去除淡水浮游藻类方法的研究进展

在春至秋季，由于环境污染的影响，我国许多湖泊和水库中经常发生水华现象。由于浮游藻类的存在以及在生长繁殖和死亡过程中所释放出的各种藻类毒素，对水生生物和人畜安全造成严重的影响。因此，必须采取科学的方法对浮游藻类予以去除。去除浮游藻类主要有物理除藻、化学除藻、生物除藻等方法。     

自来水厂生产中除藻技术的应用及改进

以地表水为水源的自来水厂,原水藻类的去处是个极其复杂的课题。某水厂通过对不同除藻防藻技术的实际应用及效果比较,最终形成了生物(鲢鱼)控藻+活性炭吸附+强化常规工艺除藻的联合除藻措施,收到了较好的除藻效果。     

螺旋藻与藻胆蛋白

螺旋藻是一种经济微藻 ,除可用作食品、饲料、饵料外 ,在医疗保健、精细化工和化妆品等诸多领域均有着广阔的应用前景。藻胆蛋白是存在于螺旋藻等藻类藻胆体中的一类捕光色素复合蛋白 ,具有很高的生物学基础研究与开发应用价值。     

浅论微生物技术控藻

富营养化水体会引起藻类增殖，影响人类的生存环境。阐述了利用病毒、原生动物、细菌等微生物技术控制富营养化藻类的研究进展，并对病毒控藻技术应用时的两个问题进行了讨论，认为利用微生物技术控藻需要对生态系统进行更加深入的认识和掌握。     

固定化小球藻深度净化含重金属污水的特性研究

将小球藻包埋固定在海藻酸钙凝胶珠中,对人工污水进行深度净化,研究Cd,Cu对污水中氨氮和正磷酸盐的净化效率以及净化过程中藻类叶绿素a含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和去污过程中藻细胞富集Cd,Cu的情况。结果表明,低浓度Cd可促进藻细胞的生长与繁殖,低浓度Cu作为微量元素,可提高光合活性,使脱氮、除磷效率提高;高浓度Cd,Cu会对藻细胞有灭活作用,光合活性减弱,NH_4~+-N和正磷酸盐净化效率降低。     

培养藻类制取生物能源的研究

能源紧张和环境污染是全世界所面临的共同问题,用藻类替代传统作物生产生物能源是生物质能的重要发展方向之一。文章介绍了国内外对藻类培养条件、光生物反应器型式、藻类基因工程、藻细胞收集方法以及能源藻类生产系统的研究成果。研究认为,以藻类为原料生产生物燃料具有良好的发展前景,并指出了今后能源藻类生长的重点研究方向。     

活性污泥中提取微生物法处理蓝藻废水

从活性污泥中提取微生物群处理蓝藻废水,有效降低水中藻类含量,确定影响除藻效果的主要因素。通过直接向蓝藻废水中投加驯化、优化过的菌液以及单因素实验,表明在容器中按V菌液：V废水为5：1000的比例投加菌液处理5d,藻类生物量得到明显控制,水样叶绿素a、TN、TP及CODCr去除率分别达71.2%、82.2%、77.4%和80.1%。实验结果说明,有效微生物群对蓝藻废水中的蓝藻有很好的抑制作用。     

富营养化水体的生物控藻技术概述

富营养化水体中的大量藻类对水质和生态系统构成极大威胁,利用生物法控制藻类是一个重要的发展方向。本文综述了利用鱼类、大型水生植物、底栖生物以及微生物等的控藻技术,分析了各项技术的特点和适用范围,并对相关研究进行了展望。     

超声波除藻的机制以及安全性研究进展

超声波空化氧化是一种新兴的除藻技术。较之其他的除藻工艺,超声波有着无可比拟的优势,越来越受到重视。本文就超声波除藻技术研究中的热点问题——超声波除藻的机制以及超声波除藻的水质安全性的最新研究进展进行综述,并指出这些研究中存在的一些问题以及未来可能的研究方向。     

水中典型致臭藻类培养浓度与吸光度、浊度关系探讨

颤藻(Oscillatoria Vauch.)和硅藻(Hantzschia amphioxys)是常见的导致地表水体臭味的藻类,本文分别对颤藻和硅藻培养液的吸光特性等进行了研究。经过光谱扫描发现,颤藻和硅藻在紫外区均无明显吸收峰;颤藻液在可见光区波长为420、440、625和675nm处有吸收峰,硅藻液在420和675nm处有吸收峰,颤藻液的吸光特性优于硅藻。研究发现,在一定浓度范围内,培养液中藻浓度与吸光度均成正比;本文同时探讨了培养液中藻浓度与浊度的关系,两者为线性关系;研究结果表明吸光度或浊度可准确反映培养过程中的藻浓度。     

