落分布对生境因子响应存在差异,呼伦湖流域鱼类优势种贝氏■(Hemiculter bleekeri)和红鳍原鲌(Cultrichthys erythropterus)群落分布与高程值呈正相关,定居杂食性鱼类黑龙江鰟鲏(Rhodeus sericeus)、鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)和拉氏鱥(Phoxinus lagowskii)群落分布与水面面积呈显著正相关,而肉食性鱼类鲇(Silurus asotus)和黑斑狗鱼(Esox reicherti)群落分布与分维数呈显著正相...     

海雾能见度监测预报技术发展研究综述

海雾能见度的实时监测与有效预报对保证近海船舶航行及港口作业的安全性至关重要,通过归纳总结国内外学者对不同云层高度条件下的海上海雾特征形成机理、海雾监测预报方法与技术研究的最新进展,结果表明:受限于海面幅度,传统雷达、海图、红外波等技术难以满足大范围雾气能见度的监测需求;结合卫星遥感对雾区进行自动监测识别,具备较高时间分...     

大数据技术在生态环境领域的应用综述

大数据技术能够有效处理多来源、多类型、多尺度数据,在生态环境领域受到广泛关注,但中国仍处于起步阶段,探索大数据技术在生态环境领域的应用对推动大数据发展具有重要意义,对生态环境精准监管和综合决策具有显著参考价值。基于国内外最新研究,文章将生态环境大数据技术体系分为数据采集、数据处理和实践应用3个部分,数据采集包括地面监测、卫星遥感监测、地理信息、社会统计及网络抓取,数据处理包括存储管理、预处理、深入处理与整合挖掘4个流程,主要应用于生态环境的监测评价、模拟预测与优化管理3个方面。在监测评价方面,大数据技术有利于实时监控、长期跟踪、网格化评价生态环境质量,提高了生态环境监测评价的有效性,但多领域监测数据的耦合分析、智能纠错、评价方法优化能力有待提升;在模拟预测方面,大数据技术与专业模型整合增加了不同时空尺度下复杂环境要素的模拟精度和预测速度,实现动态预警和生态风险评估,但仍缺乏基于大数据技术的高精度存储、分析和集成模型,缺少更专业、更开放的大数据分析系统支撑模型库;在优化管理方面,促进污染的有效溯源、科学控制与全过程监管,但新型污染物和特征污染物时空分布特征尚不明确,系统性数学模型与风险评价管理体系尚不完善,给基于大数据平台的优化管理带来局限性。因此,应有效集成多领域生态环境监测数据,提升数据处理技术能力,推进大数据应用,以满足政府多源管控需求,提升政府科学决策效果。     

冰川分布格局对地理因子响应机制

为探究高寒区冰川分布格局及其对地理位置、地形和气候因子的响应机理,以新疆玛纳斯河流域为研究样区,以TM影像、DEM和气象站点资料为数据源,借助RS和GIS技术提取冰川边界信息,采用线性回归模型估算研究区气温和降水数据并进行栅格计算,基于DEM数据提取山区坡度和坡向等地形信息,与所提取的研究区冰川分布格局信息叠加后得到了布局均匀的213个冰川样点,并获取各样点的地理位置(经纬度)、地形特征(高程、坡度和坡向)、NDSI、气温和降水等属性信息,最后运用偏最小二乘法(PLS)构建了冰川-地形-气候遥感反演模型,并进行模型有效性和适用性检验。分析结果表明:该模型能够解释78.2%以上的因变量变异,对研究区冰川分布格局的总预测能力达到76.9%,有效性检验结果表明模型效果较为显著,有效克服了自变量间多重相关性的干扰;同时发现PLS方法对冰川分布格局及其影响因子的相关性分析具有较好的分析能力。气候变化是影响研究区冰川分布格局动态变化的最重要因子,地形因子对冰川的发育和积累具有决定性作用,而地理位置的贡献相对较小。另外,为了能更好地模拟冰川分布格局,在以后研究中应将影响冰川分布格局变化的其他因子也纳入模型中,如山区风向、风力、水汽压、相对湿度及下垫面性质等对冰川分布和变化都有一定影响。该研究可为区域气候和水文研究提供理论参考,对干旱区水资源的合理利用亦具有重要指导意义。     

