ZnO-MgO/Al2O3吸附-臭氧催化氧化处理难降解有机废水

以活性氧化铝为载体,采用浸渍法制备催化剂,对甲基橙及草酸模拟废水进行处理.在中性条件下,臭氧催化氧化比单独臭氧氧化能提前30 min使得甲基橙溶液褪色,反应105 min时,臭氧催化氧化对TOC的去除率高达96.53%,比单独使用臭氧氧化对甲基橙TOC去除率提高了47.19%,在处理草酸废水时臭氧催化氧化对TOC去除率高达80.59%,比单独使用臭氧氧化对草酸TOC去除率提高了59.14%.在处理甲基橙及草酸的小试实验中催化剂对有机污染物的吸附作用起到了加快反应进行的作用.在对垃圾渗滤液超滤出水时,O₃与COD质量比为1:1时,臭氧催化氧化对COD去除率为49.09%,比单独使用臭氧氧化提高36.37%,臭氧催化氧化对TOC的去除率是单独使用臭氧氧化的2.54倍,在处理垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓水时,臭氧催化氧化对COD去除率高达88.72%,比单独使用臭氧氧化提高37.60%,并且臭氧催化氧化对TOC的去除率是单独臭氧氧化的1.6倍.臭氧催化氧化反应过程中产生的羟基自由基对有机物更快的反应速率.     

腐植酸臭氧氧化和过氧化氢催化氧化处理特性比较

以TOC和UV254为指标,比较了不同条件下腐植酸的臭氧氧化和过氧化氢催化氧化效果,运用HPLC和热裂解-GC-MS分析考察了氧化前后有机物分子量分布和官能团构造的变化情况．研究结果表明：过氧化氢和臭氧单独作为氧化剂对水中TOC基本上没有去除作用,但均能导致水中UV254浓度的降低;在几种催化剂的作用下,过氧化氢对TOC和UV254的去除效果明显提高,其中以O3作为催化剂的效果最好,Fe^2＋次之,而Mn^2＋和Cu^2＋的催化效果较差;过氧化氢催化氧化和臭氧化均导致有机物分子量分布向小分子的方向转移,氧化后水中以羧酸、醇、胺、酯、醚、烷烃为代表的含氧基团和饱和构造基团明显增多;过氧化氢催化氧化和臭氧氧化均有助于改善混凝处理和活性炭吸附处理的效果．关键词腐植酸,臭氧,过氧化氢,催化氧化．     

臭氧氧化法去除水中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的初步研究

研究了水溶液中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的臭氧氧化，考察了pH值、温度、臭氧用量等对反应的影响，结果表明：臭氧氧化使溶液的总有机碳（TOC）减少，并使紫外（UV）吸收大大降低，毛细管电泳（CE）分析证明有邻苯二甲酸的中间产物产生，采用Mn(Ⅱ）催化臭氧氧化，TOC去除率大大提高。     

Fe(Mn)OOH催化臭氧氧化水中扑米酮和溶解性有机物(DOMs)

使用碱式共沉淀法成功制备Fe(Mn)OOH催化剂,并且证实Fe(Mn)OOH可以高效催化臭氧降解水中扑米酮(PMD)和溶解性有机物(DOMs).表征分析表明,Fe(Mn)OOH表现出α-FeOOH和MnFe_2O_4两相的特征晶相结构.在相同条件下,Fe(Mn)OOH催化臭氧体系比单独臭氧、MnFe_2O_4和FeOOH催化臭氧体系表现出更好的扑米酮降解效能.在20 min时,Fe(Mn)OOH催化臭氧体系可以降解去离子水中97.5%的扑米酮,并且在快速和慢速反应阶段的反应速率常数分别可达0.46044 min~(-1)和0.10723 min~(-1).结果还表明,初始扑米酮和臭氧浓度以及催化剂投量之间的配比关系可能对扑米酮的降解有重要影响.Fe(Mn)OOH催化体系遵循羟基自由基的反应机制,可能是通过促进臭氧快速分解产生大量的羟基自由基,进而提高了水中有机物的降解效能.此外,Fe(Mn)OOH还具有结构稳定,可重复利用性好的优势.     

