产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌分布对土壤-植物系统甲烷逸出的影响

CH₄(甲烷)的逸出量与产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌的数量密切相关.采用FISH(荧光原位杂交)技术定量解析芦苇和香蒲混栽土壤-植物生态系统基质,探讨CH₄的产生机理.结果表明,植物有利于微生物的生长,甲烷氧化菌主要聚居在植物根区,产甲烷菌数量高于甲烷氧化菌.气温变化和系统ORP(氧化还原电位)对土壤-植物生态系统CH₄排放通量的影响很大,芦苇和香蒲混栽土壤-植物生态系统CH₄年均排放通量为22.9 mg/(m2·h),最高达185.6 mg/(m2·h),排放峰值出现在夏季.表明芦苇和香蒲的生长促进了根际分泌物的产生,为产甲烷菌提供了较多生长所需的底物,从而刺激系统CH₄的排放.      

厌氧污泥颗粒化中微生态形成过程表征

采用荧光原位杂交（FISH）和聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳（PCR-DGGE）技术,表征了厌氧污泥颗粒化过程中微生物种群多样性及群落相似性的变化,解析了关键微生物中产氢产乙酸菌、耗氢产乙酸菌及产甲烷菌的动态演替,初步探讨了颗粒污泥微生态群落的形成过程.结果表明,正常启动的厌氧反应器中,颗粒污泥生长周期超过180 d...     

Rapid prenatal diagnosis of 14 cases of triploidy using fish with multiple probes

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of chromosome-specific probes to interphase nuclei can rapidly identify aneuploidies in uncultured amniotic fluid cells. Using DNA probe sets specific for chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X, and Y, we have identified 14 fetuses where the hybridization pattern was consistent with a triploid chromosome constitution. In each case, the identification of fetal abnormalities by ultrasound examination initiated a request for rapid determination of ploidy status via prenatal FISH analysis of uncultured amniocytes. FISH produced a three-signal pattern for the three autosomes in combination with signals indicating an XXX or XXY sex chromosome complement. This hybridization pattern was interpreted to be consistent with triploidy. Results were reported to the physician within 2 days of amniocentesis and subsequently confirmed by cytogenetics. These cases demonstrate the utility of FISH for rapid prenatal identification of triploidy, particularly when fetal abnormalities are seen with ultrasonographic examination.     

乙酸驯化对厌氧污泥微生物群落结构及发酵特性的影响

采用乙酸对厌氧污泥进行逐步驯化,以富集乙酸营养型产甲烷菌群,解决厌氧发酵过程中的酸抑制问题.对驯化前后污泥中的微生物群落结构及其在高酸浓度和低p H值条件下的发酵特性进行了研究.结果表明:驯化后污泥中乙酸营养型产甲烷菌中的甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina)得到了明显富集,其相对丰度由原始的4.2%提高到58.1%,成为耐酸污泥中的主导优势古菌群;氢营养型产甲烷菌属的丰度则都有不同程度的下降.污泥中产甲烷菌群由氢营养型为主导转为乙酸营养型和氢营养型共同主导.驯化前后污泥中细菌的优势菌门均为主要降解纤维素和半纤维素的厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和降解蛋白质的拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),其中驯化后Firmicutes的丰度由48.8%提高到61.7%,而Bacteroidetes的丰度则由30.1%降低至16.9%.驯化后的污泥对高VFA浓度和低pH值的耐受性均有较大程度的提高,其在VFA浓度为7500 mg·L~(-1)及pH 6.0条件下仍可以快速产气.     

产甲烷微生物研究概况

甲烷是仅次于CO2的第二大温室气体,因此环境中甲烷来源的研究在环境保护方面具有重要意义.大气中甲烷的浓度(体积分数)约为1.7×10-6,其中约有75%来源于产甲烷菌的代谢.产甲烷菌是一类厌氧古生菌,其分类主要依据为16S rRNA以及其他生化指标.产甲烷菌主要以乙酸、H2和CO2及甲基类化合物为底物并以甲烷为终产物.产甲烷菌生命活动过程深受自然环境的影响.本文从产甲烷菌的发现、形态、分类、代谢机制、生态学研究方面介绍产甲烷菌的研究概况.     

