基于区分权的水质综合评价方法

论证"隶属度"作为相似性度量是水质评价的最佳选择,定义指标区分权重,规范隶属函数的拓扑空间结构、代数性质和标准化方法,建立基于区分权的水质评价模型。     

居室放射性及其对策

介绍了居室放射性的概念，度量单位，危害，影响因素及其分布特点，提出了防护对策。     

乘积函数的图像盒维数的一个注记

主要研究了两个连续函数乘积图像的盒维数,利用连续函数图像的盒维数及其性质,得出两个连续函数乘积图像的上盒维数不大于每一个连续函数图像的上盒维数。对于任意两个连续函数,当其函数图像的盒维数存在且不等时,建立双李普希兹映射,并证明该映射保持连续函数图像的盒维数不变,进而由两个连续函数和的图像的盒维数的相关结论推出两个连续函数乘积的图像的盒维数等于两者中的最大一个。     

景观空间格局的定量化

根据栅格化数字图的数据,本文讨论景观信息理论指数:根据Shannon熵进行各种度量,如:度量多样性和聚集度;以及根据条件熵进行度量,如:一种新的指数,可以替代聚集度的度量,从而避免与多样性高度相关的缺点.另外,在这里还介绍一种测量方法,即在大尺度图中含多少小尺度图的信息.     

沈阳市铁西区水污染物排放总量的核定

系统分析、核定了沈阳市铁西区水污染物排放总量,通过对排污总量的可靠性分析和度量,提出了提高系统信息可靠性的监测与改进建议.认为加强泵站信息的监测与调查有利于对重金属类污染物实施总量控制;而且,在此基础上追加细河黄蜡坨子断面的监测不仅可以清晰识别细河入浑河的排污量,而且可以对有机污染物进行总量控制作出有针对性的、及时的反应.     

时间序列相似匹配算法在数字海洋风暴潮辅助决策系统中的应用

在现有风暴潮灾害研究基础上,结合风暴潮数据库特点,提出基于斜率分段过滤的相似匹配算法,定义了风暴潮辅助决策、风暴潮序列以及应用于风暴潮序列的相似匹配度量模型。由于海洋数据具有海量等特性,本文先用基于斜率特征向量分段算法进行过滤,再用风暴潮相似度量模型提取相似序列,依据提取的序列在风暴潮数据库中的记录信息,进行风暴潮辅助决策,为风暴潮灾害乃至整个海洋数据的研究提供了较好的技术支持。     

工程对环境影响系统分析中有关二次影响问题的探讨

就水电工程对生态与环境二次影响问题的系统分析,提出一种便于应用的交互矩阵方法,并讨论了二次影响程度如何在度量规范中进行追加计算。     

金沙江流域（云南段）人居自然环境质量时空分异研究

基于2010、2015、2020年3期遥感影像和其他多源数据,从自然环境的角度,选取地貌、土壤、植被覆盖等10个环境质量因子作为人居自然环境质量评估指标,将熵权法、欧式距离函数等多方法复合建立流域人居自然环境质量的综合度量模型,通过GIS趋势面、Moran’s I指数及冷热点分析揭示流域人居自然环境质量的时空分异规律。结果表明：流域人居自然环境质量受坡度、地貌和植被覆盖度的影响较大,环境质量优异地区的空间分布与坡度平缓、地貌适宜且植被良好的区域具有较高的重叠性;流域三期人居自然环境质量的时空演变规律表现为：空间维上,南部>北部、中部>东部>西部,从南到北,环境质量下降,中下游优于上游;时间维上,呈现出先下降后回升的趋势,尤其是中游以南的滇中地区表现尤为明显;流域整体呈正相关集聚分布,置信度高的热点区以中下游以南的楚雄州及昆明地区为主;而置信度高的冷点区覆盖整个迪庆藏族自治州。研究得出的人居自然环境度量模型及空间异质性分析方法为开展类似研究提供参考,揭示的人居自然环境时空变异规律为区域进行灾害搬迁选址和环境保护治理提供科学依据。     

生态系统健康评价的群落学指标

阐述生态系统健康的概念、特征以及对于人类生存的重要性，讨论评价生态系统健康的群落学指标，对群落物种多样性-丰度的对数正态分布作为度量生态系统健康的指标作了介绍，并进行初步探讨。     

