南岳区耕地可持续利用研究

本文以1996～2005年南岳区相关统计资料为依据,对南岳区耕地资源利用的现状进行了分析,在对其动态变化特征进行研究的基础上探讨了其耕地补充潜力,最后提出了南岳区耕地资源的可持续发展对策。     

中亚土壤可持续利用和生态环境建设

结合干旱区的自然属性和社会属性,分析了中亚地理区位、生态环境格局和社会经济条件;综合论述了该区土壤发生特点、类型和分区的研究成果;揭示了土壤资源开发利用和生态环境问题;探讨了土壤可持续利用和生态环境建设的对策。     

不同耕作方式和雨强对紫色土坡耕地降雨有效性的影响

农业水资源短缺越来越受到世界各国的关注,对我国的威胁尤为严重.为了揭示紫色土地区坡耕地常用农耕措施在不同雨强条件下对雨水土壤蓄积率的影响规律,为紫色土坡耕地抗旱耕作技术创制提供理论依据,文章采用两因素、三水平、三重复随机区组试验,利用人工降雨装置和模拟径流小区,在栽培玉米(Zea mays L.)条件下,研究了不同耕作方式和雨强对紫色土坡耕地降雨有效性的影响.研究结果表明:在耕作方式相同时,雨强越大,地表径流量越大,地下径流量减少,总径流量增加,不利于土壤保蓄雨水和含水量的提高.在相同雨强条件下,平作的地表径流量最大,雨水土壤蓄积率最低.横坡垄作在中雨强条件下控制地表径流和侵蚀的效果非常明显,能够显著提高雨水土壤蓄积率,但在大雨强和小雨强条件下,提高雨水土壤蓄积率的效果减弱.横坡垄作等保护性耕作措施可以增加土壤对雨水的有效库容,提高土壤抗旱能力,是适用于该区域的抗旱耕作技术.     

促进自然资源的可持续利用

饮料盒工业做出承诺改进其资源利用和环境性能，他们已经确定了工业链的某个或多个环节的具体的部门优先考虑事宜：森林资源的可持续管理，保护生物多样性，在整个过程中减少能源的利用以支持削减二氧化碳排放，减少工厂和运输方面的大气排放，减少水的利用和排放，减少化学品和有害物质，回收和再利用废旧森林资源，该产业采取生命周期手段来解决从森林到回收再利用的业务管理问题，该产品的代表协会饮料盒与环境联盟（ACE）参与了联合国环境署的生命周期举措，ACE认为这一举措对于生命周期全球思想的发展和传播是必不可少的。     

促进自然资源的可持续利用

饮料盒工业做出承诺改进其资源利用和环境性能.他们已经确定了工业链的某个或多个环节的其体的部门优先考虑事宜:森林资源的可持续管理、保护生物多样性、在整个过程中减少能源利用以支持削减二氧化碳排放、减少工厂和运输方面的大气排放、减少水的利用和排放、减少化学品和有害物质、回收和再利用废旧森林资源.该产业采取生命周期手段来解决从森林到回收再利用的业务管理问题.该产业的代表协会饮料盒与环境联盟(ACE)参与了联合国环境署的生命周期举措.ACE认为这一举措对于生命周期全球思想的发展和传播是必不可少的.     

耕作和施肥扰动下土壤团聚体稳定性影响因素研究

稳定的土壤团聚结构对种子发芽、根系发育、作物生长以及有机碳保护有着重要的影响,深入了解人为扰动下土壤团聚体稳定性影响因素有着重要意义.选择两种不同母质发育土壤上长期施用畜禽粪便和化肥5个田块耕层土壤团聚体为供试土壤,采用相关分析、因子分析和回归分析方法探讨了土壤有机碳库、土壤养分和理化性质与团聚体稳定性间的关系.研究结果表明,与施用化肥比较,施用畜禽粪便显著提高了土壤团聚体稳定性;不同母质类型土壤上,海相沉积物母质土壤上团聚体稳定性显著高于河相冲积物母质土壤.相关分析结果表明溶解性有机碳(包括DOC和HWOC)和总磷含量与土壤团聚体稳定性显著或极显著相关;因子分析结果显示,土壤化学因子是第一影响因素,土壤碳库因子是第二影响因素,其中海相沉积物母质土壤上团聚体稳定性主要受土壤化学因子影响;河相冲积物母质土壤团聚体稳定性主要受土壤碳库因子影响,施用化肥土壤受两个因素影响均较小.回归分析结果显示热水提取态有机碳和钙是本研究条件中影响土壤团聚体稳定性的主要因素.     