脉冲式盐水及Fe(III)施加对河口感潮淡水湿地土壤产甲烷菌和硫酸盐还原菌群落结构和数量的影响

以闽江河口塔礁洲感潮淡水河岸野慈姑（Sagittaria trifolia Linn.）沼泽湿地为研究对象,通过连续一年每月脉冲式施加人造海水和Fe（OH）₃溶液,研究了脉冲式盐水入侵和Fe（III）浓度增强对河口感潮沼泽湿地土壤产甲烷菌和硫酸盐还原菌群落结构的影响.结果显示,单独Fe（III）施加显著提高了土壤Fe（III）含量,单独盐水施加提高了土壤电导率及间隙水SO₄^2-、Cl^-和NH₄⁺浓度,在Fe（III）和盐水交互作用下间隙水NO₃^-浓度显著降低.土壤产甲烷菌主要包括甲烷微菌目（Methanomicrobiales）、八叠球菌目（Methanosarcinales）、甲烷杆菌目（Methanobacteriales）和Methanomassiliicoccales,硫酸盐还原菌主要有脱硫弧菌目（Desulfovibrionales）、脱硫杆菌目（Desulfobacterales）、互营杆菌目（Syntrophobacterales）和梭菌目（Clostridiales）.无论是脉冲式盐水入侵、Fe（III）浓度增强或是两者交互作用对于土壤产甲烷菌和硫酸盐还原菌多样性及群落结构的影响均不显著.与目水平相比,硫酸盐还原菌在属水平上对于各添加处理的响应更为明显,其中盐水+Fe（III）处理下Desulfatibacillum和Desulfovirga的相对丰度明显增加.RDA分析表明,土壤电导率对产甲烷菌群落结构的影响最为显著,Fe（III）是影响硫酸盐还原菌的重要环境因子,且Desulfatibacillum、Desulfobulbus、Desulfovirga等菌属对环境因子的响应较为敏感.研究表明,脉冲式盐水入侵及三价铁浓度增加对于我国东南沿海河口感潮淡水沼泽湿地土壤产甲烷菌和硫酸盐还原菌无显著影响.     

城市污水管网中产甲烷菌的分布特性规律

实验通过一套1 200 m的PVC管式反应器来模拟城市污水管网,利用气相色谱法、液相色谱法和454高通量测序等手段,研究了城市污水管网中产甲烷过程中的物质变化和产甲烷菌分布特性规律.结果表明,管网中甲烷含量沿程升高,说明管网中存在产甲烷菌;产甲烷菌主要包含甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina)、广古菌门中的菌属(Euryarchaeota_unclassified)和甲烷杆菌科中的菌属(Methanobacteriaceae_unclassified)这3种优势菌属,且在管网800~1 000 m处有广古菌门中的菌属(Euryarchaeota_unclassified)取代甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina)成为第一优势菌属的演替现象;管网中产甲烷可利用基质有甲酸、甲醇、甲胺、乙酸,其中乙酸为主要基质,这些基质在管网中先增加后降低的变化趋势导致了管网中产甲烷菌演替现象的发生.     

荧光原位杂交在环境微生物学中的应用及进展

荧光原位杂交技术广泛用于分析复杂环境的微生物群落构成,可以在自然生境中监测和鉴定微生物,并能对未被培养的微生物进行检测.rRNA为靶序列寡核苷酸或PNA探针的荧光原位杂交能提供微生物的形态学、数量、空间分布等信息,现已成为环境科学研究领域中的热点技术.对荧光原位杂交技术的发展和在环境微生物学中的应用进行了综述,探讨了该技术的应用和发展前景.      

Prenatal diagnosis of complete trisomy 19q

This communication presents the first case of complete trisomy 19q, prenatally detected by ultrasound investigation. Real-time high-resolution ultrasound examination was performed at 19 weeks of gestation. After termination of the pregnancy, autopsy investigation was done. GTG-banding, fluorescence in situ hybridization m-(FISH) analysis, and FISH analysis with a 19q subtelomeric specific probe were used for identification of the fetal karyotype. Sonographic examination revealed an enlarged cisterna magna, cerebellar hypoplasia and aplasia of the inferior part of the vermis, combined and bilateral kidney malformations, significant nuchal fold, absence of fetal nasal bones, and intracardial calcifications. Autopsy confirmed ultrasound findings, but also revealed situs viscerum inversus of the lungs. Fetal karyotype was defined as: 46,XY,der(21)t(19;21)(q11;p13)mat. Our ultrasound and autopsy findings will certainly contribute to better knowledge of phenotype characterization of this rare chromosomal disorder. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Prenatal identification of an isochromosome for the short arm of the Y i(Yp), by cytogenetic and Molecular analyses