Autoclaving soil samples affects algal-available phosphorus

Unwanted microbial interference in samples used for biological assays of P availability has routinely been eliminated by autoclaving samples before inoculation with algae. Twenty-three soils were selected to evaluate the relationship between algal growth in P-deficient solutions containing small quantities of soil and the level of P determined by a variety of tests used to evaluate P availability in soils and sediments. Soils were either autoclaved or not before addition to flasks containing P-starved algae in a nutrient solution without P. Compared to non-autoclaved samples, autoclaving soil resulted in approximately 60% more available P as estimated by increased algal growth. However, algal growth in the presence of autoclaved soil was highly correlated with growth in the presence of non-autoclaved samples. There was no consistent change in the correlations (r) between autoclaving or non-autoclaving samples in the relationships of algal numbers with P extracted by a number of soil tests. The effect of autoclaving soil on soluble P was also evaluated for a subset of six soils. Autoclaved soils had significantly greater concentrations of soluble P than non-autoclaved soils, with 78% more orthophosphate monoesters, 60% more orthophosphate diesters, and 54% more soluble inorganic P. Inhibition of algal growth may have occurred with two high-Zn soils that produced relatively low numbers of algae despite being very high in estimated available P by all extraction methods. Removing those samples from the calculations dramatically improved correlations between soil P measured by various methods and algal growth. With these two soils removed from calculations, algal growth with autoclaved soil was most highly correlated with Olsen P (r = 0.95), with other correlations as follows: Fe-oxide strip (r = 0.80), Mehlich 3 (r = 0.75,), modified Morgan (r = 0.61), and Bray-Kurtz 1 (r = 0.57).     

TROPICAL EUTROPHIC LAKE MODELING AND PARAMETER DISCRIMINATION1

ABSTRACT: Water quality data collected between 1978 and 1981 in a highly lake in Northern Venezuela, Lake Valencia, were analyzed to detect spatial and temporal trends. Based on the results of the analyses, an appropriate nutrient-algae dynamics model was formulated. Because many parameters, such as the algae concentration were constant over time, and the model is time dependent, the model had to be calibrated with the use of a large and structured trial-and-error calibration process. Through the calibration process, the most sensitive parameters of the model were identified, and are in order of importance: the chlorophyll-to-nitrogen ratio for algae, the algae settling velocity, the phosphorus release rate from the sediments, the chlorophyll-to-phosphorus ratio for algae, and the exchange coefficient in the upper layer of the lake. Model simulations showed that a reduction in the nitrogen load to the lake as well as a reduction in the phosphorus load will decrease the algae population. These model simulations had a high degree of uncertainty associated with them, making additional sampling directed towards the measurement of the sensitive parameters desirable.     

Water quality in a non-traditional off-stream polyethylene-lined reservoir

Annual water storage in a 5.3 ha, polyethylene-lined, off-stream irrigation reservoir in northern Alabama, USA, resulted in marked improvement in water quality. Results of three-year monitoring from June 1999 to May 2002 indicate that the relatively static conditions of the reservoir enhanced settling of suspended particles by 85% (from 14.4 to 2.1 mg TSS/L) that cleared the water and increased sunlight penetration. The organic and inorganic particles that settled to the bottom removed up to 88% of the nutrients and other chemical substances from the water. Nutrients remaining in the water column were rapidly assimilated by phytoplankton algae. With the basin sealed at the bottom and no runoff input there was limited opportunity for nutrients or other substances to enter the reservoir in quantities that would adversely affect water quality. Consequently, reservoir water was found to be of high quality and suitable as a raw water supply. Non-traditional, off-stream storage reservoirs such as described in this paper may be uniquely suited for agricultural irrigation and public water supply in regions such as southeastern US that experience relatively frequent drought conditions but have relatively abundant long-term annual rainfall.     

