籼稻单倍体绿芽无性系二倍化的研究

以籼稻单倍体绿芽无性系为材料,研究秋水仙碱等处理对水稻植株染色体二倍化的影响．结果显示：（1）以500mg／L秋水仙碱溶液振荡处理籼稻单倍体绿芽48h,其二倍化率达60％～75％,处理时间过长或处理浓度过高．虽植株染色体二倍率有所提高,但二倍体植株的得率下降;（2）秋水仙碱在愈伤组织阶段处理,其染色体二倍率远高于非愈伤组织化的绿芽二倍率,高达96％～100％,其实未经处理的绿芽愈伤组织再生植株也能获得较高的加倍率;（3）在培养基中添加多效唑（2．5mg／L）也能增加籼稻植株染色体二倍率,由原来的3．3％提高到6．6％．     

污泥施用对林地土壤基本性质及酶活性的影响

以无锡卢村污水处理厂厌氧消化的脱水污泥为有机肥源,采用土培盆栽试验的方法,研究了不同用量污泥施用后土壤基本性质的变化及对土壤酶活性的影响。试验设计5种处理,污泥施用量和占土质量的比例分别为0（不施污泥的对照处理,CK）,30（3%）,60（6%）,120（12%）和240（24%）g·kg^-1。结果表明,污泥使用提高了土壤中养分元素和有机质的含量;黄棕壤中过氧化氢酶的活性平均比潮土中的高5.2%,随污泥用量的增加潮土中过氧化氢酶活性提高,而黄棕壤中的无明显变化;与对照相比,土壤脲酶活性在两种土壤上分别增加55.6%～122%（黄棕壤）和46.2%～67.5%（潮土）,且与土壤全氮、全磷、水解氮、速效磷和有机质（黄棕壤）和土壤全氮、水解氮和有机质（潮土）呈正相关;结果还显示污泥使用增加了土壤蔗糖酶活性,但不同污泥用量之间无明显差异。     

长期施肥对旱地土壤杂草种子库生物多样性影响的研究

为探讨长期施肥对旱地土壤杂草种子库生物多样性的影响,我们在安徽蒙城地区的一个长期肥料试验定位监测点开展了相关研究。采用镜检法对旱地土壤表层（0～15 cm）中土壤杂草种子的种类进行鉴定并计数,记录杂草种子22种,隶属15科。不同施肥处理区杂草种子丰富度以NP1/2K区最高（14.7种）,PK区最低（10.7种）;其中陌上菜（Lindernia procumbens）、栗米草（Mollugo pentaphylla）、醴肠（Eclipta prostrata）、泽星宿菜（Lysimachia candida lindl）四种杂草的种子密度较大,分别在不同的处理区占据优势;从整个试验区来看,烟台飘拂草（Fimbristylis stauntoni）在所有处理中的密度都比较大,处于优势地位。长期不同施肥方式下,农田土壤杂草种子库的物种多样性有显著差异：PK区Shanon-Wiener指数大于其他处理区,但是Simpson优势度指数最低;NPK区Simpson优势度指数最高;PK、CK区Pielou均匀度指数大于其他处理区。田间杂草种子库的群落结构及其物种组成也发生了一定的变化,Whittaker指数表明,与不施肥处理相比较,半量的P和缺N的影响最显著,缺P次之,缺K和平衡施肥则没有显著影响。Sorenson群落相似性指数和Bray Curtis指数聚类分析结果表明,与不施肥相比较,长期施用N、P、K肥能显著改变旱地土壤杂草种子库的组成。本研究表明长期平衡施肥处理更有利于维持和保护旱地土壤杂草种子库的生物多样性。     

密度和品种对玉米田杂草及玉米产量的影响

通过对玉米田杂草的调查,研究了不同密度和品种对玉米田杂草种类和生物量变化及玉米产量的影响。结果表明：在玉米全生育期内共发现以稗草（Echinochloa colonum（Linn.）Link）、水花生（Alternanthera philoxeroides）、水芹（Lepidiumsativum）等为主的21种杂草,以水芹的重要值最高;随密度的增加杂草的总数量和鲜质量减少;半紧凑型品种对杂草数量和生物量的抑制作用大于紧凑型品种,且产量高出了21.99%。密度对玉米产量的影响差异不显著,以B3（57 000株/hm2）产量最高,比常规密度B1（42 000株/hm2）和高密度B4（64 500株/hm2）的产量提高了14.17%和0.6%。可见,应根据玉米的品种类型,因地制宜地确定适宜的种植密度,以利于高产稳产。     

