Offshore spawning of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Conger myriaster</Emphasis> in the western North Pacific: evidence for convergent migration strategies of anguilliform eels in the Atlantic and Pacific

The spawning area of the common Japanese conger, Conger myriaster, had remained unknown because spawning adults or its newly hatched larvae were never collected. Using genetic identification, we determined that C. myriaster spawns far offshore in the western North Pacific, just west of the spawning area of the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica. In June 2008, six newly hatched C. myriaster larvae, 5.6–6.9 mm, were collected at the eastern edge of where many small unidentified Conger leptocephali (7–20 mm) were collected previously. The offshore spawning location of C. myriaster is analogous to that of the American conger eel, Conger oceanicus, and the American eel, Anguilla rostrata, in the Sargasso Sea, suggesting that convergent evolution of large-scale reproductive migration strategies in both anguillid and conger eels has occurred in the north Atlantic and Pacific subtropical gyres. The realization that two anguillids, A. rostrata and A. japonica, and two congers, C. oceanicus and C. myriaster, have evolved almost identical migration strategies in widely separated ocean basins suggests that natural selection for larval survival and recruitment success has resulted in long offshore spawning migrations in two phylogenetically distant taxa of anguilliform eels.     

Seasonality of spawning by tropical anguillid eels around Sulawesi Island, Indonesia

Remarkably little is known about the life histories of the many tropical anguillid eels distributed across the Indo-Pacific region, and since the Danish expedition to study eels in the region in 1928 and 1929, research on these eels has only begun again in recent years. Sampling for anguillid leptocephali in the Indonesian Seas has been carried out recently to learn about the spawning ecology and larval distributions of tropical eels there. The leptocephali of Anguilla marmorata, Anguilla bicolor pacifica, Anguilla borneensis, Anguilla interioris, and Anguilla celebesensis were collected around Sulawesi Island both in May 2001 and October of 2002. The development of genetic identification techniques has enabled these leptocephali to be identified to species, and their distributions and sizes during different seasons indicated that there are differing life history patterns among sympatric species in the region. A. celebesensis was found to have been spawning in Tomini Bay of northeastern Sulawesi Island in March and April 2001, but apparently, no spawning had occurred in the late summer and fall of 2002. Studies on anguillid glass eels have suggested that tropical anguillids may spawn throughout much of year, but our research on leptocephali in Tomini Bay and data on the downstream migration of tropical anguillids in the major tributary to Tomini Bay indicate that A. celebesensis may have a distinct seasonal pattern of spawning possibly related to the regional monsoon cycles. This is the first evidence of seasonality of spawning in tropical anguillid eels whose life histories are only just beginning to be revealed.     

渤海鳀鱼产卵场关键影响因素识别及变迁预测

为识别影响渤海鳀鱼产卵场分布的关键因素并预测产卵场的未来变迁,采用地理加权回归（GWR）方法,建立了渤海鳀鱼产卵场分布的GWR回归模型,分析了鳀鱼鱼卵分布与环境因子的关系,进而结合海表温度、盐度变化趋势,预测了未来渤海鳀鱼产卵场空间分布的变迁.结果表明,表层海水的温度、硅酸盐浓度、盐度和海水深度是对鳀鱼产卵场分布贡献较大的因素,其回归系数平均值依次为1.296、-1.133、-0.374和0.521,在未来海表温度、盐度变化情景下,一方面,渤海鳀鱼产卵场总面积将呈现缩小的趋势,最大可收缩为现有面积的47%,特别是渤海湾东北部鳀鱼产卵场明显收缩;另一方面,鳀鱼产卵场的密集区会发生迁移,如在辽东湾将出现新的产卵场密集区.GWR方法可以识别变量的空间非平稳性,应用其预测鳀鱼产卵场的未来变迁,可为渤海生态综合管理提供科学依据.     