A case of 45,X/46,X,+mar mosaicism was detected in a male fetus (27 weeks' gestation) referred for karyotype analysis following the observation of a short femur at the ultrasound scan. Analysis of 12 Y-chromosome loci by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) demonstrated that the marker chromosome is of Y origin and corresponds to an authentic isochromosome for the short arm of the Y chromosome, i(Yp). The breakpoint on this marker is in YQ11·1 close to the centromere. The present report illustrates the importance of FISH and PCR techniques as a complement to cytogenetic methods for accurate identification and characterization of chromosome rearrangements in prenatal diagnosis.     

Prenatal aneuploidy detection in interphase cells by fluorescence in situ hybridization (Fish)

FISH is a quick, inexpensive, accurate, sensitive and relatively specific method for aneuploidy detection in samples of uncultured chorionic villus cells and amniotic fluid cells. FISH allows detection of the autosomal trisomies 13, 18 and 21 and X and Y abnormalities and any other chromosome abnormality for which a specific probe is available. The detection rate of these abnormalities is high in informative samples which have a concordance of > 99.5% with cytogenetic results. A relatively high number of abnormal cases are found in uninformative samples. However, such samples should be regarded as samples to be investigated further. Clinical experience with the use of FISH for prenatal diagnosis is now beyond 10,000 cases; a number of clinical protocols and smaller trials have also been carried out, resulting in 90% of attempted analyses giving informative results with a high detection rate and extraordinarily low false-positive and false-negative rates Unsolved problems remain, such as occasional technical failures, admixtures of maternal blood and up to 20% uninformative scoring results, especially for abnormal specimens. FISH is at present used as an adjunct to classical cytogenetic analysis. However, this should not be interpreted as meaning that FISH could not be used as a methodology in its own right. If FISH were to be considered a Diagnostic test then this might be the case, due to the risk of false-negative and false-positive results and the fact that FISH does not allow a diagnosis of certain structural abnormalities. If, on the other hand, FISH is considered a screening test, which means that in all abnormal (or indeterminate) cases, classical cytogenetic analysis would follow the abnormal screening test, the accuracy which is potentially higher than for other screening methods, for example in cases of trisomy 21, justifies FISH as a prenatal screening test in its own right.     

高钙废水颗粒污泥中古菌菌群结构变化的分析

为了解高浓度Ca~(2+)与颗粒污泥中古菌菌群结构的关系,利用高通量测序分析IC(Internal Circulation)反应器(以废纸造纸废水为处理对象)内不同高度处颗粒污泥中古菌菌群组成,并利用SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope)和EDS(Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy)分析颗粒污泥的形态结构和元素组成,同时借助红外光谱和XRD(X-ray diffraction)分析不同高度处颗粒污泥化学结构中各官能团的分布情况和无机成分.结果表明,随着反应器高度的增加,颗粒污泥中的无机成分CaCO_3也随着增加,而种泥中钙含量只有1.81%.种泥和ICR反应器内的颗粒污泥中古菌在门分类水平上主要包括Euryarchaeota和Bathyarchaeota,两者之和占90%以上.在属分类水平上,主要包括Methanosaeta、Methanoregula、Methanobacterium、Methanosarcina、Methanolinea、Methanospirillum等.种泥中古菌的物种多样性要明显高于IC反应器中,在IC反应器中不同高度处古菌生物多样性由高到低的顺序是5 m2 m7 m,5 m处的古菌物种更加丰富.随着反应器高度的增加,乙酸营养型甲烷菌的相对丰度呈现递增趋势,氢营养型甲烷菌则呈现递减趋势,而种泥中氢营养型甲烷菌相对丰度较大.这表明颗粒污泥在高钙废水的长期作用下,氢营养型甲烷菌的相对丰度减少,乙酸营养型甲烷菌的相对丰度增多,系统中古菌物种的相对丰度和多样性有所下降.CaCO_3沉淀使颗粒污泥的产甲烷活性降低,主要表现为其对氢营养型甲烷菌具有较大的抑制作用.     