遥感云平台系统设计——以西安航投一号卫星平台为例

遥感云平台基于云计算技术,整合各种信息和技术资源,将遥感数据、信息产品、应用软件、计算及存储资源作为公共服务设施,通过网络为用户提供一站式的空间信息云服务。西安航投一号遥感云平台基于卫星数据产品,采用“GIS+遥感+大数据”等技术深度融合的方式,为省市、区县各级政府职能部门,大型省市属企业及相关行业用户提供针对环保、林业、农业、水利、应急救灾、地质、矿产、国土、交通、城市管理、金融等多领域基于遥感监测的数字化综合解决方案;助力陕西省在环境保护、秦岭生态保护、水利工程、自然灾害等领域以数字化手段进行风险预判和应急决策,进一步强化了相关领域的现代化管理能力。本文以西安航投一号卫星遥感云平台为例,介绍系统建设的目标、原则和内容,以期推动遥感云服务的产业化,满足公众用户实际业务的需求。     

Developments in remote sensing, dynamic modelling and GIS applications for integrated coastal zone management

The International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences (ITC) has a research programme that should result in an integrated environmental coastal zone management system through three subprojects. The programme aims to develop methodologies and tools for assessing coastal zone changes, and for the evaluation of scenarios for coastal zone management, based on a spatio-temporal Geographical Information System (GIS) working platform which integrates remote sensing data, physical-morphodynamic and eco-hydrologic modelling, and a decision support system. The first subproject develops methodologies for the generation of optimum Remote Sensing (RS) data sets, leading to better interpretation and complementary use of conventional and new remote sensing imagery. It also integrates RS, GIS, and modelling through hypothesis generation, parameter estimation, evaluation and validation. The second subproject facilitates qualitative and quantitative analysis and prediction of the physical aspects of coastal landscape development under the influence of natural processes and human impacts. This subproject is based on the application of remote sensing and dynamic modelling. The third subproject leads to a spatio-temporal working platform which supports data integration of RS and in-situ measurements, and qualitative and quantitative analysis for the prediction of coastal landscape development. Both support decision making in Integrated Coastal Zone Management.     

GIS and remote sensing as tools for conducting geo-hazards risk assessment along Gulf of Aqaba coastal zone,Egypt

Satellite remote sensing data, in addition to Geographic Information Systems (GIS), offers an excellent alternative to conventional mapping techniques in monitoring and mapping of geo-hazards areas. One of the most sustainable development projects in Egypt has been accomplished in Sinai, especially along and around the Gulf of Aqaba and the Gulf of Suez. Variations along the coastal zone of the Gulf of Aqaba have been identified through the analysis of multi-temporal satellite images with the aid of GIS analysis. The study area is subject to rapid and increasing changes in land-use/land-cover that resulting from natural and human activities such as flash flooding, seismic activity, landslides, and tourist and urban activities. This is in addition to the construction projects of roads, ports, PowerStation stations, mineral exploration, beaches, and tourist villages resulting from major environmental impacts. The current study aims to use Remote Sensing and GIS tools to investigate, monitor, and assess geo-hazards through the building of a geographical database. Several techniques have been developed over the last decade mostly to study the geological and geomorphologic characteristics of the terrain; land-use and land-cover changes. These are based on satellite imagery and Digital Elevation Models (DEM) to determine the topographic features, and geo-hazards maps. It is concluded that integrated approaches to monitoring can successfully be used to assess the environmental impacts along the Gulf of Aqaba coastal zone.     