东黄渤海白姑鱼(Argyrosomus argentatus) 渔场空间格局的研究

根据1971-1982年渤、黄、东海的统计资料研究近海白姑鱼数量空间格局的变化。研究结果表明:我国东黄渤海白姑鱼渔场一共有3类:即产卵场渔场,主要位于春季东海沿海水域;索饵场渔场主要位于夏季的东海北部和黄海南部;越冬场渔场有两个,北部越冬场在冬季的东黄海外海,南部越冬场主要集中在东海南部近海。自1978年后,东海白姑鱼产量明显上升,并且超过黄渤海区。通过对不同渔场白姑鱼产量对整个渔场产量贡献的分布格局分析显示,东海白姑鱼主要渔场有两个:其中东黄海渔场位于长江口附近,渔讯为5-9月;黄渤海的渔场位于黄海北部近海和渤海中央,主要渔讯在11月。在渔汛时,白姑鱼渔场中的鱼群密集,产量集中,是捕捞白姑鱼的理想渔场。1971-1982年白姑鱼鱼群的分布与近年来分布格局类似,因此论文有关白姑鱼渔场特征、渔汛时间和渔场贡献率分布格局模式等重要结论对现今白姑鱼资源保护仍然具有重要的参考价值。     

东海区北部小黄鱼生殖群体分布及与水团关系

根据2003～2005年每年4月东海区北部小黄鱼CPUE、海水温度和盐度数据,分析了春季小黄鱼分布与水团间关系。结果表明,2003～2005年每年4月小黄鱼的平均CPUE分别为4.72、3.47和1.96 kg/h;小黄鱼的主要分布区可分为4个海域:A,黄海南部近海;B,黄、东海交界海域;C,长江口外海域;D,东海中北部海域;小黄鱼最适生存的底层温度为10～14℃,底层盐度为32～34.3;研究海域内底层水团包括:东海北部底层冷水团、黄海水团、黄-东海混合水团以及东海混合水团;分布区C内的小黄鱼主要位于东海混合水团和黄-东海混合水团的交汇处,其它3个分布区内的小黄鱼都是在东海北部底层冷水团与其它水团的交汇处。     

印度洋中南部长鳍金枪鱼繁殖栖息的适应性

根据2009年3～4月在印度洋中南部水域作业的中国金枪鱼延绳钓渔船上收集数据,基于反映鱼类繁殖能力的重要指标—性腺指数(GSI)及其影响因素—表温(SST)、100 m水层的水温(TEMP)及200 m水层的溶解氧浓度(DO),对长鳍金枪鱼繁殖栖息地适应性进行分析。结果表明,表温、表层盐度、100 m水层的水温及200 m水层的DO与印度洋中南部长鳍金枪鱼GSI的最佳上界分位数回归方程分别为pGSISST0.55=159.47-12.20SST0.55+0.24SST20.55,pGSISSS0.70=527.22-28.51 SSS0.70+0.39SSS20.70,pGSITEMP0.55=2.25-0.23TEMP0.55-0.01TEMP20.55和pGSIDO0.70=53.71-17.66DO0.70+1.49DO20.70。调查区域长鳍金枪鱼繁殖栖息地指数分布在0.52～0.97之间。自北向南,繁殖栖息地指数有逐渐增加的趋势,25°S以南水域,繁殖栖息地指数基本上维持在0.65以下。本研究为阐明印度洋长鳍金枪鱼的繁殖空间分布提供了一条新的思路。     

基于遥感数据反演技术的东海海洋环境谱编制

通过卫星遥感数据的大规模反演技术,获取了研究区域海洋环境要素的时空分布。研制了多通道温湿度综合测量仪,通过实测结果与反演结果的对比,验证了该方法的可信性和可行性。以我国东海海域5a的卫星遥感数据为基础,通过反演计算出该海域的温度、湿度和盐雾分布,编制出适用的海洋环境谱。     

基于实测数据和卫星数据的黄东海透明度估测模型研究

海水透明度是描述水体光学特征的一个重要参数,也是海洋水质调查中的一个重要指标。利用2个航次的黄东海透明度数据和MODIS遥感反射率数据,进行了黄东海透明度的遥感反演研究,建立了透明度单波段模型、波段比值模型、三波段模型以及基于固有光学特性的半分析模型。结果表明,三波段模型具有较高精度,反演值与实测值之间的平均相对误差为19%、决定系数为0.719、均方根误差为1.47m。黄东海透明度估测模型的建立,有利于利用遥感影像对黄东海透明度进行全面估测,对于监测黄东海水质状况具有重要意义。     

