恢复生态学相关概念

在综述国内外恢复生态学有关概念的基础上,作者提出,恢复生态学有关生态恢复的科学,旨在研究生态退化和生态恢复的机理和过程。生态恢复包括狭义的恢复和广义的恢复,狭义的恢复指严格意义上的整个生态系统的恢复,广义的恢复指人类社会需求意义上的恢复,也就是依据生态学原理,利用生物技术和工程技术,通过恢复、修复、改良、更新、重建受损或退化的生态系统和土地,恢复生态系统的功能,提高土地生产力的过程。     

生态恢复对退化河岸植物群落的作用 ——以重庆九龙外滩河岸带生态恢复为例

河岸带是陆地生态系统与水生生态系统之间的过渡地带,受人类干扰的威胁较大.长江是流经重庆都市区的主要河流,主城区两江四岸部分河岸硬化,河岸生态功能退化或丧失,生物多样性降低.本文以重庆主城区九龙外滩的河岸带为研究区域,通过调查,采用Ward最小方差法对植物群落类型进行划分,比较了生态恢复区域和自然区域的植物群落特征及优势...     

陆地生态系统保护修复成效评估研究进展及主要科学问题

生态保护和修复是促进受损生态系统尽快得到恢复的主要途径.综述分析了国内外生态保护恢复成效评估研究进展,全球生态保护修复行动持续关注生物多样性保护,分类型对生态系统恢复提出倡议和制订一些国际性公约.我国生态空间保护从抢救性保护向系统性保护转变,从单一类型保护向整体性保护转变;陆地生态系统修复从生态问题修复治理到单一类型生...     

河岸带生态学研究进展与展望

河岸带是河流—陆地生态系统之间进行物质、能量、信息交换的重要生态过渡区,具有独特的生态系统结构和服务功能,近年来成为国内外生态学和环境科学的研究热点之一。在阐述河岸带结构与功能基础上,分析了河岸带的影响因素与其退化机制,退化河岸带的生态恢复理论、基本原则、生态重建技术和发展方向。认为影响河岸带结构与功能的主要因素可归纳为水文与地貌过程、植被与人为干扰4个方面;识别影响河岸带生态系统的生物和物理作用过程及其退化成因是关键,指出了生态恢复应遵循的原则与宜采用的生态重建技术。在此基础上,提出河岸带生态恢复应在景观或流域尺度上借助“3S”技术和多学科协作从微观、中观和宏观不同层次开展研究,甄别生态退化的主导因素,采用植被重建与水文调控技术尽可能恢复与重建原有自然景观。从系统生态学与景观生态学的角度,提出河岸带生态学未来研究方向。建议今后应加强对河岸带生态系统结构、生态过程与功能及生态重建技术的研究成果进行系统整合,建立能够预测河岸带结构与功能动态的数量模型和评价体系,为实现河岸带重建与高效管理提供科学指导。     

基于生态系统变化特征的祁连山国家公园甘肃片区生态治理成效分析

祁连山是我国西部重要的水源产流区和生物多样性保护优先区,长期以来受自然和人为因素双重影响,生态系统出现了不同程度的退化。为筑牢国家西部生态安全屏障,在多个已有自然保护区的基础上开展祁连山国家公园体制试点,其中甘肃片区位于祁连山北坡,自20世纪80年代以来实施了生态保护、恢复与建设等生态保护和修复工程并取得了一定成效,对生态治理成效的评价有助于发现存在的生态问题、提升生态建设规划及管护决策的科学性。本研究利用多源遥感数据,在提取生态系统类型与质量参数的基础上,通过其变化特征分析生态治理的成效。研究表明,近20年,研究区生态系统结构基本稳定,草地、森林、灌丛面积明显增加,裸地减少、植被覆盖增加,生态环境质量整体上变好,说明生态治理工程的实施取得了明显成效。但是,研究区具有重要生态服务功能的生态系统面积所占比例小,仅占46.7%,生态系统整体脆弱,维护生态安全、生态安全屏障建设压力仍然较大,生态保护与建设正处于关键阶段,未来需要针对生态系统存在的退化风险,加大生态保护和建设力度。     