黑碳的环境老化与环境氧化

黑碳在环境中广泛存在且含量呈逐年递增之势。进入土壤/沉积环境的黑碳通常被认为性质稳定,但事实上,土壤老化及环境氧化作用会使其性质发生缓慢改变。文章综述了黑碳在土壤中老化和在环境中氧化前后的性质变化和影响因素,讨论了上述变化对污染物固定及土壤功能的影响,上述综述和讨论将有助于人们正确认识黑碳在土壤中的环境角色和功能。     

浅谈行业环境监测站的计量认证

行业环境监测站承担着行业排污单位的例行监测和监督工作，只有提高分析质量和实验室管理水平，通过计量认证，规范分析方法，才能更好地为行业主管部门和当地政府服务。     

县级环境监测站首次计量认证工作的探讨

分析了县级环境监测站的现状,探讨了首次计量认证工作的程序、应注意的问题。     

工程材料LCA中环境效益的分析与研究

论述了材料环境效益性的目标因素,详细分析产品材料在LCA中的环境效应性、能量消耗性和经济回收性;通过LCI分析建立环境效应、能量度量、经济度量的决策模型和数学模型实现材料环境效益性的目标;先整体定性分析LCA工艺,再定量计算环境效益的三属性值,建立目标函数、分层优化算法确定影响因子和相应的权重系数之间的关系以及对产品材料的环境效益性的影响,最后以家用小型风扇回收处理中各种材料环境效益性为例进行具体分析和决策,进一步明确和决策优化出环境效益性好的工程材料。     

Mitigation,adaptation, and climate change: results from recent research on US timber markets

This paper reviews recent studies that have addressed how US timber markets may adapt to climate change, and how US forests could be used to mitigate potential climate change. The studies are discussed in light of the ecological and economic assumptions used to estimate adaptation. Estimates of both economic impacts and carbon sequestration costs depend heavily on the assumptions and methods used, although some general conclusions can be drawn. Studies of economic impacts suggest that average market effects in the United States may range from +$1.3 to +7.4 billion per year by the middle of the next century. Estimates of the cost of sequestering carbon have generally increased over the last 10 years, with a current range of <1–73 million metric t per year of additional sequestration from afforestation projects costing $5–66 per metric t. Estimates of the potential for alternative methods for carbon sequestration, such as product markets and recycling, are as large as afforestation estimates, with up to 50 million metric tons per year of additional storage considered possible. Cost estimates have not been developed for these alternative methods, however.     

Potential world garbage and waste carbon sequestration

To offset the carbon dioxide released by fossil fuels, a proposed sequestration strategy relies on burying garbage and waste in landfills. This paper roughly estimates the current annual world supply of carbonaceous waste to be 35.5 billion metric tons and to contain about 18 billion metric tons of carbon. If landfills received all of this waste, sequestration of more than 5.6 billion metric tons of carbon seems theoretically possible—an amount well in excess of the 3.3 billion metric tons which the atmosphere is currently gaining.     

A comparison of definitions of affordability for flood risk adaption measures: a case study of current and future risk-based flood insurance premiums in Europe

Risk-based insurance is a commonly proposed and discussed flood risk adaptation mechanism in policy debates across the world such as in the United Kingdom and the United States of America. However, both risk-based premiums and growing risk pose increasing difficulties for insurance to remain affordable. An empirical concept of affordability is required as the affordability of adaption strategies is an important concern for policymakers, yet such a concept is not often examined. Therefore, a robust metric with a commonly acceptable affordability threshold is required. A robust metric allows for a previously normative concept to be quantified in monetary terms, and in this way, the metric is rendered more suitable for integration into public policy debates. This paper investigates the degree to which risk-based flood insurance premiums are unaffordable in Europe. In addition, this paper compares the outcomes generated by three different definitions of unaffordability in order to investigate the most robust definition. In doing so, the residual income definition was found to be the least sensitive to changes in the threshold. While this paper focuses on Europe, the selected definition can be employed elsewhere in the world and across adaption measures in order to develop a common metric for indicating the potential unaffordability problem.     

The development,use, and misuse of biocriteria with an emphasis on the index of biotic integrity

Biocriteria can provide valuable tools for determining use attainment and detecting impairment. Unfortunately, however, biocriteria are sometimes hastily developed, and the underlying metrics either not calibrated properly or not calibrated at all. In this paper, the process of developing biocriteria is reviewed and problems in three basic areas are identified; field collections, metric development, and data analysis. With regard to field sampling, it was found that a greater degree of standardization is needed because variability increases when each investigator is left to choose what gear to sample with, when to sample, and with what intensity.To improve metric performance, several recommendations were made: (1) expectations and scoring for each metric should be based solely on field data; (2) states should not take scoring criteria developed in other states and assume that they apply in their state, unless they have overlapping ecoregions; (3) the slope of the of the 95th percentile line should be determined statistically, rather than by eye; (4) the minimum data set needed to develop defensible metrics needs to be investigated; (5) metric scoring should be based only on data from ‘least impacted’ sites; and (6) metrics that are overly redundant should be eliminated from multi-metric indices. Finally, it was found that accuracy and precision have not been adequately addressed. Round-robin testing should be used to establish the variance of each sampling method.     