南黄海海水中各种形态磷的分布变化特征

利用 1998年 5月南黄海大面调查所得到的数据和相关的历史资料 ,对南黄海海水中P的现状及其分布变化规律进行了分析 :南黄海海水中P的含量底层略高于表层 ,且主要存在形式是DOP ;底层水中颗粒态磷和溶解态磷的形态间转化与表层不同 ,可能是通过DOP为煤介进行的 ;在南黄海海水中 ,溶解态磷酸盐的分布主要是受生物活动的影响 ,可以作为赤潮发生的一个预测因子 ;南黄海的大部分区域N、P供应充分 ,属于中等营养海区。     

三峡水库生态调度试验对四大家鱼产卵的影响分析

2011年以来,三峡水库持续开展了促进长江中游四大家鱼产卵的生态调度试验.采用鱼类早期资源调查方法研究了三峡水库生态调度实施以来四大家鱼自然繁殖、水文环境要素的年际变化特征,采用系统重构方法分析了四大家鱼自然繁殖的关键生态水文要素,提出了宜昌江段涨水过程的生态调度优化条件.结果表明:①2012—2018年三峡水库共开展了11次生态调度试验,生态调度使得宜昌江段持续涨水时间范围为2~9 d,水位日均涨幅范围为0.43~1.83 m,流量日均增幅范围为1 080~5 800 m3/s,起始水温范围为17.5~23.5℃.②沙市江段监测到四大家鱼鱼卵时的水温分布范围为19.2~25.5℃、平均值为22.5℃,流量分布范围为11 000~33 600 m3/s、平均值为16 890 m3/s;水温平均值在各年份间没有显著性差异,流量平均值在各年份间有显著性差异.③沙市江段四大家鱼鱼卵组成以草鱼和鲢为主,二者年均产卵量约占总产卵量的85%,青鱼和鳙年均产卵量约占总产卵量的15%.除2016年外,生态调度期间四大家鱼的产卵量占监测期间四大家鱼总产卵量的比例较大,变动范围为31.90%~66.58%.生态调度期间,四大家鱼自然繁殖性能普遍好于非生态调度时期,表现为产卵持续时间更长、产卵场范围更广、单次洪峰的产卵规模更大,证实了实施生态调度的有效性.④持续涨水天数、初始水位和产卵时序是影响2012—2018年宜昌至沙市江段四大家鱼产卵量的重要生态水文参数.⑤为增加宜昌至沙市江段四大家鱼产卵量,宜昌江段需满足的水文条件为断面初始流量达14 000 m3/s,持续涨水4 d以上,水位日涨幅平均大于0.5 m,流量日增幅平均大于2 000 m3/s,与前一次洪峰的间隔时间在5 d以上.研究显示,三峡水库连续实施生态调度对近年来长江中游四大家鱼的种群恢复起到了一定的作用,未来应将建模和监测手段整合到生态调度试验中以分析长期的生态响应,并建立一套科学的生态调度效果评价体系来评价流量调节对四大家鱼产卵活动的影响.      

齐口裂腹鱼上溯洄游过程中的感官圈解译研究

选取西南地区典型鱼类齐口裂腹鱼（Schizothorax prenanti,（32.32±2.73） cm）作为实验对象,测试鱼类在上溯过程中应对不同水流环境时的游泳行为,解译不同大小网格尺寸下鱼类的游泳速度、转向次数以及转角和转角差与真实游泳轨迹的匹配程度.结果表明：采用小于或等于0.30m尺寸的网格时,分析得出的鱼类上溯运动平均游泳速度、转向次数以及转角和转角差均与实际情况无显著性差异,另外鱼类更偏向于在0.20~0.40m/s的流速区间内以和水平方向呈-49°~49°的运动搜索范围进行上溯运动.     