Model-based combination of spatial information for stream networks

Evolutionary improvements in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) now routinely allow the management and mapping of spatial-temporal information. In response, the development of statistical models to combine information of different types and spatial support is of vital importance to environmental science. In this paper we develop a hierarchical spatial statistical model for environmental indicators of stream and river systems in the United States Mid-Atlantic Region by combining information from separate monitoring surveys, available contextual information on hydrologic units and remote sensing information. These models are used to estimate the indicators throughout the riverine system based on information from multiple sources and aggregate scales. The analysis is based on information underlying the Landscape Atlas of the mid-Atlantic region produced by the US Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP). We also combine information from two overlapping separate monitoring surveys, the EMAP Stream and River Survey and the Maryland Biological Streams Survey. We present a general framework for comparative distributional analysis based on the concept of a relative spatial distribution. As an application, the spatial model is used to predict spatial distributions and relative spatial distributions for a watershed.     

遥感与GIS支持下的城市绿地信息提取方法研究--以深圳市为例

城市绿地作为城市结构中的自然生产力主体，在城市系统中起着重要作用。传统的城市绿地调查多采用人工普查并结合统计学方法进行城市绿地调查，需要投入大量的人力和资金，但得到的数据精度和现时性都较差，而采用高分辨率遥感卫星数据与地理信息系统相结合的方法，可以达到对城市绿地遥感数据的快速特征提取和准确的空间统计分析。文章采用基于遥感和GIS相结合的方法，并以深圳市为例，进行了城市绿地特征提取方法的研究和应用分析。     

Soil erosion hazard evaluation—An integrated use of remote sensing,GIS and statistical approaches with biophysical parameters towards management strategies

Soil erosion hazard maps can be an essential tool in erosion prone areas as they explain and display the distribution of hazards and areas likely to be affected to different magnitudes. Therefore, it is very useful to planners and policy makers initiating remedial measures and for prioritizing areas. In this study, a numerical model was developed for soil erosion hazard assessment, in which Z-score analysis was combined with a geographical information system (GIS) to compute a synthetic soil erosion hazard index (SEHI). For this model, nine factors which have notable impact on soil erosion were selected. To generate the selected factors remote sensing, analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and GIS techniques along with spatial models were applied. To standardize all of the factors and establish the factor weights, the AHP method was adopted. For Z-score analysis with selected standardized factors, the Integrated Land and Water Information System (ILWIS) software was used and nine individual layers with Z-scores were prepared. Afterwards, the layers were integrated with their factor weights by means of a weighted linear combination to derive a SEHI value for each pixel. To classify the discrete SEHI map to represent a meaningful regionalization of soil erosion hazard, the equal distance cluster principle was used and graded into four levels of hazard; very high, high, moderate and low. The results depicted that in general, a moderate hazardous condition of soil erosion was found in the study area and the proposed approach was also able to identify the areas under high and very high hazards that require urgent intervention on a priority basis. Based on this study, comprehensive erosion hazard management strategies were anticipated for the efficient management of present and future erosion disaster in the area.     

The development and application of remote sensing to monitor sand dune habitats

Sand dunes are complex systems that contain several habitats, often as mosaics or transitions between types. Several of these habitats are afforded protection under European Legislation and in the UK nationally within Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) and Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). Natural England has a statutory duty to report to Europe on the conservation status and condition of sand dunes; and is required to report to the UK Government on designated sites. To achieve this we have sought ways of capturing, analysing and interpreting data on the extent and location of sand dune habitats. This requires an ability to be able to obtain data over large areas of coastline in an efficient way. Natural England and Environment Agency Geomatics have worked collaboratively for over 16 years, sharing data and ecological knowledge. In 2012 work started to evaluate the use of remote sensing to map UK BAP and Annex I sand dune habitats. A methodology has now been developed and tested to map sand dune habitats. The key objective was to provide an operational tool that will help to map these habitats and understand change on sites around England. This has been achieved through analysis of LIDAR and Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) data using Object Orientated Image Analysis. Quality Control (QC) and accuracy assessments have shown this approach to be successful and 11 sites have been mapped to date. These techniques are providing a new approach to monitoring change in coastal vegetation communities and informing management of protected sites.     