Low or absent unconjugated estriol in pregnancy: an indicator for steroid sulfatase deficiency detectable by fluorescence in situ hybridization and biochemical analysis

It has been previously reported that a low or absent maternal serum unconjugated estriol (uE3) level is associated with placental steroid sulfatase (STS) deficiency. Here we report a correlation between patients who present with a very low or absent maternal serum uE3 and a deletion of the STS gene as assessed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). We studied nine prenatal cases that presented to the clinical laboratory with an abnormal triple screen, specifically low or absent maternal serum uE3 and a 46,XY karyotype. FISH analysis showed complete deletion of a probe containing the STS gene in six cases and one case had a partial deletion (reduced but not absent signal). The remaining two cases were not deleted for the STS probe. All mothers tested whose fetus showed a deletion were shown to be STS deletion carriers using FISH. Biochemical analysis was performed on 7/9 prenatal specimens. All fetuses deleted for the STS probe were also found to be deficient for STS by biochemical analysis of cultured amniotic fluid (5/5). Of the two fetuses not deleted for the STS probe, one was deficient for STS activity, while the other had a normal result. The abnormal result of enzyme deficiency by biochemical analysis in a non-deletion case likely represents a mutation in the STS gene, not detectable by this FISH assay. Postnatal FISH confirmation of the STS deletion was performed in 1/7 cases. Clinical follow-up was available for 4/9 cases following birth. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Prenatal diagnosis of a de novo supernumerary marker derived from chromosome 16

Marker chromosomes are supernumerary chromosomes of unknown origin and are seldom found in prenatal diagnosis. Application of fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) allows the identification of the chromosomal origin of markers. Estimation of the risk of an abnormal phenotype outcome can be enabled by collecting data on phenotypes associated with markers of the same chromosomal origin. So far only very few cases of prenatal diagnosis of de novo supernumerary markers derived from chromosome 16 have been reported. Here the prenatal diagnosis of a de novo supernumerary marker chromosome 16 is described and the relevant literature discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Prenatal interphase FISH diagnosis of PLP1 duplication associated with Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease

A submicroscopic genomic duplication in Xq22.2 that contains the entire proteolipid protein 1 gene (PLP1) is responsible for the majority of Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease (PMD) patients. We previously developed an interphase FISH assay to screen for PLP1 duplications in PMD patients using peripheral blood and lymphoblastoid cell lines. This assay has been utilized as a clinical diagnostic test in our cytogenetics laboratory. To expand usage of the interphase FISH assay to prenatal diagnosis of PLP1 duplications, we examined three PMD families with PLP1 duplications utilizing aminiotic fluid samples. In two families the FISH assay revealed fetuses with PLP1 duplications, whereas the other fetus showed a normal copy number of PLP1. Haplotype analyses, as well as an additional FISH analysis using postnatal blood samples, confirmed the results of the prenatal analyses. Our study demonstrates utility of the interphase FISH assay in the prenatal diagnosis of PLP1 duplications in PMD. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

长江口沉积物甲烷产生潜力与产甲烷菌群落特征

采用室内培养与高通量测序技术,研究了长江口沉积物产甲烷潜力及其产甲烷菌群落组成特征.结果表明,研究区沉积物甲烷排放速率为4.15～7.12 nmol·g~(-1)·d~(-1),且表现出厌氧区高、丰氧区低的特点.甲烷产生潜力为丰氧区大于厌氧区,说明甲烷在水体中氧化是减少甲烷排放的重要环境过程.研究区沉积物中产甲烷菌群落组成具有明显的差异.厌氧区沉积物产甲烷菌的优势群落为Methanococcoides(拟甲烷球菌属)、Methanosarcina(甲烷八叠球菌属)和Methanosaeta(甲烷鬃菌属),丰氧区沉积物为Methanosarcina(甲烷八叠球菌属)、Methanosaeta(甲烷鬃菌属)和Methanocella(甲烷胞菌属),因而缺氧过程会对产甲烷菌群落产生重要的影响.通过估算发现,研究区甲烷的排放量为2487～6819 t·a~(-1),表明长江口是甲烷排放的净产生源.因此,由缺氧过程导致的河口环境因子变化会影响甲烷的代谢循环过程及其微生物群落组成,进而对河口生态系统甲烷排放产生重要的影响.     