喀斯特地区长期草地利用制度对群落稳定性的影响

草地利用方式和混播组合对群落特性的长期影响不同。利用方式对白三叶（Trifolium repens）盖度没有显著影响,而混播组合与利用方式的交互作用影响显著。白三叶在宿营处理和刈割为主利用下的与鸭茅（Dactylis glomerata）混播中的比例最低,而在刈割利用和宿营处理的多年生黑麦草（Lolium perenne）组合中的盖度最高。混播组合对禾本科组分盖度影响不显著,但利用方式和交互作用有显著的作用,长期放牧绵羊的混播草地多年生黑麦草很少。混播组合对杂草密度、盖度和多样性指数的影响不明显,而利用方式和交互作用显著地影响杂草盖度和多样性指数。放牧草地中的杂草密度高于刈割草地的,其中放牧利用的白三叶/多年生黑麦草草地最高。放牧牛的草地杂草密度较少,而放牧绵羊的草地杂草较多。白三叶、禾本科牧草以及杂草的密度都显著地受混播组合、利用方式及其交互作用的影响,说明密度是一个敏感的指标。     

超声波对剩余污泥化学调理的影响

以污泥脱水性能与沉降性能为指标,研究了超声波预处理对剩余污泥经阳离子聚丙烯酰胺（CPAM）进行化学调理时污泥减量效果的影响。试验结果表明,单独采用CPAM对剩余污泥进行化学调理时的ρ（最佳添加量）为120 mg.L-1,污泥滤饼含水率为81.2%;单独采用超声波处理剩余污泥时的最佳声能密度为0.04 W.mL-1,此时的滤饼含水率为80.4%。而当在采用CPAM对剩余污泥进行化学调理前先进行超声波预处理后,污泥滤饼含水率降至72.2%。试验结果表明这种联合处理方式不仅使剩余污泥的脱水性能大为改善,并且最佳CPAM投加量降低至60 mg.L-1,最佳超声声能密度降至0.03 W.mL-1,这表明联合处理方法降低了污泥处理成本。     

UASB反应器高温处理酒精废液的研究

在θ＝53±1℃条件下，采用UASB用1mo培养出颗粒污泥,到运行结束时，污泥ρ（TS）为65·0g·L－1，SVI为14．0，Umax（CH4）为603．9mL·g－1·d－1，对颗粒污泥微生物类群数量和微观结构的分析表明，颗粒污泥具有活性和结构上的高效性；反映在处理效果上，使UASB具有高效稳定的运行结果：当t（HRT）24．0～18．4h，容积负荷大于20g·L－1·d－1时，甲烷含量约60％，COD去除率约91％，出水ρ（COD）1400～2000mg·L－1，厌氧生物降解的产能和治污效果良好     

硝基苯废水的厌氧-好氧基本实验与工艺理论分析

根据含硝基苯（ Ｎ Ｂ） 废水的水质特性,利用自然驯化和诱变驯化得到的两株厌氧菌 Ｂａｃｔｅｒｏｉｄｅｓ ｄｉｓｔａｓｏｎｉｓ（ 吉氏拟杆菌） 和 Ｂａｃｔｅｒｏｉｄｅｓ ｍｅｒｄａｅ（ 屎拟杆菌） ,采用厌氧填充床－ 好氧污泥床相结合的 Ａ／ Ｏ 工艺使 Ｎ Ｂ 得到彻底降解．研究表明：利用吸附能力强的活性炭作为厌氧填充床的载体,可以在短期内使高效菌挂膜;在影响填充床厌氧处理效果中,ｔ Ｈ Ｒ和进水ｐ Ｈ 值是主要影响因素,而 Ｎ Ｂ 质量浓度ρ（ Ｎ Ｂ） 和θ／ ℃次之．实验结果表明：进水ρ（ Ｎ Ｂ） 为３００ ～８００ ｍｇ／ Ｌ, Ｃ Ｏ Ｄ Ｃｒ 值为１ ５００ ～３ ５００ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,色度为１００ ～２５０ 倍,经过厌氧填充床控制ｔ Ｈ Ｒ＝ ２４ ｈ ,硝基苯转化率大于９０ ％ , Ｃ Ｏ Ｄ 去除率为２０ ％ ～３０ ％ ;在好氧污泥床中继续曝气１２ ｈ ,则总 Ｃ Ｏ Ｄ 去除率为６０ ％ ～７０ ％ ,色度去除率大于７０ ％ ．连续９０ ｄ 用氯霉素制药厂实际废水处理运行结果亦显示本工艺的可行性．     