江苏东沙的资源及其开发潜力

东沙是江苏岸外沙洲中面积最大、高程最高的一个沙滩,但尚未开发利用。本文据实地调查、海图卫片、文献资料,分析了东沙的土地资源、生物资源和能源的开发潜力,并就如何因地制宜、合理利用,提出了建议。     

Ecotoxicological effects of waterborne PFOS exposure on swimming performance and energy expenditure in juvenile goldfish (Carassius auratus)

The potential risks of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are of increasing ecological concern. Swimming performance is linked to the fitness and health of fish. However, the impacts of PFOS on swimming performance remain largely unknown. We investigated the ecotoxicological effects of acute exposure to PFOS on the swimming performance and energy expenditure of juvenile goldfish (Carassius auratus). The fish were exposed to a range of PFOS concentrations (0, 0.5, 2, 8 and 32 mg/L) for 48 hr. The spontaneous swimming activity, fast-start swimming performance, critical swimming speed (Ucrit) and active metabolic rate (AMR) of the goldfish were examined after exposure to PFOS. PFOS exposure resulted in remarkable effects on spontaneous activity. Motion distance was reduced, and the proportion of motionless time increased with increasing concentrations of PFOS. However, no significant alterations in the fast-start performance-related kinematic parameters, such as latency time, maximum linear velocity, maximum linear acceleration or escape distance during the first 120 msec after stimulus, were observed after PFOS exposure. Unexpectedly, although PFOS exposure had marked influences on the swimming oxygen consumption rates and AMR of goldfish, the U crit of the goldfish was not significantly affected by PFOS. This may result in a noteworthy increase in the energetic cost of transport. The overall results indicate that, in contrast to spontaneous activity, underlying swimming capabilities are maintained in goldfish after short-term exposure to PFOS, but energy expenditure during the process of swimming is dramatically aggravated.     

平潭中国鲎保护区规划建议

平潭中国鲎自然保护区(省级)于1998年列入《福建省自然保护区发展规划(1998—2010)》。过去四年间，平潭的滩涂环境、鲎资源分布及社会经济结构都起了较大变化。因此，有必要结合现有条件，重新考虑保护区选址、形式、规模等一系列问题．调查结果显示，在现有平潭中国鲎自然保护区预留区内，跨海澳、甲狮澳至钱便澳海区和坛南湾观音澳以南海区仍具备适宜中国鲎保护的自然、资源及社会环境．建议在相关区域设立两个核心区，分别为被保护对象提供产卵、发育场地和越冬、摄食场所，并在两区之间留出季节性保护的洄游通道．本文还就保护区的形式和任务提出叁考意见．     

夏季东海北部近海鱼类群落结构变化

根据1964、1982、1999和2005年6月渔业生物资源底拖网监测资料,分析了东海北部近海鱼类群落结构的变化。结果表明,1964、1982、1999和2005年间,4次监测中出现的鱼类种类数分别为64、78、64和47种;4次监测中主要优势种类均为带鱼,但其资源量正逐渐降低;其它优势种类由20世纪60年代的底层优质鱼类,转变为80年代的中上层鱼类,随后转变为现在的群落结构简单、底层和中上层鱼类均较少的状况;鱼类生物多样性指数均呈现由1964年到1982年升高,随后又逐渐降低的趋势;1964-2005年间鱼类群落长度谱变化状况表明,该海域内的鱼类呈现小型种类和小个体增多,大个体减少,且长度范围变小的趋势。     

金沙江下游向家坝水库不同出库流量对四大家鱼生境面积影响的定量分析

金沙江下游河道是珍稀特有鱼类国家级自然保护区,适宜的流量是鱼类产卵繁殖的必要条件之一.为量化金沙江下游四大家鱼产卵繁殖所需的适宜生态流量,以向家坝水电站坝址至宜宾水文站(宜宾江段)为研究区域,以四大家鱼产卵期栖息地对水动力的需求作为主要生态因子,通过2012—2019年四大家鱼生境水动力实测资料建立其水动力适宜性曲线,构建基于非结构化不规则三角形网格的宜宾江段平面二维水动力模型,实现了家鱼栖息地水动力分布特征的精细模拟,采用物理栖息地模型(PHABSIM)对影响四大家鱼产卵的主要水动力条件(流速及水深)的需求进行分析,量化水库不同出库流量条件下对应的四大家鱼的栖息地加权可利用面积(WUA),建立了流量与栖息地加权可利用面积关系曲线,定量分析水库不同出库流量对四大家鱼产卵栖息地加权可利用面积的影响,据此进行适宜生态流量的选择.结果表明:金沙江下游宜宾江段四大家鱼产卵繁殖期的适宜流速为0.6~1.3 m/s,最佳流速为0.9~1.0 m/s,适宜水深为3.0~18.0 m,最佳水深为9.0~12.0 m;栖息地加权可利用面积随着水库出库流量的增加呈先增大再缓慢减小的趋势,当水库出库流量为3 000 m3/s时栖息地加权可利用面积达到最大,占研究河段总面积的24.26%,由此推定四大家鱼适宜生态流量为2 000~4 500 m3/s,最佳生态流量为3 000 m3/s.研究显示,通过控制向家坝水库适宜出库流量,可有效保证宜宾江段四大家鱼栖息地面积,为通过金沙江下游梯级水库的生态调度、改善四大家鱼产卵场水动力条件提供了依据.      

