腐植酸臭氧氧化和过氧化氢催化氧化处理特性比较

以TOC和UV254为指标,比较了不同条件下腐植酸的臭氧氧化和过氧化氢催化氧化效果,运用HPLC和热裂解-GC-MS分析考察了氧化前后有机物分子量分布和官能团构造的变化情况．研究结果表明：过氧化氢和臭氧单独作为氧化剂对水中TOC基本上没有去除作用,但均能导致水中UV254浓度的降低;在几种催化剂的作用下,过氧化氢对TOC和UV254的去除效果明显提高,其中以O3作为催化剂的效果最好,Fe^2＋次之,而Mn^2＋和Cu^2＋的催化效果较差;过氧化氢催化氧化和臭氧化均导致有机物分子量分布向小分子的方向转移,氧化后水中以羧酸、醇、胺、酯、醚、烷烃为代表的含氧基团和饱和构造基团明显增多;过氧化氢催化氧化和臭氧氧化均有助于改善混凝处理和活性炭吸附处理的效果．关键词腐植酸,臭氧,过氧化氢,催化氧化．     

ZnO-MgO/Al2O3吸附-臭氧催化氧化处理难降解有机废水

以活性氧化铝为载体,采用浸渍法制备催化剂,对甲基橙及草酸模拟废水进行处理.在中性条件下,臭氧催化氧化比单独臭氧氧化能提前30 min使得甲基橙溶液褪色,反应105 min时,臭氧催化氧化对TOC的去除率高达96.53%,比单独使用臭氧氧化对甲基橙TOC去除率提高了47.19%,在处理草酸废水时臭氧催化氧化对TOC去除率高达80.59%,比单独使用臭氧氧化对草酸TOC去除率提高了59.14%.在处理甲基橙及草酸的小试实验中催化剂对有机污染物的吸附作用起到了加快反应进行的作用.在对垃圾渗滤液超滤出水时,O₃与COD质量比为1:1时,臭氧催化氧化对COD去除率为49.09%,比单独使用臭氧氧化提高36.37%,臭氧催化氧化对TOC的去除率是单独使用臭氧氧化的2.54倍,在处理垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓水时,臭氧催化氧化对COD去除率高达88.72%,比单独使用臭氧氧化提高37.60%,并且臭氧催化氧化对TOC的去除率是单独臭氧氧化的1.6倍.臭氧催化氧化反应过程中产生的羟基自由基对有机物更快的反应速率.     

臭氧氧化法去除水中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的初步研究

研究了水溶液中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的臭氧氧化，考察了pH值、温度、臭氧用量等对反应的影响，结果表明：臭氧氧化使溶液的总有机碳（TOC）减少，并使紫外（UV）吸收大大降低，毛细管电泳（CE）分析证明有邻苯二甲酸的中间产物产生，采用Mn(Ⅱ）催化臭氧氧化，TOC去除率大大提高。     

臭氧氧化-苦草深度处理对猪场尾水中有机物的去除效果

利用臭氧氧化-苦草(Vallisneria natans)深度处理猪场尾水,测定了不同浓度臭氧氧化处理有机物含量和组分的变化,并考察了臭氧氧化-苦草处理去除有机物的效果。结果表明,10(AO1)、30(AO2)和50 mg·L-1(AO3)3个臭氧投加浓度处理分别使UV254降低15.6%、17.6%和29.4%,UV436降低12.2%、7.6%和22.0%,使DOC/UV254比值增加13.9%、16.7%和39.4%;臭氧氧化-苦草处理使DOC含量、UV254和UV436分别降低8.5%~17.6%、16.2%~35.3%和12.9%~21.8%,使DOC/UV254比值增加10.3%~35.6%。臭氧氧化可使猪场废水中半挥发性有机物形态发生转化,可提高废水可生化性以及有机污染物的降解效率。     

焦化废水二级生化出水中有机污染物的氧化特性

考察了O3氧化法与UV/O3氧化法对焦化废水二级生化出水中溶解性有机物的去除效果,以及二级出水中有机污染物的氧化特性.结果表明,O3氧化法对于二级出水的UV254值具有较高的去除效率,30min内即可达75.7%,但对COD和DOC的去除效果很差,150min的去除率仅为37.1%和33.7%.而UV/O3氧化法对二级生化出水UV254,COD和DOC均具有良好的去除效果,150min时的去除率分别为95.3%,90.2%和77.8%.经过O3氧化法处理后,疏水性物质的浓度明显下降,而弱疏水有机物与亲水性有机物浓度有所上升;UV/O3氧化法处理对疏水性有机物和弱疏水有机物均具有良好的去除效果,而亲水性有机物浓度仅得到部分降低.     