遥感水文耦合模型的研究进展

遥感水文的耦合模型在目前生态环境领域,特别是在水资源的应用和管理中其作用日益重要,具有大流域尺度上快速应用、实时动态监测等优点。结合国内外近年来取得的研究成果,文章综述了遥感水文耦合模型的研究进展。首先介绍了遥感技术在水文学中的应用,讨论了它的分类发展概况,接着介绍了几种主要的遥感水文耦合模型及其应用实例,包括SCS(SoilConservationServices)模型、SiB2(SimpleBiosphereModelversion2)简化生物圈模型、SRM(SnowmeltRunoffModel)融雪径流模型以及SWAT(SoilandWaterAssessmentTool)模型,最后展望了遥感水文耦合模型未来的发展趋势,指出尺度问题上的时空变异性仍是其发展的关键,与GIS(Geographicinformationsystem)及其他空间技术的相结合是其未来发展的重要方向,从而为水文学、水资源的预测评价等研究提供参考。     

克隆植物的碳素生理整合及其生态学效应

碳素整合是克隆植物生理整合过程中非常重要的一部分,是克隆植物生存、生长、繁殖的物质基础.克隆植物碳素整合的基本机制具有一定的共同性或相似性,但克隆植物的种类不同、所处生境以及发育阶段不同或所受到的干扰、胁迫的程度不同,其碳素整合的范围、强度、方向、过程等也有所差异.本文对克隆植物碳素生理整合的基本特征、生态效应以及主要的影响因素进行了详细分析,并对迄今有关克隆植物碳素整合的最新研究进展进行了系统总结.同时,对碳素整合的主要研究方法进行了评价与展望,认为在今后研究中,应加强对克隆植物碳素整合的遗传学基础的研究,同时对于碳素整合的生理学、解剖学和生态学机制的研究也亟待深入.     

红河哈尼梯田世界文化景观遗产的遥感监测与土地覆盖变化

红河哈尼梯田是中国重要的世界文化景观遗产,以森林、梯田、村寨、水系四度同构的人与自然高度协调的生态系统而著称。随着经济与旅游的发展,哈尼梯田自申报世界遗产以来,其文化景观不可避免地遭受干扰。遗产监测有助于及时了解遗产本体的保存现状和风险影响因素,确定遗产突出普遍价值以及制定规避风险的有效措施。文章基于红河哈尼梯田独特的文化景观特征,利用高分辨率卫星遥感影像对申遗前后的文化景观遗产要素进行遥感监测,分析其土地覆盖现状与变化趋势,探究遥感手段在遗产要素变化监测中的可行性与可靠性,对遥感在文化遗产监测中的应用具有一定的指导意义。结果表明,(1)红河哈尼梯田申遗后,景观格局基本没有发生改变,仍然以森林和梯田为主,其遗产要素的变化均在可控范围内。主要申遗范围坝达片区各遗产要素面积变化共为93.78 hm²,水田变化约占总变化面积的80%,其次是林地约占18%,其他遗产要素面积变化不大。(2)各遗产要素之间的面积变化以水田转变为林地和灌木林地为主,占总变化面积的57%,部分房屋建筑物拆迁变为灌木林地,说明申遗后相关的退耕还林政策与生态环境保护规划起到了明显成效。(3)随着旅游业的发展,以及村民生活条件改善的需求,部分梯田转变为道路和房屋建筑,但这些规划的合理性还需进一步核实与确认。(4)依据哈尼梯田的文化景观特征,监测文化景观遗产要素时的精细化程度比土地利用变化要求高,因此首选高分辨率遥感影像,建议空间分辨率达到1 m以上。