基于GIS和RS的晋江市土地利用变化与可持续利用研究

采用GIS和遥感技术，在拟订土地分类系统的基础上，对1996和2001年晋汀市土地资源进行遥感解译，得到这两期1：10万土地利用现状图及数据库，分析了晋江市土地利用类型的构成与比例，以及土地利用面积动态变化状况。结果表明，晋汀市自1996年以来，城镇居民点与工矿用地扩展较大，面积增幅达5312．55hm^2，交通面积增加1507．02hm^2，林地而积增加了293．05hm^2，园地面积也增加了4．17hm^2；但耕地面积锐减，减少面积为6419．43hm^2，减幅为14．6％，其去向主要是建设用地、生态退耕、园地和池塘用地。在此基础上，认为土地利用变化存在的主要问题是：耕地面积锐减；土地利用结构小平衡；生态环境恶化等。应采取针对性的土地可持续发展措施，重视土地管理制度创新和土地利用的优化配置。     

城市基础设施可持续利用的反馈机制

城市基础设施是城市发展的物质基础 ,其可持续发展是城市可持续发展的基础。基于可持续发展的思想 ,分析了基础设施相对短缺的原因 ,提出了基础设施可持续利用的概念 ;给出了基础设施可持续利用的反馈机制 ,为调控基础设施建设 ,实现其可持续利用奠定了基础。     

中国城市粪便的可持续利用研究

本文从可持续发展的概念出发提出了城市粪便可持续利用的发展战略，分析了中国城市粪便可持续利用存在的障碍，进而从若干方面提出了相应的对策。     

红壤双季稻田不同施肥下的氨挥发损失及其影响因素

在红壤双季稻田上采用密闭气室法测定了施用等氮量化肥(尿素)、有机肥(猪粪)及化肥有机肥(有机氮无机氮各占一半)配施下氨挥发及其田间表面水NH4 -N含量、温度和pH动态变化,研究氨挥发损失及影响因素.结果表明,与施用尿素相比,单施有机肥及化肥有机肥配施显著降低了稻田氨挥发,施用尿素的早稻和晚稻氨挥发损失率分别达41.4%和39.9%,单施有机肥的分别为0.3%和0.9%,化肥有机肥配施的分别为19.6%和8.9%.施肥后,短期内田面水NH4 -N含量和pH均显著上升,其与氨挥发速率均呈显著正相关.     

The sustainable development oxymoron: quantifying and modelling the incompatibility of sustainable development goals

ABSTRACT

In 2015, the UN adopted a new set of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to eradicate poverty, establish socioeconomic inclusion and protect the environment. Critical voices such as the International Council for Science (ICSU), however, have expressed concerns about the potential incompatibility of the SDGs, specifically the incompatibility of socio-economic development and environmental sustainability. In this paper, we test, quantify and model the alleged inconsistency of SDGs. Our analyses show which SDGs are consistent and which are conflicting. We measure the extent of inconsistency and conclude that the SDG agenda will fail as a whole if we continue with business as usual. We further explore the nature of the inconsistencies using dynamical systems models, which reveal that the focus on economic growth and consumption as a means for development underlies the inconsistency. Our models also show that there are factors which can contribute to development (health programmes, government investment) on the one hand and ecological sustainability (renewable energy) on the other, without triggering the conflict between incompatible SDGs.     

广东省水资源问题及可持续利用对策

论述了广东省的水资源状况和水资源利用中存在的主要问题，提出了水资源可持续利用的对策。认为水质性缺水、水利工程老化失修、水资源浪费严重、管理体制不健全是水资源利用中存在的主要问题；应加强水污染的防治，健全防洪防旱体系，建立健全水资源统一管理运作饥制，提高全民节水观念，发展节水农业，走兴林治水之路，使水资源可持续利用。     