施用城市污泥对杨树土壤化学特性及金属含量的影响

采用温室盆栽方法,研究城市污泥对杨树土壤化学特性、金属含量的影响。实验设置6个处理：4个不同用量的污泥处理：30（S1）、60（S2）、90（S3）和120 t.hm-2（S4）,以及对照（Control：不施加污泥和肥料）和无机复合肥处理（F：1.5 t.hm-2）。结果表明,施用污泥后,土壤有机质、全氮及全磷均提高,且随污泥施用量的增加而增加。S1~S4处理的土壤有机质、全氮及全磷较Control处理分别提高了32.50%~52.05%、32.00%~95.30%及75.43%~236.25%;较F处理分别提高了47.60%~69.37%、35.04%~99.70%及77.10%~239.46%。但污泥施用降低土壤pH和全钾质量分数,土壤pH较Control和F处理分别下降了0.11~0.42和0.01~0.32,但仍呈弱碱性;土壤全钾质量分数较Control和F处理分别降低了1.65%~21.51%和1.19%~21.14%。随污泥施用量的增加,土壤Cu、Zn、Ca和Na质量分数呈增加趋势,而Mn、Fe、Al、Mg质量分数呈降低趋势,其中Cu和Zn增加明显,并较Control处理分别增加了31.89%~104.36%和38.93%~358.02%,较F处理分别增加了23.10%~90.75%和37.88%~354.55%。总体而言,污泥施用于杨树后,可明显改善土壤的化学特性,但污泥施用量越大,土壤重金属Cu和Zn的质量分数残留越多。     

城市污水污泥与稻草、粉煤灰混合堆肥及其利用评价

利用城市污水污泥与稻草、粉煤灰混合进行堆肥，分析评价不同物料配比堆肥的物理化学性质变化及其农用价值，探讨了污肥绿化利用的土壤环境容量。结果表明：采用广州市大坦沙污水处理厂脱水污泥与稻草、粉煤灰按照4：1：0．6～1．2的比例（质量比）混合堆肥，60d后，堆肥的植物可利用的有效态养分提高，重金属含量比原污泥有较大幅度降低，粉煤灰对污肥中的重金属有一定的钝化作用，堆肥后的物质疏松，臭味消失；由最小限制因子重金属Cd决定的污肥年最大施用量（连续20a）为82．0t／hm^2（污肥B）和72．1t／hm^2（污肥C），由N决定的污肥年最大施用量分别为31．33t／hm^2（污肥B）和32．49t／hm^2（污肥C）。     

Leaching-induced migration and compositional form change of Cu,Zn, and Cd from sludge to loess

Land utilization of sewage sludge has become one of the major issues in environmental mitigation in China. This is particularly important in the Loess Plateau of Northwest China. Sludge enriched with organic matter and nutrients might effectively help to resolve the problems of silty loess soils as evidenced by porosity defect, structural alterations and absence of fertility. After sludge flows into the loess, irrigation water contains heavy metals that leach and migrate into sludge and consequently related human health risks may occur that raise concerns; and this situation needs to be rectified. The characteristics of the vertical migration and composition form change of Cu, Zn, and Cd from composted sludge to loess, and corresponding influencing factors, were investigated by performing a soil column simulation test under the leaching treatment of a one-year irrigation water capacity. Results demonstrated that: (1) composted sludge significantly improved loess fertility, and irrigation leaching transported only a small quantity of organic matter in sludge in the plough layer; (2) although some of the Cu, Zn, and Cd in composted sludge migrated to and concentrated in the middle and upper layers of the soil column during leaching, these metals were mostly retained in the plough layer; and (3) after the leaching treatment of the one-year irrigation water capacity, the compositions of Cu, Zn, and Cd (particularly Cu and Zn) in both plough layer and loess began to stabilize with low concentrations in the exudate. These findings confirmed the applicability of composted sludge in loess regions. This study provided a new insight into the sludge reuse in alkaline soils in arid and semi-arid region.     