Fe(Mn)OOH催化臭氧氧化水中扑米酮和溶解性有机物(DOMs)

使用碱式共沉淀法成功制备Fe(Mn)OOH催化剂,并且证实Fe(Mn)OOH可以高效催化臭氧降解水中扑米酮(PMD)和溶解性有机物(DOMs).表征分析表明,Fe(Mn)OOH表现出α-FeOOH和MnFe_2O_4两相的特征晶相结构.在相同条件下,Fe(Mn)OOH催化臭氧体系比单独臭氧、MnFe_2O_4和FeOOH催化臭氧体系表现出更好的扑米酮降解效能.在20 min时,Fe(Mn)OOH催化臭氧体系可以降解去离子水中97.5%的扑米酮,并且在快速和慢速反应阶段的反应速率常数分别可达0.46044 min~(-1)和0.10723 min~(-1).结果还表明,初始扑米酮和臭氧浓度以及催化剂投量之间的配比关系可能对扑米酮的降解有重要影响.Fe(Mn)OOH催化体系遵循羟基自由基的反应机制,可能是通过促进臭氧快速分解产生大量的羟基自由基,进而提高了水中有机物的降解效能.此外,Fe(Mn)OOH还具有结构稳定,可重复利用性好的优势.     

铈负载SBA-15分子筛催化臭氧氧化水中环丙沙星

通过水热法合成纯硅介孔分子筛SBA-15,并采用等体积浸渍法制备Ce负载SBA-15分子筛催化剂(Ce/SBA-15),将其应用于催化臭氧氧化环丙沙星(CIP).小角X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)表征结果表明,Ce/SBA-15保持了纯硅SBA-15有序的介孔结构.Ce/SBA-15催化臭氧氧化环丙沙星(CIP)结果显示,催化剂有良好的活性,对环丙沙星的矿化率为63.3%,比单独臭氧氧化高出22.9%;随着铈负载量增加,催化剂活性呈现先增大后减小趋势,负载量为2%时催化效果最佳;TOC去除率随着反应温度增加而提高;溶液初始pH对反应有显著的影响,pH=5.01时TOC去除率最大.以水杨酸作为羟基自由基(·OH)捕获剂,用比色法测定·OH产量为0.0072 mmol·L~(-1).溶液中投加1 mmol·L~(-1)磷酸根时,催化臭氧氧化中TOC去除率降低了25.8%,催化效果受到明显抑制,表明·OH的生成发生在Ce/SBA-15表面.     

铁、铝催化过氧化氢氧化有机物特征

氧化作为水处理常用的方法,对水质和水处理过程影响深远,因而备受关注.运用三维荧光光谱和紫外差异分析等技术研究过氧化氢单独氧化、铝催化过氧化氢氧化、铁催化过氧化氢氧化对水体有机物的作用;并分析其对溶解性有机物(DOM)的结构和形成消毒副产物潜能的影响.结果表明,铁、铝明显催化过氧化氢对有机物的氧化过程,且铁催化能力明显强于铝.当催化剂投量均为0.018 mmol·L~(-1),过氧化氢投加量3.5 mg·L~(-1)时,UV254和TOC值的去除率分别是铁催化35.5%、36.4%和铝催化5.0%、29.3%,而单独氧化仅为14.0%、16.7%.利用三维荧光光谱和紫外差异吸收值去卷积分可以明显检测出上述3种氧化对有机物结构影响的差异.催化氧化不改变荧光峰位置,但不同程度地削弱了各荧光峰强度和区域荧光积分值.其中,铁催化对于类蛋白区、可见光区类富里酸和紫外区类富里酸降解程度较高.由紫外差异去卷积分得到,3种体系对水体有机物紫外结构破坏位点在272 nm处是一致的,但破坏程度不同.如3.5 mg·L~(-1)H2O2、0.018 mmol·L~(-1)催化剂投量时,紫外吸收差异值ΔA272/A272分别为单独氧化7.0%,铝催化8.3%,铁催化18.9%.催化氧化对有机物紫外结构铝催化特征位点为λ339 nm、λ364 nm;铁催化特征位点为λ319 nm、λ425 nm.铝、铁离子催化氧化均提高了三卤甲烷的去除率,铝催化去除率优于铁催化.     

催化湿式氧化法预处理显影废水的研究

考察了催化湿式氧化法对医院显影废水进行预处理的可行性.紫外扫描结果表明,对甲氨基苯酚硫酸盐、对苯二酚等特征污染物被降解为小分子物质,在催化剂Ru/TiO2存在下,催化湿式氧化法与湿式氧化相比,有机物的降解更加彻底.通过考察催化剂用量、温度、压力及pH值等条件对CODCr去除率的影响,确定适宜的反应条件为:催化剂用量为2g·l-1,温度为220℃,压力为1.5MPa,pH为8.9.在上述反应条件下,CODCr去除率达62.5%,色度去除率达98%,BOD5/CODCr值由原来的0.07提高到0.45.     

气浮中试工艺中若干运行参数

为找出气浮(DAF)工艺的最佳运行工艺参数,对影响气浮工艺出水效果较大的预处理条件、混凝剂投量、水力负荷、水力条件、回流比、刮渣周期等运行参数做了大量的中试试验研究,发现适当的预臭氧处理可以提高UV254的去除,预加氯可以提高对浊度和藻类的去除,预加高锰酸盐可以提高对浊度、藻类、嗅味和UV254等的去除,预加粉末活性炭可以提高对有机物、色度、嗅味的去除,混凝剂投量从10 mg/L增加到50 mg/L,气浮工艺对有机物的去除率提高了30%~40%,水力负荷越高气浮出水浊度越高,回流比越大气浮出水浊度越低,气浮池过长的刮渣周期也会降低出水水质。总之,合理调整气浮池的工艺参数,可以提高气浮出水水质,降低运行成本。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.