新疆山地森林灾害类型及防灾减灾途径

论述了新疆山地森林灾害类型和致灾因素，分析了造成山地森林灾害的主要原因，提出了恢复山地森林资源、改善生态环境和防止灾害发生的基本途径。     

浅谈伊犁地区山地天然林资源的保护和发展

伊犁地区林牧区生态系统的保水功能受到畜牧业生产活动的影响已明显下降,尤其是山地天然林资源的生态总体质量和生态功能都同步处于下降趋势。伊犁地区的生态建设重点应放在山地天然林分布区。保护和大力发展山地天然林资源是伊犁地区生态产业发展的核心内容。大力营造山地人工林,是目前条件下保护和发展山地森林资源的最有效手段。每年营造山地人工林不少于0 3×104hm2,才能够基本保持山地森林生态系统在资源总量和生态效能上的稳定,才能够基本维持伊犁地区以往良好的生态形象。建议自治区人民政府继续启动实施天山、阿尔泰山百万亩山林再造工程。     

四川森林资源与林业发展概况

四川地处长江上游,是一个多山的省份。山地和高原约占全省土地总面积的80％,地形复杂,气候多样。孕育了繁多的森林树种,蕴藏着丰富的森林资源。森林对维护自然生态平衡有显著作用,在国民经济建设中亦具有十分重要的地位。     

山区森林保护问题

文章指出:我国适合森林生长的土地面积较少,而且全国90％的林地分布在山区,因此保护好山地森林资源至关重要。文章针对当前山区森林保护工作中存在的问题进行了分析,指出:首先靠林业赚钱的思想根深蒂固。不顾生态效益和社会效益,滥砍乱伐现象时时发生;     

中国森林资源的主要灾害问题与对策分析

森林资源以集生的乔木为主体，能够对气候、水文等自然环境产生巨大影响的植物群落，中国森林资源面积有１３０９３×１０４ｈｍ２，森林覆盖率１３．８％。目前的现状是，森林资源缺乏、分布不均、蓄积量低、有林地面积小、构成不合理、可供采伐利用少等，其主要原因是森林资源灾害的长期存在并日趋严重。通过对森林资源灾害类型和致灾因素的分析，提出了相应的提高森林资源生产能力，改善森林资源生态环境和防止灾害发生的基本对策。     

秦皇岛森林资源现状与可持续发展对策探讨

森林是生态系统的主体,森林资源是人类的宝贵财富和社会发展的基础。本文论述了森林可持续发展的重要意义,分析了秦皇岛森林资源现状,以及开发利用中存在的问题,探讨了秦皇岛森林资源可持续发展的对策。     

促进森林资源产权流转制度完善的若干思考

在生态危机日益严重的今天,如何在提高我国森林资源的生产效率和森林覆盖率的同时,完善森林资源产权流转制度是摆在我们面前的一项重要课题。本文主要分析了我国森林资源产权流转中存在的一系列问题,并提出了一些建议。     

论建立我国林木采伐远期责任法律制度

森林资源在生态系统的保护中有着多方面的功能,保护森林资源对于环境保护、经济发展和科学研究有着重要意义。我国森林资源破坏严重,其中重要原因之一就是有关森林资源保护法律中存在着许多不完善之处。本文指出我国《森林法》关于法律责任规定存在的问题,提出了违法砍伐林木者应当承担远期保护责任的立法建议。     

山地自然资源的环境特征与可持续开发对策

本文通过分析山地自然资源环境的基本特征,从开发模式、利用规模和适当的开发场所三方面论述了山地自然资源可持续开发对策,并指出了在山地自然资源可持续开发过程中应重点注意的问题。     

山地旅游发展潜力评价研究

采用层次分析法,以旅游发展潜力影响因素为基础,结合山地特征,筛选山地旅游发展潜力评价因子,构建了包括3个子系统、8大指标、35个要素的山地旅游发展潜力评价指标体系。通过德尔菲法和模糊评分法赋予各因子权重,建立山地旅游发展潜力评价模型,并以广西北部69个A级山地景区为例,对模型进行检验。结果表明:①山地旅游发展潜力评价模型具有可操作性,在宏观上可判断整体发展潜力,在微观上可追溯不同指标的作用大小;②旅游供给、需求和保障系统对山地旅游发展潜力的影响力度依次减小,权重分别为0. 43、0. 33、0. 24;③山地旅游发展较大程度依赖于资源和山地地理条件;④客源地经济背景是山地旅游发展潜力重要的影响指标,处于良好经济发展条件的山地具有旅游发展优势。     

Towards the ecotourism: A decision support model for the assessment of sustainability of mountain huts in the Alps

This paper studies mountain hut infrastructure in the Alps as an important element of ecotourism in the Alpine region. To improve the decision-making process regarding the implementation of future infrastructure and improvement of existing infrastructure in the vulnerable natural environment of mountain ecosystems, a new decision support model has been developed. The methodology is based on qualitative multi-attribute modelling supported by the DEXi software. The integrated rule-based model is hierarchical and consists of two submodels that cover the infrastructure of the mountain huts and that of the huts’ surroundings. The final goal for the designed tool is to help minimize the ecological footprint of tourists in environmentally sensitive and undeveloped mountain areas and contribute to mountain ecotourism. The model has been tested in the case study of four mountain huts in Triglav National Park in Slovenia. Study findings provide a new empirical approach to evaluating existing mountain infrastructure and predicting improvements for the future. The assessment results are of particular interest for decision makers in protected areas, such as Alpine national parks managers and administrators. In a way, this model proposes an approach to the management assessment of mountain huts with the main aim of increasing the quality of life of mountain environment visitors as well as the satisfaction of tourists who may eventually become ecotourists.     