Formic acid and acetic acid: Emissions,atmospheric formation and dry deposition at two southern California locations

Emission rates, in situ formation rates and removal rates by dry deposition are estimated for formic acid (HCOOH, C1) and acetic acid (CH₃COOH, C2), which are the most abundant acids in southern California air and together account for much of the airborne acidity and are the leading contributors to acid dry deposition. Using data for eight unreactive tracers, direct emission rates during the fall 1987 are estimated to be 5.6 and 12.8 metric tons d⁻¹ for C1 and C2, respectively, at a coastal source-dominated site. These emissions rates increase to 9.6(C1) and 20.4(C2) metric tons d⁻¹ during the summer. In situ formation in the atmosphere via the ozone-olefin reaction is an important source for both acids. This reaction produces an estimated 25.0 and 10.1 metric tons d⁻¹ of C1 and C2, respectively, during the day and 34.5 (C1) and 4.3 (C2) metric tons d⁻¹ at night. More acetic acid than formic acid is emitted by direct sources, with C2/C1 emission rate ratios of 2.1–2.3. The reverse is true of in situ formation, with C1/C2 production rate ratios of 2.5 (day) and 8.0 (night). Dry deposition removal rates depend on season (fall > summer) and location (inland > coastal) and are 22–52 metric tons d⁻¹ for C1, and 32–83 metric tons d⁻¹ for C2. Source (emissions + in situ formation) and sink (dry deposition) terms are of the same magnitude in all six cases studied and balance each other well in three of these cases. Uncertainties in emission, in situ production and removal rates are discussed and reflect uncertaintes in olefin and unreactive tracer emission rates, yields of organic acids from the Criegee biradical (ozone-olefin reaction), and dry deposition velocity, respectively.     

基于MARC系统的V型砧角度优化

针对目前塑性加工参数优化研究中,有限元分析方法效率低,可靠性差,通用性不强等现状,将国际上著名的大型通用非线性有限元软件MARC与先进的非线性约束优化问题的解法——改进的约束变尺度算法相结合,开发了一个可用于塑性加工参数优化的软件,并应用于轴类大锻件拔长工艺的V型砧形状角度优化.优化结果与实验结果吻合较好,证明了该系统的可靠性.它还表明改进的约束变尺度算法具有较高的计算效率,可以搜索到工程全局最优解.文中所提出的曲线V型砧对圆形坯料具有较好的孔洞闭合效果.本系统的开发为塑性加工参数优化的研究开辟了一个新思路.     

The power and pain of market-based carbon policies: a global application to greenhouse gases from ruminant livestock production

The objectives of this research are to assess the greenhouse gas mitigation potential of carbon policies applied to the ruminant livestock sector [inclusive of the major ruminant species—cattle (Bos Taurus and Bos indicus), sheep (Ovis aries), and goats (Capra hircus)]—with particular emphasis on understanding the adjustment challenges posed by such policies. We show that market-based mitigation policies can greatly amplify the mitigation potential identified in marginal abatement cost studies by harnessing powerful market forces such as product substitution and trade. We estimate that a carbon tax of US$20 per metric ton of carbon dioxide (CO₂) equivalent emissions could mitigate 626 metric megatons of CO₂ equivalent ruminant emissions per year (MtCO₂-eq year^?1). This policy would also incentivize a restructuring of cattle production, increasing the share of cattle meat coming from the multiproduct dairy sector compared to more emission intensive, single purpose beef sector. The mitigation potential from this simple policy represents an upper bound because it causes ruminant-based food production to fall and is therefore likely to be politically unpopular. In the spirit of the Paris Agreement (UNFCCC 2015), which expresses the ambition of reducing agricultural emissions while protecting food production, we assess a carbon policy that applies both a carbon tax and a subsidy to producers to manage the tradeoff between food production and mitigation. The policy maintains ruminant production and consumption levels in all regions, but for a much lower global emission reduction of 185 MtCO₂-eq year^?1. This research provides policymakers with a quantitative basis for designing policies that attempt to trade off mitigation effectiveness with producer and consumer welfare.