城市垃圾渗滤液的Fenton氧化法预处理试验

采用Fenton法将城市垃圾渗滤液进行催化氧化后,再投加聚合铁进行混凝沉淀处理,结果表明,当FeSO4·7H2O的投量为0.2%,H2O2/FeSO4·7H2O为11,聚合铁的投量为1.2‰时,CODCr去除率为68.2%,色度去除率为98%。研究了原水pH值、FeSO4·7H2O和H2O2的投加量、反应时间及聚合铁的投量对CODCr的影响。     

五氯酚的臭氧催化氧化特性

通过五氯酚(PCP)的Fe2+/O3催化氧化实验研究了其臭氧催化氧化特性,结果表明,PCP在反应5 min后几乎可以完全分解,但是TOC在反应30 min后的去除率只有50%左右,说明PCP不能被彻底氧化分解.通过对Cl-浓度的分析可知,伴随着PCP的氧化分解,苯环上的Cl会逐渐从苯环上释放到溶液中,而紫外吸光度值随反应时间的变化说明了臭氧催化氧化可以使得PCP中的苯环打开,将含有不饱和键的有机物转变成饱和的有机物.GC-MS分析结果表明,PCP的臭氧催化氧化首先是苯环的脱氯过程,随着反应的进行,苯环被打开,形成酯、醛、酸、氯代烷等小分子物质,最后被分解成CO2和H2O.     

催化湿式氧化法预处理显影废水的研究

考察了催化湿式氧化法对医院显影废水进行预处理的可行性.紫外扫描结果表明,对甲氨基苯酚硫酸盐、对苯二酚等特征污染物被降解为小分子物质,在催化剂Ru/TiO2存在下,催化湿式氧化法与湿式氧化相比,有机物的降解更加彻底.通过考察催化剂用量、温度、压力及pH值等条件对CODCr去除率的影响,确定适宜的反应条件为:催化剂用量为2g·l-1,温度为220℃,压力为1.5MPa,pH为8.9.在上述反应条件下,CODCr去除率达62.5%,色度去除率达98%,BOD5/CODCr值由原来的0.07提高到0.45.     

焦化废水二级生化出水中有机污染物的氧化特性

考察了O3氧化法与UV/O3氧化法对焦化废水二级生化出水中溶解性有机物的去除效果,以及二级出水中有机污染物的氧化特性.结果表明,O3氧化法对于二级出水的UV254值具有较高的去除效率,30min内即可达75.7%,但对COD和DOC的去除效果很差,150min的去除率仅为37.1%和33.7%.而UV/O3氧化法对二级生化出水UV254,COD和DOC均具有良好的去除效果,150min时的去除率分别为95.3%,90.2%和77.8%.经过O3氧化法处理后,疏水性物质的浓度明显下降,而弱疏水有机物与亲水性有机物浓度有所上升;UV/O3氧化法处理对疏水性有机物和弱疏水有机物均具有良好的去除效果,而亲水性有机物浓度仅得到部分降低.     

污泥基活性炭表面官能团对其催化臭氧氧化活性的影响

对比考察了污泥基活性炭(SCAC)与3种商品活性炭表面官能团的种类、含量及其催化臭氧氧化去除对氯苯甲酸(p-CBA)效能的差异.同时采用(NH4)2S2O8和NaOH分别对SCAC表面进行酸、碱改性处理,探讨SCAC表面官能团对其催化臭氧氧化活性的影响.结果表明,SCAC表面酸性和碱性官能团含量均高于3种商品活性炭;SCAC和商品炭的加入对臭氧氧化去除p-CBA的效果均起到了促进作用,其中SCAC催化臭氧氧化效果最为明显.反应1.0 min时,p-CBA的去除率由单独臭氧氧化时的26.1%提高到60.2%.经(NH4)2S2O8和NaOH处理后,两种改性SCAC对p-CBA的催化氧化去除效果差异明显,NaOH改性后的SCAC表面碱性官能团丰富,其催化臭氧氧化去除p-CBA的效果得到加强,而经过(NH4)2S2O8改性的SCAC催化效果则有所下降.活性炭催化臭氧氧化反应Rct值([·OH]/[O3])计算结果进一步证明,SCAC表面的碱性官能团是其催化臭氧反应的主要活性位点,可以促进臭氧分子向·OH的转化.     

垃圾渗滤液的Fenton氧化预处理研究

采用Fenton氧化法对垃圾渗滤液进行预处理,考察了渗滤液初始pH值、H2O2和FeSO4.7H2O投加量、H2O2/Fe2＋投加的物质的量比及氧化反应时间等对Fenton氧化处理效果的影响,获得Fenton氧化处理垃圾渗滤液的最佳工艺条件：初始pH=3.0,H2O2投加量为5.0 mL.L-1,FeSO4.7H2O投加量为3.48 g.L-1,H2O2/Fe2＋物质的量比为4-1,反应时间为1.5 h。最佳条件下处理后垃圾渗滤液COD为5 220 mg.L-1,COD去除率达57.8%。凝胶渗透色谱和三维荧光光谱分析结果表明,垃圾渗滤液中主要含有腐殖酸类大分子物质,经Fenton氧化后降解变成小分子化合物。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.