Cross-taxonomic potential and spatial transferability of an umbrella species index

Validation that conservation of certain species effectively protects a high proportion of co-occurring species is rare. Our previous work has suggested that an umbrella index based on geographic distribution and life history characteristics would maximize the proportion of conspecifics protected per unit area conserved. Using bird and butterfly data from three mountain ranges in the Great Basin, we examined whether umbrella species also would confer protection to species in different taxonomic groups. Further, we addressed the spatial transferability of umbrella species by considering whether species identified as umbrellas in one mountain range would be effective umbrellas in other mountain ranges. Overall, equal proportions of species would be protected using either cross-taxonomic umbrella species or same-taxon umbrella species. Our data suggested that in a given mountain range, umbrella species identified using data from the same mountain range versus a different mountain range would be equally effective. The ability of one set of umbrella species to confer protection to co-occurring species, however, may vary among taxonomic groups and geographic regions.     

皖南山区中华猕猴桃的气候适宜性区划

本文在简要分析皖南山区气候特征的基础上，根据中华猕猴桃的生长习性，提出了发展只结猕猴桃的适宜栽培高度区划，为合理利用山区气候资源发展猕猴桃生产提供科学依据。     

云台山生物资源的开发利用与保护

作为国家级风景区的云台山蕴藏着丰富的生物资源,本文从生物资源的可持续开发和经济学角度出发,对合理利用云台山的生物资源作了初步探讨。     

安徽省大别山区资源开发与利用

本文运用生态学原理中的系统观点，从资源和山区资源的概念出发，详尽表述了我省大别山区的发展途径，并提出相应的技术措施。     

川西生态旅游区山地灾害防治对策刍议

川西九寨沟风景为世界级的生态旅游胜地,但该区山地灾害频繁。本文提出对山地灾害防治及管理的主要措施。     

State Park Directors' Perceptions of Mountain Biking

/ This study intended to explore the perceptions of mountain bikingmanagement through a mail survey of state park directors in all 50 states.With a 100% response rate, it was found that 47 states permit mountainbiking in their state parks, however, few state parks have formalized plansto manage this outdoor activity. The management policies that do exist arenot followed on a statewide basis but vary within each state and at eachstate park. Many states have worked cooperatively with local mountain bikingclubs to develop and maintain mountain bike trails, promote rider education,and provide volunteer patrols on trails. The issue of user conflict surfacedwith almost three-fourths of the managers responding that conflict existedbetween mountain bikers and other trail users. This preliminary study shouldprompt further research with on-site managers focusing on the use ofmanagement plans for mountain biking, cooperation between managers and usergroups, and user conflict. It is recommended that an Internet-basedinformation clearinghouse or discussion group be made available to landmanagers by a national bicycling organization.KEY WORDS: Mountain biking; State parks; State park directors;Recreation resource management     

Estimating the benefits and costs to mountain bikers of changes in trail characteristics,access fees,and site closures: choice experiments and benefits transfer

Mountain biking is an increasingly popular leisure pursuit. Consequences are trail degradation and conflicts with hikers and other users. Resource managers often attempt to resolve these problems by closing trails to mountain biking. In order to estimate the impact of these developments, a model has been devised that predicts the effects of changes in trail characteristics and introduction of access fees, and correlates these with biker preference on trail selection. It estimates each individual's per-ride consumer's surplus associated with implementing different policies. The surplus varies significantly as a function of each individual's gender, budget, and interest in mountain biking. Estimation uses stated preference data, specifically choice experiments. Hypothetical mountain bike trails were created and each surveyed biker was asked to make five pair-wise choices. A benefit-transfer simulation is used to show how the model and parameter estimates can be transferred to estimate the benefits and costs to mountain bikers in a specific area.     

VMS在旅游公路景观影响评价中的应用

应用美国林务局的“风景资源管理系统”（VMS）对贾登峪-禾木乡旅游公路进行了景观影响评价。结果表明,从处于低位的观察点来看,山体的不同垂直位置承受的工程活动强度不同。山体的上半部能承受一定强度的工程活动,受公路建设的影响轻微;但山体的中下部能承受的工程活动有限,受公路建设的影响较大。具体分析表明,公路设计的老路方案和四级路方案对泰加林山体的景观影响程度基本相同。     

Management of mountain areas in Norway and the persistence of local–national conflicts

We have investigated why conflicts linked to the distribution of power between governments and actors at the national and local levels concerning environmental management of mountain areas in Norway persist despite political intentions to strengthen local powers. We seek to explain this by analysing changes in policies, institutional frameworks, and regional contexts, and the local perceptions of these changes. Paradoxically, the national government's power has apparently been strengthened by new sectoral regulations and more stringent enforcement of the existing ones, increases in the number and extent of protected areas, and failures to act on intentions to devolve power. An additional factor spurring conflicts is the increased importance of tourism to mountain communities. To become more relevant to policies and development in mountain areas, future studies on multilevel governance must address multilevel politics, entire mountain areas, and the context of their development, rather than focusing on minor projects and protected areas.