两种人工林对工程建筑废弃地植被初始生态恢复的影响

以隔河岩水电工程建筑废弃地初始生态恢复中人工构建植被为研究对象，在样地调查的基础上，分析了废弃地退化生态系统植物多样性和植物群落组成与结构的恢复对种植植物种类的生态响应。通过与周围未治理废弃地及自然次生林群落组成与结构的比较，研究了该废弃地植被的生态恢复进程。结果显示，苗木种植促进了本地植物种类在废弃地的扩散和定居，初步形成了具一定组成与结构的群落类型，是一种及时有效的生态恢复技术。但不同的苗木种类对废弃地植被初始生态恢复的效果不同，通过比较圆柏(Sabina chinensis)和湿地松(Pinuse elliottii)2种人工林的生物多样性及群落组成与结构，认为圆柏林的初始生态恢复效果比湿地松林好。     

两种人工林对工程建筑废弃地植被初始生态恢复的影响

以隔河岩水电工程建筑废弃地初始生态恢复中人工构建植被为研究对象,在样地调查的基础上,分析了废弃地退化生态系统植物多样性和植物群落组成与结构的恢复对种植植物种类的生态响应。通过与周围未治理废弃地及自然次生林群落组成与结构的比较,研究了该废弃地植被的生态恢复进程。结果显示,苗木种植促进了本地植物种类在废弃地的扩散和定居,初步形成了具一定组成与结构的群落类型,是一种及时有效的生态恢复技术。但不同的苗木种类对废弃地植被初始生态恢复的效果不同,通过比较圆柏(Sabinachinensis)和湿地松(Pinuselliottii)2种人工林的生物多样性及群落组成与结构,认为圆柏林的初始生态恢复效果比湿地松林好。     

金沙江干热河谷退化生态系统植被恢复生态功能评价——以元谋小流域典型模式为例

针对干热河谷具有光热资源丰富、气候干旱燥热、水热矛盾突出、植被覆盖率低、水土流失严重、生态环境强烈退化、植被恢复困难等特点,文章总结千热河谷植被恢复的技术体系,研究分析了植被恢复对生态系统的水保功能、环境功能、生物多样性等生态功能的影响,结果表明:植被恢复后,生态系统的土壤侵蚀程度明显下降,其中轻度退化土地减少了22.03%;中度退化土地减少了21.15%;强度退化土地减少了34.15%;植被恢复后,小流域的气候环境有较大的改善,气温下降、湿度提高,改变了该区域"干"、"热"的恶劣环境;对系统多样性的研究主要针对强度以上退化系统的人工生态林模式和自然禁封治理模式进行分析多样性与生态系统功能的关系,结合前期研究结果认为,自然禁封治理模式使系统具有生物多样性,有助于系统生态功能完善稳定,而银合欢(Leucaena leucocephal)人工林恢复模式,虽然物种多样性减少,但系统具备优化的生态功能.因此,就干热河谷强度、极强度退化生态系统而言,银合欢冲沟治理模式和自然禁封治理模式是较优化的模式.     

河流水生态修复阈值界定指标体系初步构建

生态阈值存在于各种生态系统中,在查阅国内外相关文献的基础上,通过对生态阈值的理论研究及在森林、草原、湿地、湖泊和河流等方面实践应用进行总结分析,指出生态阈值在河流生态系统研究中的不足之处。针对在高污染负荷下修复退化的水生态系统中,开展生态修复阈值的研究寥寥无几,关于界定河流水生态修复阈值指标体系的研究尚未出现。通过分析阈值在河流水生态修复中的重要性,指出河流水生态修复阈值确定是退化水生态修复的基础,为区域针对性修复水体提供科学依据和决策支持,更是水环境管理发展的迫切需求。在此基础上,从新的角度探讨和提出河流水生态修复阈值概念。河流水生态修复阈值,是依据河流生态系统自然属性和河流功能以及区域社会经济发展的需求来界定退化到何种程度的水生态系统需要进行修复,退化现状程度大于此修复阈值,则需进行人工修复;退化现状程度小于修复阈值,则无需进行修复。通过对指标体系构建原则、筛选方法及阈值计算方法的总结,提出河流水生态修复阈值确定技术路线,采用频度分析法和理论分析法相结合,从影响河流修复的6大要素(物理结构、水文条件、水质状况、水生生物、河流功能和社会经济)初步构建了河流水生态修复阈值界定指标体系及阈值计算方法体系,为下一步河流水生态修复阈值指标体系的定量筛选与阈值计算奠定了基础。     

