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1.
酸雨对外来植物入侵的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
酸雨和外来种入侵都是全球关注的问题。结合外来入侵植物的生态适应特性以及酸雨的危害特征,系统分析了酸雨对外来植物入侵产生的影响。酸雨对外来植物入侵的影响是复杂多样的。酸雨导致群落冠层稀疏,群落透光率增加,加之氮沉降后土壤、水体氮素的增加,有利于生长力强的外来喜阳植物入侵;酸雨加速土壤酸化,促使基本离子淋失以及A1毒等危害植物的生长发育,植物的内源激素以及化感作用发生改变,适应力和耐受力强的外来植物在与本地植物竞争中处于相对优势而成为入侵种;酸雨以及外来植物入侵改变了土壤微生物群落结构,影响本地植物的生长而促使外来植物的入侵。 相似文献
2.
外来入侵植物化感作用与土壤相互关系研究进展 总被引:7,自引:1,他引:7
文章以全球普遍关注的外来植物入侵为背景,综述了外来入侵植物化感物质与土壤化学性质(土壤pH,土壤有机碳和有机质,土壤中的化学元素等)、土壤生物群落(土壤微生物、土壤动物)的关系。并探讨了未来研究需要加强的几个方面,包括将化感作用与野外实际情况相结合研究,更真实的反映田间状况;进一步探讨微生物在化感物质生物变化过程中的作用及其机理;化感物质作为信号物质如何影响微生物代谢,从而影响地上植物;深入研究化感作用与土壤之间的相互关系,为入侵植物生物防治的安全性提供理论指导等方面。 相似文献
3.
外来植物入侵机制研究进展与展望 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
何锦峰 《应用与环境生物学报》2008,14(6)
从植物入侵的内因、外因、驱动力和入侵过程等方面综述了植物入侵机制的研究进展:(1)外来植物由于预适应性较强或由于杂交和多倍体化而具有较强的侵染力:(2)外来植物由于逃脱原生区域的自然天敌,或由于土著种竞争较弱、生物多样性较低、植食动物或疾病较少等导致的生物抵抗力较低,或因良好的资源可获得性及入侵植物的化感作用等造成新栖息地可侵人性的增加;(3)自然或人为引入外来植物及对新栖息地的扰动是植物入侵的驱动力;(4)外来植物可能通过基于事件的入侵、入侵崩溃和协同入侵等人侵过程机制实现其成功入侵,分析了各入侵机制对入侵植物防控、生态学和进化学研究意义以及待解决问题.结果表明,植物入侵机制高度复杂,不同的外来植物种、新柄息地类型及植物入侵的不同阶段,各入侵机制可能单独或共同作用,为针对性地设计植物入侵防控方案提供了理论支撑.最后对植物入侵机制理论及其在植物入侵预测、危险性分区和防控中的应用研究等进行了展望. 相似文献
4.
城市化影响下北京市外来入侵植物特征及其分布 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
通过文献资料分析和实地调查相结合的方法,对北京市外来入侵植物的种类、生活型、起源地、引入途径和分布等特征进行了分析,结果表明:该地区共有48种外来入侵植物,隶属39属19科,其中菊科、禾本科、苋科和大戟科植物为优势科,占到了所有入侵植物总数的60.4%.除火炬树外,其余47种植物均为草本植物,以起源于美洲的居多(70.8%),多为伴随种子苗木运输无意引进.入侵植物分布受城市化水平和人口密度影响显著,城市功能扩展区分布有最多的入侵植物,就入侵种分布密度而言,城市功能拓展区和城市核心区均明显高于近郊区和远郊区.目前北京入侵植物主要分布于农田、绿地、花圃等半人工生态系统,尚处于可控范围之内,但北京的自然地理条件及城市化进程使其仍存在较高的入侵风险,在将来的防治工作中应采取更加严格的检疫措施. 相似文献
5.