Atlantic sturgeons (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Acipenser sturio</Emphasis>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acipenser oxyrinchus</Emphasis>): American females successful in Europe

Recent molecular data on the maternally inherited mitochondrial (mt) DNA have challenged the traditional view that the now extinct Baltic sturgeon population belonged to the European sturgeon Acipenser sturio. Instead, there is evidence that American sea sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus historically immigrated into the Baltic Sea. In this study, we test the hypothesis that A. oxyrinchus introgressed into, rather than replaced, the A. sturio population in the Baltic. We established four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the nuclear MHC II antigen gene with a species-specific SNP pattern. Using an ancient DNA approach and two independent lines of molecular evidence (sequencing of allele-specific clones, SNaPshot), we detected both A. sturio and A. oxyrinchus alleles in the available museum material of the now extinct Baltic sturgeon population. The hybrid nature of the Baltic population was further confirmed by very high levels of heterozygosity. It had been previously postulated that the immigration of the cold-adapted A. oxyrinchus into the Baltic occurred during the Medieval Little Ice Age, when temperature likely dropped below the degree inducing spawning in A. sturio. Under this scenario, our new findings suggest that the genetic mosaic pattern in the Baltic sturgeon population (oxyrinchus mtDNA, sturio and oxyrinchus MHC alleles) is possibly caused by sex-biased introgression where spawning was largely restricted to immigrating American females, while fertilization was predominantly achieved by abundant local European males. The hybrid nature of the former Baltic sturgeon population should be taken into account in the current reintroduction measures. Electronic supplementary material  Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at and is accessible for authorized users.     

斑马鱼群体行为变化用于水质在线预警的研究

采用计算机摄像跟踪技术,以正常水体中斑马鱼鱼群的行为变化为基础,模拟污染物突发暴露下斑马鱼鱼群游动行为(速度和高度)、通讯行为(平均距离和分散度)和区域分布(不同区域停留时间)的变化规律.结果表明:在氯氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯联合突发暴露下,斑马鱼表现出慌乱不安的过度活跃,游动速度在暴露前30 min内持续增大,变化区间由暴露前30～60 mm·s-1增至60～85 mm·s-1,而后又迅速下降至20mm·s-1左右.高度的变化稍微滞后于速度的突变,在暴露12 min后才明显增高.持续的污染物暴露和其对鱼的毒性作用也破坏了鱼群原有的通讯和分布规律,平均距离和分散度分别增大43.5%和120.0%,且鱼群在浓度相对较低、接近水面的出水口附近的停留时间明显增加.与传统的以个体鱼和单一行为反应为监测对象的方式相比,基于斑马鱼群体行为变化用于水质在线预警系统能够获得更加全面、有效的信息,是预警水质突变的可靠手段.     

Occurrence and variation of egg cannibalism in brown trout Salmo trutta

Egg cannibalism is a common behavior among fish taxa and is largely studied in species with parental care. Heterocannibalism and filial cannibalism have both been reported in salmonids, a group with no extended parental care, but the topic remained somewhat under-documented, especially in brown trout (Salmo trutta). In the present study, 83 spawning events were recorded finely with high-resolution video in three natural populations. Redd covering dynamics by females and the timing of cannibalism showed that eggs were vulnerable mainly during the first 120 s after spawning. Cannibalism occurred in 25% of spawnings and was principally perpetrated by peripherals but the sires also cannibalized their brood, especially after multiple mating. The probability of cannibalism increased with operational sex ratio but did not correlate with the date in spawning season. Occurrence of cannibalism also differed between populations. Our results suggest that such behavior is frequent and may reduce the fitness of parents. Its evolutionary implications for population ecology should be considered, since it appeared to be controlled by environmental and spatial factors.     

Biological exposure models for oil spill impact analysis

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