秸秆覆盖和施肥对关中灌区夏玉米生长后期土壤呼吸速率的影响

土壤呼吸是农田层面影响全球尺度碳循环的关键因素之一,对全球大气二氧化碳浓度的影响不可忽视.前人研究显示土壤呼吸与农田耕作模式及施肥有密切的关系,但目前对于免耕条件下秸秆覆盖和施肥对土壤呼吸的影响研究较少.通过大田定位试验,采用GXH-3010E1型便携式红外线分析器测量土壤CO2排放速率,进而分析探讨关中灌区免耕条件下秸秆覆盖和施肥对土壤呼吸的影响以及土壤呼吸对水热因子的敏感性.结果表明,夏玉米(Zea mays L.)秸秆不覆盖不施肥、施氮肥、秸秆覆盖、秸秆覆盖+施氮肥和夏闲5种处理条件下土壤呼吸速率存在明显规律,从8月9日到9月25日土壤呼吸速率整体呈下降趋势,土壤呼吸平均速率表现为施氮肥(7.78μmol·m-2·s-1)>秸秆覆盖+施氮肥(6.06μmol·m-2·s-1)>秸秆不覆盖不施肥(4.81μmol·m-2·s-1)>秸秆覆盖(4.68μmol·m-2·s-1)>夏闲(2.46μmol·m-2·s-1).施氮肥可以明显提高土壤呼吸速率,施氮肥处理较不施肥不覆盖处理提高61.75%,秸秆覆盖+施氮肥处理较秸秆覆盖处理提高29.49%.秸秆覆盖可以降低土壤呼吸速率,秸秆覆盖+施氮肥处理较施氮肥处理降低22.11%,秸秆覆盖处理较不覆盖不施肥处理降低2.70%.5种处理下秸秆不覆盖不施肥处理、秸秆覆盖+施氮肥和夏闲处理土壤呼吸速率与5 cm耕层土壤温度的相关性最大,秸秆覆盖处理和施氮肥处理分别与10和15 cm耕层土壤温度的相关性最大;秸秆覆盖处理各土层土壤含水率对土壤呼吸速率有显著影响(P<0.05).研究表明,秸秆覆盖和施氮肥对土壤呼吸有重要影响,施氮肥可以增加温室效应,秸秆覆盖对温室效应有缓解作用.     

我国无人岛保护与持续利用途径研究:生境更新的方法及应用

通过对我国无人岛保护和开发现状及其开发模式演变趋势的分析 ,阐明生境更新的内涵和方法 ,提出 1种新型的保护性海岛开发模式 ,包括建设自然保护区 ,实施生态旅游 ,开发海洋牧场、港口等。按照保护性开发和生态恢复等原则 ,运用生境更新的原理和方法 ,将我国无人岛划分为生态型、开发型、居民迁出型及国防型 4种类型 ,以利于实行有效的分类管理。     

The bird species of Kumasir lake (Kahramanmaras-Turkey) and a view of environmental ethics on sustainable wetland management

Kumasir lake is located next to towns of Donuklu and Fatih, nine km west of Kahramanmaras city center the region of east Mediterranean, Turkey This lake is of crucial importance from the point of native and immigrant birds. We located 17 birdspecies in this area during our observations carried out in the spring and autumn of 2005-2006. These were Ciconia ciconia L., Anas platyrhynchos L., Accipiter nisus L., Accipiter brevipes L., Fulica atra L., Columba palumbus L., Merops apiaster L., Upupa epops L., Alauda arvensis L., Motacilla flava L., Turdus merula L., Acrocephalus scirpaceus L., Regulus regulus L., Garrulus glandarius L., Corvus corax L., Fringilla coelebs L., Hirundo rustica L.. Among observed 17 species; 6 of them were immigrant and remaining 11 of them were native birds. Kumasir lake is surrounded by wetland of Amik and Gavur lake. Since it was greatly dried, it was transformed to farmland. Consequently the birds lost most of theirnests and settlements. However not taken in the care of environmental ethic values, the wastewaters of the villages drain to lake reservoir; herbicides and insecticides used for agriculture are polluting the water reeds have been burned, the lake's reeds are getting dry by the irrigation for the farmland. So, the wetland ecosystem is being affected negatively by these factors. On the other hand, the birds are exposed to illegal and unlawful hunting. For this reasons, this lake must be taken into a management regime of sustainable wetland (protection profiting balance) and used techniques of participation planning via the process of sustainable natural resources and planning.     

不同轮作制度下施肥对冬小麦田间杂草群落及小麦生长的影响

为探讨不同轮作制度下长期施肥对冬小麦Triticum aestivum L.田间杂草及小麦生长的影响,我们在三个长期田间肥效试验定位点,研究3种轮作制度下(冬小麦-大豆Glycine max (L.) Merr.(WS)、冬小麦-夏玉米Zea Mays L.(WM)、冬小麦-中稻Oryza sativa(WR))长期不同施肥模式对冬小麦田间杂草群落及小麦生长的影响.研究表明,在3种轮作制度下,平衡施加N、P、K肥或者NPK肥配施有机肥均可以显著降低冬小麦田杂草密度、地上生物量和田间光照透过率,促进冬小麦生长,并提高冬小麦产量和地上生物量;而且在冬小麦-大豆轮作和冬小麦-中稻轮作的冬小麦田中平衡施加N、P和K肥可以在控制杂草密度的同时保持一个较均一的杂草群落.3种轮作制度下各指标相对值比较发现,3种轮作制度改变施肥对冬小麦田间光照透过率影响程度的顺序与3种轮作制度改变冬小麦田中施肥对杂草密度和地上生物量影响程度的顺序相同;另外,在冬小麦-大豆轮作和冬小麦-中稻轮作制度下杂草密度与冬小麦田间光照透过率之间的相关系数也很高(R≥0.7906),说明施肥对冬小麦田间光照透过率的改变可能是施肥影响冬小麦田间杂草群落的主要途径之一.轮作制度改变冬小麦田中施肥对优势杂草种类数和杂草生物多样性影响的程度差别不大,这可能是因为轮作改变施肥对田间杂草的影响并没有达到引起田间杂草物种消亡的程度.结果表明,在3种轮作制度中施肥对冬小麦田间杂草群落及小麦生长的影响虽有差异,但都显示出施肥在抑制田间杂草发生、维持杂草生物多样性和提高作物产量上的作用.     