作为中国重要生态安全屏障的秦岭,随着经济社会的不断发展,大量人为活动穿梭其中,使得外来植物得以侵入并迅速蔓延和扩张,势必影响当地生物多样性保护,然而这些外来种的入侵现状、危害与风险等信息还缺乏全面详细的研究,为秦岭生物多样性保护埋下巨大“安全隐患”,因此亟待全面系统地研究秦岭林区外来植物的相关现状信息,并对其进行科学有效的入侵风险评估。通过野外调查秦岭中段南北坡外来植物的种类、分布现状、生境类型、扩散趋势等,采用层次分析法构建秦岭外来植物入侵风险评价体系,对该区外来植物进行风险等级划分并提出防范管控措施。结果表明:1)秦岭外来植物有131种,隶属33科87属,主要集中在菊科(Asteraceae)、苋科(Amaranthaceae)、禾本科(Poaceae)、豆科(Fabaceae),其中菊科植物数量最多(35种),占总种数的26.7%;2)秦岭外来植物传入年限主要集中在50-150 a之间(54.2%),大部分通过有意引入和无意引进带入国内(75.6%);3)秦岭外来植物入侵风险评价体系涵盖外来植物入侵性、已入侵分布现状、扩散性和危害与影响4个方面,共设置了13个指标。131种外来植... 相似文献
6.
微生物对三种入侵杂草化感作用的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
微生物是化感作用生测实验中普遍存在的影响因素.研究用飞机草(Chromolaena odoratum L.)、假臭草(Eupatorium catarium Veldkamp)、蟛蜞菊(Wedelia chinensis Merr.)的直接水浸提样(含有微生物)与水浸提样的除菌液对小白菜、萝卜进行了生测实验,对比研究了微生物对3种入侵杂草化感作用的影响.结果表明,有微生物存在的水浸提液化感作用强度明显强于除菌液,并且3种入侵杂草的含微生物水浸提液化感作用之间有明显差异,以假臭草的化感作用最强、飞机草次之、蟛蜞菊最弱.而3种杂草的除菌液间差异不是很明显.因此推测,这几种入侵杂草的强化感作用与微生物有很大关系,很有可能是一些微生物助长了其中一些杂草的入侵潜力. 相似文献
7.
外来入侵物种是造成全球生物多样性丧失的主要威胁因素,我国是世界上受外来入侵物种危害最严重的国家之一。外来入侵物种的界定是一个富有争议的话题,准确界定外来入侵物种,明确防控对象,是开展外来入侵物种防控的首要条件。综合分析了各类国际公约以及不同国家和地区对外来入侵物种的定义方法,并从表述方式、空间范围、时间范围、影响和层次性5个角度分析界定了外来入侵物种的相关主要问题。通过辨析外来入侵物种的概念与内涵,探讨外来入侵物种的相关重要问题,为我国未来制定外来入侵物种的专门性法规提供新的参考思路。 相似文献
8.
《湖南环境生物职业技术学院学报》2015,(4)
入侵植物会损害环境生态系统,影响生物的多样性,给农业生产带来严重的经济损失.目前,虽然入侵植物的化感作用研究较多,但是很多缺乏对化感作用的深入研究.结合国内外入侵植物的研究进展,该研究阐述了小飞蓬的研究现状、化感物质的分离鉴定方法以及入侵机理研究的进展.参24. 相似文献
9.
外来入侵植物三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa L.)对我国华南地区生态系统造成严重危害,同时华南地区也是强酸雨分布区域。采用不同pH值(2.5,4.0,5.6)的模拟酸雨对三叶鬼针草种子和幼苗进行处理,测定其对种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响;室外模拟酸雨喷淋三叶鬼针草,生物测定三叶鬼针草叶片水浸提液对受体植物的化感作用的变化。结果表明:pH为4.0和5.6的酸雨处理后提高了三叶鬼针草种子的萌发率;pH为4.0的酸雨促进幼苗生长,增加幼苗苗高和生物量;而pH为2.5的酸雨抑制三叶鬼针草种子萌发率和幼苗生长。同时,pH 4.0和2.5酸雨增强了三叶鬼针草叶片水浸提液对受体植物的化感作用。研究表明:三叶鬼针草具有较强的耐酸能力,酸雨胁迫可能通过促进外来入侵植物三叶鬼针草的生长和提高化感潜力而有利于其进一步入侵。 相似文献
10.
二氧化碳浓度升高对植物入侵的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
从入侵植物和入侵植物群落两个方面,综述了大气二氧化碳浓度升高对植物入侵的影响。二氧化碳浓度升高,可以增加C3植物的入侵性,提高入侵植物的生物量、资源利用率以及繁殖能力,直接影响植物入侵;还可以通过改变土壤水分、氮循环、干扰体系等其它环境因子间接地影响植物入侵。此外,二氧化碳浓度升高,对入侵群落的初级生产量、组成与结构以及群落动态产生重要影响,改变群落的可入侵性。今后应当着重从群落水平,结合其它全球变化因子的共同作用研究二氧化碳浓度升高对植物入侵的影响,同时深入探讨其作用机制以及不同植物类群对二氧化碳的响应,为入侵种的预防和控制提供理论指导。 相似文献
11.