基于MODIS数据的太湖蓝藻水华时空分布规律研究

利用EOS/MODIS遥感影像数据,采用蓝藻水华分级评价方法和蓝藻水华发生频率分析方法,对2010年～2013年不同级别太湖蓝藻水华时空分布规律进行分析和研究,以期为太湖蓝藻水华预警、监控、治理工作提供技术支持.结果表明：（1） 2010年～2013年,全太湖共发生蓝藻水华354次,其中小型水华发生次数最多,蓝藻水华级别越高,发生次数越少.（2）年际变化上,蓝藻水华发生次数总体趋于平稳,蓝藻水华发生呈现“小型多发、中大型少发、重大型偶发”趋势,蓝藻水华发生规模呈显著缩小趋势.（3）月际变化上,蓝藻水华主要发生在8 ～10月,8月和9月尤其是太湖蓝藻水华的高发月份.发生规模上,4～6月蓝藻水华发生规模较小,7月开始规模逐步扩大,到9月达到顶峰,10月规模有所缩小.（4）空间变化上,太湖西部沿岸是太湖蓝藻水华首次爆发最频繁的水域.从空间分布频率来看,太湖西部沿岸区尤其宜兴沿岸是蓝藻水华爆发频率最高的水域.     

利用植物化感作用抑藻的研究进展

利用植物化感作用抑制藻类具有生态安全和灵敏高效等优点,对水体富营养化的生态控制具有极其重要的意义。本文研究了利用植物化感作用抑藻的进展,从化感物质对藻细胞光合作用、酶活性、细胞膜、细胞超微结构、基因表达的影响方面探究了植物化感抑藻作用的机理。并分别就水生植物和陆生植物中提取的各类化感抑藻物质的抑藻效果进行分析比较,尤其探讨了木本植物抑藻的潜在价值,为开发新的抑藻剂提供理论指导。本文还针对目前的研究现状,提出植物抑藻领域存在的问题及前景展望。     

Cadmium in aquatic ecosystems in Western Australia: A legacy of nutrient-deficient soils

More than 273 tonnes of cadmium have been added to Western Australian ecosystems through the application of superphosphate fertilisers since 1982. Fifty percent of this is water soluble and therefore eventually leaches into waterbodies and accumulates in the sediments. From this source, it enters the food web through algae and benthic animals and may ultimately be passed to humans. This is reflected in the cadmium levels of the freshwater mussels (Westralunio carteri) that exceeded statutory Australia New Zealand Food Authority (ANZFA) guidelines for Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPCs) with respect to human consumption. The cadmium levels bioaccumulated in freshwater mussels elevated with increasing catchment clearing, being highest in degraded catchments. The MPC for Cd in crustaceans have recently been removed, yet tissues within the freshwater crayfish (Cherax tenuimanus) frequently exceeded the old MPC (0·2 μCd g⁻¹wet weight). Marron are sometimes consumed in considerable quantities and the risk to human health posed by a high Cd intake is briefly summarised. Finally, a number of management options concerned with reducing the level of Cd from fertilisers passing to humans are reviewed.     

原油及产品对藻类毒性影响研究

藻类具有种类繁多，个体小，生长繁殖迅速，对毒物的毒性敏感等特点，它长时间在水中生长，能客观地反映原油及产品对水体污染所产生的毒害综合效应。实验室中毒性研究通常采用纯种藻类培养来评价油的急性和早期毒性影响。经过实验室研究及原油泄漏现场调查研究表明：在含油的生态系统中油能刺激藻类的生长。在油污染过的水体中，原油中的轻烃和较易挥发的组分对藻类的毒性影响最大，原油泄漏的短期毒性影响和二次影响同等重要，油对藻类种群结构也具有重要的毒性影响。     

滆湖藻密度的时空分布及驱动因子分析

在2年内分季度调查滆湖浮游植物种群和水环境因子,分析藻密度的空间分布状况以及按时间序列的藻密度变化和浮游植物优势种群变化,分别采用"多元线性逐步回归法"和"偏相关系数法"进行藻密度驱动因子识别。结果表明,滆湖藻密度空间分布趋势为由北向南逐渐升高,年际间季节差异极显著。浮游植物的演替规律为冬、春季节以绿藻和硅藻为主,夏、秋季节蓝藻占绝对优势。通过比较2种统计方法的计算结果,确定全湖及中、南部湖区藻密度的驱动因子是温度和高锰酸盐指数,北部湖区藻密度的驱动因子是温度和硝酸盐氮,所有驱动因子对滆湖藻密度的影响均为正效应。在富营养化严重的滆湖,N,P营养盐已经不再是浮游植物生长的主要驱动因子,从统计方法的角度解释了部分环境因子没有入选为驱动因子的原因,并推断了其他可能的驱动因子。     

藻类在水体污染监测中的运用

利用藻类进行水体污染监测在水生生物监测中占有重要的地位。各种不同的水体污染对藻类的种类,数量,结构等产生相应的影响,在一定程度上表明了水质的某种变化。