西南高山亚高山不同演替阶段退化森林生态系统的恢复重建

介绍"十三五"国家重点研发计划项目"西南高山亚高山退化森林生态系统恢复重建技术研究"的主要研究内容、技术路线和取得的进展,展望西南高山亚高山退化森林生态系统恢复未来的研究重点.该项目针对西南高山亚高山退化森林迹地恢复困难、次生灌丛演替缓慢、低效林结构不合理以及生态功能低下等主要问题,从森林恢复演替不同阶段的角度,研发了...     

河岸缓冲带对氮磷的截留转化及其生态恢复研究进展

河岸缓冲带是河岸生态系统的重要组成部分,对农业非点源污染物起到有效的截留转化作用。对河岸缓冲带的定义、生态结构特性和功能,河岸缓冲带对氮和磷的截留转化作用以及河岸缓冲带的生态修复现状进行了综合评述。结果表明：草地和森林类型河岸缓冲带均能有效地控制氮和磷向水体中迁移;河岸缓冲带的宽度、水文特征、土壤性质、季节变化以及人为活动等是影响其截留效率的因素;加强退化河岸缓冲带的恢复重建工程,可以保证河岸生态系统的健康。针对目前研究中的不足,提出今后的研究方向,认为应进行长期的大尺度的野外实践研究,并从生态学的角度出发,建立合理的河岸缓冲带健康指标,为退化河岸缓冲带恢复重建提供科学依据。     

西南岩溶山区景观生态特征与景观生态建设

探讨了西南岩溶山区景观生态结构与功能以及景观生态过程的不同于其他区域的基本特征，尝试从景观角度认识西南岩溶区生态空间特性与演化过程。受地质地貌和土地利用的影响。西南岩溶山区景观基质脆弱、景观格局分异明显，具破碎化与景观结构粗粒化、景观动态变化范围大且速度快、整体退化明显的特点，以石漠化为特征的景观演化削弱了岩溶生态系统的生态服务功能。岩溶山区的景观生态建设须充分认识岩溶山区资源环境优势，充分利用当地的适生植物资源，协调生态效应和水文效应，促进水土资源的有效保持向高效利用发展，形成新的高效、和谐的人工自然景观。今后应把景观格局与生态过程结合起来、与人文因子和地学背景结合起来，加强小尺度的景观变化研究。     

流域生态系统服务研究进展与展望

在分析国内外流域生态系统服务研究动态的基础上,归纳全球流域(河流、湿地)尺度生态系统服务研究案例的分类和评估方法,重点阐述以水循环和水生态过程为纽带的流域生态系统产品和服务的特点和内涵,总结提出流域生态系统服务的研究重点是与水有关的水资源服务和水生态服务.强调今后要加强流域尺度上的科学研究与政策、管理的对接和应用,通过科学规范的流域生态系统服务评估,为流域生态补偿、生态修复机制的建立和流域水环境综合管理提供有力支撑.     

三峡水库消落带典型主动与被动修复策略对土壤饱和导水率的影响

人工造林的主动修复与退耕还林还草的被动修复是退化生态系统典型的生态修复策略.以三峡水库运行后形成的消落带为研究对象,研究不同生态修复策略对消落带土壤饱和导水率的影响,对生态脆弱带的水土保持效应具有重要意义.选取桑树+水杉复合林(主动修复)、自然草地(被动修复)、农田(对照)为研究样地,探究了两种不同生态修复策略下三峡水...     