Phosphorus losses to water from lowland rice fields under rice-wheat double cropping system in the Tai Lake region

To assess P losses to surface water by runoff during the rice season and by drainage flow during the winter wheat season, serial field trials were conducted in different types of paddy soils in the Tai Lake Region (TLR) during 2000 and 2001. Four P application rates were set as 0 (CK), 30, 150, and 300 kg P/hm2 for flooded rice trials and 0 (CK), 20, 80, 160 kg P/hm2 for winter wheat trials respectively. Field experiments were done in two locations with a plot size of 30 m2 and four replications in a randomized complete block design. A simplified lysimeter was installed for each plot to collect all the runoff or drainage flow from each event. Total P (TP) losses to surface water during rice season by runoff flow from four treatments were 150 (CK), 220 (T30), 395 (T150), 670 (T300) g P/ hm2 in year 2000, and 298, 440, 1828, 3744 g P/hm2 in year 2001 respectively in Wuxi station, here the soil is permeable paddy soil derived from loam clay deposit. While the losses were 102, 140, 210, 270 in year 2000, and 128, 165, 359, 589 g P/hm2 in year 2001 respectively in Changshu station, here the soil is waterlogged paddy soil derived from silt loam deposit. During the winter wheat season, total P lost from the fields by drainage flow in the four treatments were 253 (CK), 382 (T20), 580 (T89), 818 (T160) g P/hm2 in year 2000--2001, and 573.3, 709.4, 1123.2, 1552.4 g P/hm2 in year 2001--2002 at the Wuxi station. While these were 395.6, 539.1, 1356.8, 1972.1 g P/hm2 in year 2000--2001, and 811.5, 1184.6, 3001.2, 5333.1 g P/hm2 in year 2001--2002 at the Changshu station. Results revealed that P fertilizer application rates significantly affected the TP concentrations and TP loads in runoff during the rice season, and by drainage flow during the winter wheat season. Both TP loads were significantly increased as the P application rate increases. The data indicate that TP losses to surface water were much higher during the winter wheat season than during the rice season in two tested sites. The data also reveal that the annual precipitation and evaporation rate affected the soil P losses to surface water significantly. Year 2000 was relatively dried with higher evaporation thus P losses to water by both runoff and drainage flow were less than in year 2001 which was a relatively wet year with lower evaporation. Results indicate that texture, structure of the soil profile, and field construction (with or without ridge and deep drains) affected soil P losses to surface water dramatically. Annual possible TP lost to water at the application rate of 50 kg P/hm2 year tested in TLR were estimated from 97 to 185 tones P from permeable paddy soils and 109-218 tones P from waterlogged paddy soils. There was no significant difference of TP lost between the CK and the T50 treatments in both stations, which indicate that there is no more TP lost in field of normal P fertilizer application rate than in control field of no P fertilized. Much higher TP lost in runoff or drainage flow from those other P application rates treatments than from the T50 treatment, which suggest that P losses to surface water would be greatly increasing in the time when higher available P accumulation in plough layer soil in this region.     

不同种植制度土壤氧化还原酶活性和动力学特征

土壤质量与土壤的生物学性质密切相关,种植制度对土壤生物学特性的影响研究对土壤质量管理具有重要的意义.以黑龙江853农场不同种植制度土壤为研究对象,探讨种植制度对土壤理化性质,过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶活性和动力学特征的影响.主要研究结果:农作物轮作有利于提高土壤全碳含量,而大豆连作和玉米-大豆轮作使土壤有效氮和全氮含量提高,大豆连作土壤pH显著低于其它作物连作及轮作处理,全磷含量显著高于其它处理;2种轮作体系均提高土壤过氧化氢酶活性和催化能力,且催化能力的提高源于酶的Km降低(即酶-底物亲合力提高);玉米-小麦-大豆轮作提高土壤脱氢酶活性及催化能力,其催化能力的提高由2个动力学参数的变化共同决定,禾本科作物连作土壤动力学参数与豆科作物种植(大豆连作及与禾本科轮作)具有显著差异.本文的研究表明,合理的轮作方式是提高土壤生物学活性的有效手段.