Biological invasions can change ecosystem function, have tremendous economic costs, and impact human health; understanding the forces that cause and maintain biological invasions is thus of immediate importance. A mechanism by which exotic plants might displace native plants is by increasing the pressure of native consumers on native plants, a form of indirect interaction termed "apparent competition." Using experimental exclosures, seed addition, and monitoring of small mammals in a California grassland, we examined whether exotic Brassica nigra increases the pressure of native consumers on a native bunchgrass, Nassella pulchra. Experimental plots were weeded to focus entirely on indirect effects via consumers. We demonstrate that B. nigra alters the activity of native small-mammal consumers, creating a gradient of consumption that dramatically reduces N. pulchra establishment. Previous work has shown that N. pulchra is a strong competitor, but that it is heavily seed limited. By demonstrating that consumer pressure is sufficient to curtail establishment, our work provides a mechanism for this seed limitation and suggests that, despite being a good competitor, N. pulchra cannot reestablish close to B. nigra within its old habitats because exotic-mediated consumption preempts direct competitive exclusion. Moreover, we find that apparent competition has a spatial extent, suggesting that consumers may dictate the rate of invasion and the area available for restoration, and that nonspatial studies of apparent competition may miss important dynamics. 相似文献
12.
AYESHA E. PRASAD 《Conservation biology》2010,24(3):747-757
Abstract: The dry forests of southern India, which are endangered tropical ecosystems and among the world's most important tiger (Panthera tigris) habitats, are extensively invaded by exotic plants. Yet, experimental studies exploring the impacts of these invasions on native plants in these forests are scarce. Consequently, little is known about associated implications for the long‐term conservation of tigers and other biodiversity in these habitats. I studied the impacts of the exotic plant Lantana camara on understory vegetation in a dry‐forest tiger habitat in southern India. I compared the richness, composition, and abundance of tree seedlings, herbs, and shrubs and the abundance of grass among plots in which Lantana was cleared or left standing. These plots were distributed across two blocks—livestock free and livestock grazed. Removal of Lantana had an immediate positive effect on herb–shrub richness in the livestock‐free block, but had no effect on that of tree seedlings in either livestock block. Tree‐seedling and herb–shrub composition differed significantly between Lantana treatment and livestock block, and Lantana removal significantly decreased survival of tree seedlings. Nevertheless, the absence of trees, in any stage between seedling and adult, indicates that Lantana may stall tree regeneration. Lantana removal decreased the abundance of all understory strata, probably because forage plants beneath Lantana are less accessible to herbivores, and plants in Lantana‐free open plots experienced greater herbivory. Reduced access to forage in invaded habitats could negatively affect ungulate populations and ultimately compromise the ability of these forests to sustain prey‐dependent large carnivores. Additional research focused on understanding and mitigating threats posed by exotic plants may be crucial to the long‐term protection of these forests as viable tiger habitats. 相似文献
13.
Callaway RM Waller LP Diaconu A Pal R Collins AR Mueller-Schaerer H Maron JL 《Ecology》2011,92(12):2208-2213
The greater abundance of some exotic plants in their nonnative ranges might be explained in part by biogeographic differences in the strength of competition, but these competitive effects have not been experimentally examined in the field. We compared the effects of neighbors on the growth and reproduction of spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) in Europe, where it is native, and in Montana, where it is invasive. There were strong negative competitive effects of neighboring vegetation on C. stoebe growth and reproduction in Europe. In contrast, identical experiments in Montana resulted in insignificant impacts on C. stoebe. Although the mechanisms that produce this dramatic biogeographic difference in competitive outcome remain unknown, our results indicate that differences in net competitive interactions between ranges may contribute to the striking dominance of C. stoebe in parts of North America. 相似文献
14.