植被恢复的生态效应研究进展

植被在水土保持、水源涵养及生态系统的固碳过程中起着重要的作用。植被恢复是指运用生态学原理,通过保护现有植被、封山育林或营造人工林、灌、草植被,修复或重建被毁坏或被破坏的森林和其他自然生态系统,恢复其生物多样性及其生态系统功能。目前,植被的自然及人工恢复是改善脆弱生态系统及退化生态系统生态环境现状最有效的措施。植被在恢复过程中对地上植被生态系统,物种多样性的恢复有着重要影响,同时通过凋落物及根系的输入,可以有效改善地下生态系统,增加土壤的养分含量、改善土壤的物理结构、增加土壤生物的生物量及活性。文章以地上及地下生态系统为出发点,综述了植被恢复过程中自然及人工恢复过程中不同的植被类型、不同的恢复时间下植物物种组成和多样性、土壤理化性质及土壤微生物群落的变化。植被的自然及人工恢复在一定程度上均能增加植物物种的多样性,随着恢复年限的增加物种的组成发生改变且多样性呈增加趋势,但一些特殊环境下不当的人工恢复可造成植被演替向退化方向发展,降低生物多样性。不同的植被类型由于其生长方式的不同对土壤理化性质和土壤微生物的影响存在差异,随着恢复年限的增长,土壤理化指标及微生物学指标呈现先增加而后趋于平稳的状态。针对已有的研究进展,提出在未来的研究过程中,一方面应该增加更多的对比研究,对不同环境下,不同的恢复物种,不同的恢复方式进行更深入地探讨;另外一方面应增加不同尺度的研究,现有的研究多集中在样地尺度,未来应在更大尺度上进行分析;再者,地上及地下生态系统之间的相互关系及影响机理一直是土壤学科研究的热点,植被恢复过程中应增加更多该方面的机理研究。     

Birds as Suppliers of Seed Dispersal in Temperate Ecosystems: Conservation Guidelines from Real‐World Landscapes

Abstract: Seed dispersal by animals is considered a pivotal ecosystem function that drives plant‐community dynamics in natural habitats and vegetation recovery in human‐altered landscapes. Nevertheless, there is a lack of suitable ecological knowledge to develop basic conservation and management guidelines for this ecosystem service. Essential questions, such as how well the abundance of frugivorous animals predicts seeding function in different ecosystems and how anthropogenic landscape heterogeneity conditions the role of dispersers, remain poorly answered. In three temperate ecosystems, we studied seed dispersal by frugivorous birds in landscape mosaics shaped by human disturbance. By applying a standardized design across systems, we related the frequency of occurrence of bird‐dispersed seeds throughout the landscape to the abundance of birds, the habitat features, and the abundance of fleshy fruits. Abundance of frugivorous birds in itself predicted the occurrence of dispersed seeds throughout the landscape in all ecosystems studied. Even those landscape patches impoverished due to anthropogenic disturbance received some dispersed seeds when visited intensively by birds. Nonetheless, human‐caused landscape degradation largely affected seed‐deposition patterns by decreasing cover of woody vegetation or availability of fruit resources that attracted birds and promoted seed dispersal. The relative role of woody cover and fruit availability in seed dispersal by birds differed among ecosystems. Our results suggest that to manage seed dispersal for temperate ecosystem preservation or restoration one should consider abundance of frugivorous birds as a surrogate of landscape‐scale seed dispersal and an indicator of patch quality for the dispersal function; woody cover and fruit resource availability as key landscape features that drive seedfall patterns; and birds as mobile links that connect landscape patches of different degrees of degradation and habitat quality via seed deposition.     