Prenatal identification of i(YP) by molecular cytogenetic analysis

An i(Yp) is a rare marker chromosome. We present a case of de novo 46,X,i(Yp) detected prenatally in an amniotic fluid specimen. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies using a panel of Y-specific biotinylated DNA probes identified the marker chromosome as i(Yp). Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) studies further confirmed the diagnosis. Upon pregnancy termination, external examination of the fetus revealed a generally well-developed male fetus with slight facial dysmorphism and prominent rocker-bottom feet. The molecular cytogenetic data in this case proved very useful in genetic counselling and served as a good example illustrating the important role of molecular techniques for accurate identification of marker chromosomes.     

Microbial community structures in an integrated two-phase anaerobic bioreactor fed by fruit vegetable wastes and wheat straw

The microbial community structures in an integrated two-phase anaerobic reactor（ITPAR）were investigated by 16 S r DNA clone library technology. The 75 L reactor was designed with a 25 L rotating acidogenic unit at the top and a 50 L conventional upflow methanogenic unit at the bottom, with a recirculation connected to the two units. The reactor had been operated for 21 stages to co-digest fruit/vegetable wastes and wheat straw, which showed a very good biogas production and decomposition of cellulosic materials. The results showed that many kinds of cellulose and glycan decomposition bacteria related with Bacteroidales,Clostridiales and Syntrophobacterales were dominated in the reactor, with more bacteria community diversities in the acidogenic unit. The methanogens were mostly related with Methanosaeta, Methanosarcina, Methanoculleus, Methanospirillum and Methanobacterium; the predominating genus Methanosaeta, accounting for 40.5%, 54.2%, 73.6% and 78.7% in four samples from top to bottom, indicated a major methanogenesis pathway by acetoclastic methanogenesis in the methanogenic unit. The beta diversity indexes illustrated a more similar distribution of bacterial communities than that of methanogens between acidogenic unit and methanogenic unit. The differentiation of methanogenic community composition in two phases, as well as pH values and volatile fatty acid（VFA） concentrations confirmed the phase separation of the ITPAR. Overall, the results of this study demonstrated that the special designing of ITPAR maintained a sufficient number of methanogens, more diverse communities and stronger syntrophic associations among microorganisms, which made two phase anaerobic digestion of cellulosic materials more efficient.     

耐盐碱水稻土壤产甲烷菌群落特征及产甲烷途径

产甲烷菌在土壤碳循环过程中发挥着关键性作用,而种植耐盐碱水稻土壤中产甲烷菌群落特征及环境影响因素尚不明确.本研究采用实时荧光定量PCR和Illumina高通量测序技术,对青岛市稻作改良智慧农业产业示范基地中耐盐碱水稻（YC1703）、普通水稻（"临稻10号"）及荒地土壤中产甲烷菌的丰度特征、群落组成及与环境因子的关系进行了对比分析.结果表明,种植"临稻10号"土壤中的产甲烷菌丰度和群落丰富度显著高于种植YC1703的土壤,种植YC1703土壤中产甲烷菌具有较高多样性.产甲烷菌群落受水稻品种、水稻生育期和环境因子的综合影响.两种水稻土壤中H₂/CO₂还原型产甲烷菌占优势,由此推测这些土壤中生成甲烷的主导途径均为H₂/CO₂还原途径.     

Role of amniotic fluid interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis in patient management

We retrospectively reviewed 309 amniotic fluid interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses performed from October 1995 to June 1999 to assess the role of interphase FISH in the management of patients at increased risk for fetal aneuploidies. Gestational age and indications for amniocentesis, clinical interventions after FISH results, as well as interventions after final culture reports were analyzed. There were 244 (79%) normal, 50 (16%) abnormal and 15 (5%) inconclusive FISH results. There were no false-positive or false-negative results, but there were nine (3%) clinically significant chromosomal abnormalities not detectable by FISH. Of the 50 women with abnormal FISH results, 26 (52%) elected to terminate the pregnancy prior to the availability of the standard chromosome analysis. In two of the fetuses with trisomy 21 no abnormalities were reported by ultrasound examination. Our experience indicates that interphase FISH results played an important role in decision making, especially for pregnancies close to 24 weeks' gestation. Standard karyotype analysis is still required for detection of chromosome abnormalities not detectable by interphase FISH techniques and for clarification of unusual or inconclusive FISH results. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.