Beyond the ecological: biological invasions alter natural selection on a native plant species 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Biological invasions can have strong ecological effects on native communities by altering ecosystem functions, species interactions, and community composition. Even though these ecological effects frequently impact the population dynamics and fitness of native species, the evolutionary consequences of biological invasions have received relatively little attention. Here, I show that invasions impose novel selective pressures on a native plant species. By experimentally manipulating community composition, I found that the exotic plant Medicago polymorpha and the exotic herbivore Hypera brunneipennis alter the strength and, in some instances, the direction of natural selection on the competitive ability and anti-herbivore defenses of the native plant Lotus wrangelianus. Furthermore, the community composition of exotics influenced which traits were favored. For example, high densities of the exotic herbivore Hypera selected for increased resistance to herbivores in the native Lotus; however, when Medicago also was present, selection on this defense was eliminated. In contrast, selection on tolerance, another plant defense trait, was highest when both Hypera and Medicago were present at high densities. Thus, multiple exotic species may interact to influence the evolutionary trajectories of native plant populations, and patterns of selection may change as additional exotic species invade the community. 相似文献
15.
Escape from specialist natural enemies is frequently invoked to explain exotic plant invasions, but little attention has been paid to how generalist consumers in the recipient range may influence invasion. We examined how seed preferences of the widespread generalist granivore Peromyscus maniculatus related to recruitment of the strongly invasive exotic Centaurea stoebe and several weakly invasive exotics and natives by conducting laboratory feeding trials and seed addition experiments in the field. Laboratory feeding trials showed that P. maniculatus avoided consuming seeds of C. stoebe relative to the 12 other species tested, even when seeds of alternative species were 53-94% smaller than those of C. stoebe. Seed addition experiments conducted in and out of rodent exclosures revealed that weakly invasive exotics experienced relatively greater release from seed predation than C. stoebe, although this was not the case for natives. Seed mass explained 81% of the variation in recruitment associated with rodent exclusion for natives and weak invaders, with larger-seeded species benefiting most from protection from granivores. However, recruitment of C. stoebe was unaffected by rodent exclusion, even though the regression model predicted seeds of correspondingly large mass should experience substantial predation. These combined laboratory and field results suggest that generalist granivores can be an important biological filter in plant communities and that species-specific seed attributes that determine seed predation may help to explain variation in native plant recruitment and the success of exotic species invasions. 相似文献
16.
Abstract: Despite many successful reintroductions of large mammalian herbivores throughout the world, remarkably little attention has focused on how these actions affect native and exotic vegetation at reintroduction sites. One such herbivore is tule elk ( Cervus elaphus nannodes ), which was on the brink of extinction in the mid 1800s, but now has numerous stable populations due to intensive reintroduction efforts. Here, we summarize results from a 5-year exclosure experiment that explored the effects of tule elk on a coastal grassland in northern California. Elk significantly altered the species composition of this community; the response of annual species (dominated heavily by exotic taxa) was dramatically different from perennial species. Elk herbivory increased the abundance and aboveground biomass of native and exotic annuals, whereas it either had no effect on or caused significant decreases in perennials. Elk also decreased the cover of native shrubs, suggesting that these herbivores play an important role in maintaining open grasslands. In addition, elk significantly reduced the abundance and biomass of a highly invasive exotic grass , Holcus lanatus, which is a major problem in mesic perennial grasslands. Our results demonstrate that the successful reintroduction of a charismatic and long-extirpated mammal had extremely complex effects on the plant community, giving rise to both desirable and undesirable outcomes from a management perspective. We suspect that these kinds of opposing effects are not unique to tule elk and that land managers will frequently encounter them when dealing with reintroduced mammals. 相似文献
17.
Schaffner U Ridenour WM Wolf VC Bassett T Müller C Müller-Schärer H Sutherland S Lortie CJ Callaway RM 《Ecology》2011,92(4):829-835
One commonly accepted mechanism for biological invasions is that species, after introduction to a new region, leave behind their natural enemies and therefore increase in distribution and abundance. However, which enemies are escaped remains unclear. Escape from specialist invertebrate herbivores has been examined in detail, but despite the profound effects of generalist herbivores in natural communities their potential to control invasive species is poorly understood. We carried out parallel laboratory feeding bioassays with generalist invertebrate herbivores from the native (Europe) and from the introduced (North America) range using native and nonnative tetraploid populations of the invasive spotted knapweed, Centaurea stoebe. We found that the growth of North American generalist herbivores was far lower when feeding on C. stoebe than the growth of European generalists. In contrast, North American and European generalists grew equally well on European and North American tetraploid C. stoebe plants, lending no support for an evolutionary change in resistance of North American tetraploid C. stoebe populations against generalist herbivores. These results suggest that biogeographical differences in the response of generalist herbivores to novel plant species have the potential to affect plant invasions. 相似文献