Ecosystem health assessment of urban rivers and lakes

The assessment of the ecosystem health of urban rivers and lakes is the scientific basis for their management and ecological restoration. This study developed a three-level indicator system for its assessment. The results indicated that: Zhonghai and Nanhai are in the state of transition from unhealthy to critical state and all the other lakes are in unhealthy states. Water environmental quality, structure and function of the aquatic ecosystem, and the structure of waterfront areas were the constraints. Nanhai was ranked as poor and the others were all ranked as very poor. However, the ecological environment of Zhonghai and Nanhai were better than the others, the sums of the degree of membership to the healthy state and critical state were all close to 0.6. and the restorations of these lakes were moderate. The sums of the degree of membership to the healthy state and critical state of the other lakes were under 0.3, as it was difficult to restore these lakes. Some suggestions on scientific management and ecological restoration of the six lakes were proposed: $`To control non-point pollution and to improve the water quality of six lakes and the water entering into these lakes; $aTo improve the hydrological conditions of six lakes; $bTo rehabilitate the aquatic ecosystem and waterfront areas.     

Ecosystem health assessment of urban rivers and lakes — Case study of “the six lakes” in Beijing, China

The assessment of the ecosystem health of urban rivers and lakes is the scientific basis for their management and ecological restoration. This study developed a three-level indicator system for its assessment. The results indicated that: Zhonghai and Nanhai are in the state of transition from unhealthy to critical state and all the other lakes are in unhealthy states. Water environmental quality, structure and function of the aquatic ecosystem, and the structure of waterfront areas were the constraints. Nanhai was ranked as poor and the others were all ranked as very poor. However, the ecological environment of Zhonghai and Nanhai were better than the others, the sums of the degree of membership to the healthy state and critical state were all close to 0.6. and the restorations of these lakes were moderate. The sums of the degree of membership to the healthy state and critical state of the other lakes were under 0.3, as it was difficult to restore these lakes. Some suggestions on scientific management and ecological restoration of the six lakes were proposed: ①To control non-point pollution and to improve the water quality of six lakes and the water entering into these lakes; ②To improve the hydrological conditions of six lakes; ③To rehabilitate the aquatic ecosystem and waterfront areas.     

Coupling urban 3-D information and circuit theory to advance the development of urban ecological networks

Ongoing, rapid urban growth accompanied by habitat fragmentation and loss challenges biodiversity conservation and leads to decreases in ecosystem services. Application of the concept of ecological networks in the preservation and restoration of connections among isolated patches of natural areas is a powerful conservation strategy. However, previous approaches often failed to objectively consider the impacts of complex 3-D city environments on ecological niches. We used airborne lidar-derived information on the 3-D structure of the built environment and vegetation and detailed land use and cover data to characterize habitat quality, niche diversity, and human disturbance and to predict habitat connectivity among 38 identified habitat core areas (HCAs) in Nanjing, China. We used circuit theory and Linkage Mapper to create a landscape resistance layer, simulate habitat connectivity, and identify and prioritize important corridors. We mapped 64 links by using current flow centrality to evaluate each HCA's contribution and the links that facilitate intact connectivity. Values were highest for HCA links located in the west, south, and northeast of the study area, where natural forests with complex 3-D structures predominate. Two smaller HCA areas had high centrality scores relative to their extents, which means they could act as important stepping stones in connectivity planning. The mapped pinch-point regions had narrow and fragile links among the HCAs, suggesting they require special protection. The barriers with the highest impact scores were mainly located at the HCA connections to Purple Mountain and, based on these high scores, are more likely to indicate important locations that can be restored to improve potential connections. Our novel framework allowed us to sufficiently convey spatially explicit information to identify targets for habitat restoration and potential pathways for species movement and dispersal. Such information is critical for assessing existing or potential habitats and corridors and developing strategic plans to balance habitat conservation and other land uses based on scientifically informed connectivity planning and implementation.     

山-水-林-田-湖-草-海-城修复模式的实践应用 ——威海华夏城采石场生态修复及其效益评价

山-水-林-田-湖-草系统保护与修复强调生态系统整体性、系统性和稳定性,生态系统的健康稳定有利于生态系统服务功能的全面优化提升,对确保生态环境安全和社会经济健康协调发展至关重要.山东威海华夏城受大规模开山采石活动影响,区域生态环境遭到破坏,居民生产生活受到严重干扰,经过10余年生态修复,华夏城实现了生态效益与社会经济效...