Biodegradation of triclosan and triclocarban in sewage sludge during composting under three ventilation strategies

TCS and TCC can be biodegraded during sewage sludge composting. Ventilation significantly accelerated the biodegradation of TCS and TCC in sludge. Composting can reduce the environmental risk of TCS and TCC in sewage sludge. Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are widely used in home and personal care products as antimicrobial agents. After these products are used, TCS and TCC enter the terrestrial environment and pose a great risk to humans and animals. In this research, the biodegradation of TCS and TCC was investigated during sewage sludge composting with ventilation rates of 108, 92, and 79 m³/min. TCS and TCC were mainly biodegraded in the mesophilic and thermophilic phases, and the biodegradation rates improved with an increase in ventilation. After sewage sludge was composted for 16 days with forced ventilation (108 m³/min), the concentration of TCS decreased from 497.4 to 214.5 μg/kg, and the concentration of TCC decreased from 823.2 to 172.7 μg/kg. The biodegradation rates of TCS and TCC were 65.2% and 83.1%, respectively. However, after the sewage sludge was stacked for 16 days, the biodegradation rates of TCS and TCC were only 17.0% and 18.2%, respectively. The environmental risks of TCS and TCC in the sewage sludge piles significantly decreased after composting. In the sludge pile with a ventilation rate of 108 m³/min, the RQ values of TCS and TCC decreased from 8.29 and 20.58 to 3.58 and 4.32 after composting for 16 days, respectively. There is still a high risk if the sludge compost is directly used as a culture substrate. Nevertheless, the environmental risk could be decreased distinctly if a reasonable quantity of sludge compost is applied to land to ensure an RQ of<1 for TCS and TCC.     

城市污泥不同处理处置方式的成本和效益分析--以北京市为例

以北京市为例,估算不同电价及运输距离下填埋、焚烧及堆肥等方式的城市污泥处理处置成本,在此基础上讨论各种处理处置方案的前景,展望北京市污泥处理处置出路。污泥填埋在一定时期内还将是主要处理处置方式,但所占比例将逐渐下降;堆肥是经济上较为可行的处理处置方式,适合大力推广;随着经济实力与技术水平提高,焚烧法可以适用于个别特殊地点。同时,分析了政府补贴对污泥处理处置效益的影响。     

Use of gamma-irradiation pretreatment for enhancement of anaerobic digestibility of sewage sludge

The effects of γ-irradiation pretreatment on anaerobic digestibility of sewage sludge was investigated in this paper. Parameters like solid components, soluble components, and biogas production of anaerobic digestion experiment for sewage sludge were measured. The values of these parameters were compared before and after γ-irradiation pretreatment. Total solid (TS), volatile solid (VS), suspended solid (SS), volatile suspended solid (VSS), and average floc size of samples decreased after γ-irradiation treatment. Besides, floc size distribution of sewage sludge shifted from 80–100 μm to 0–40 μm after γ-irradiation treatment at the doses from 0 to 30 kGy, which indicated the disintegration of sewage sludge. Moreover, microbe cells of sewage sludge were ruptured by γ-irradiation treatment, which resulted in the release of cytoplasm and increase of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD). Both sludge disintegration and microbe cells rupture enhanced the subsequent anaerobic digestion process, which was demonstrated by the increase of accumulated biogas production. Compared with digesters fed with none irradiated sludge, the accumulated biogas production increased 44, 98, and 178 mL for digesters fed sludge irradiated at 2.48, 6.51, and 11.24 kGy, respectively. The results indicated that γ-irradiation pretreatment could effectively enhance anaerobic digestibility of sewage sludge, and correspondingly, could accelerate hydrolysis process, shorten sludge retention time of sludge anaerobic digestion process.     

污泥处置环境影响论述

污泥是污水处理厂中最主要的固体废物，其处置是整个污水处理工程中最重要的环节之一，妥善处置能有效地防止污水处理工程可能产生的二次污染。以天津市汉沽营城污水处理厂为例，针对污水处理过程中产生的污泥进行成分类比分析，对其拟采取的处理处置措施所带来的环境影响进行论述。     

The transformation of PAHs in the sewage sludge incineration treatment

The release of pollutants from sewage sludge in the treatment process is a worldwide tricky problem in the field of sludge treatment. In this paper, the release and reaction between monomers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sewage sludge incineration treatment were studied based on simulated experiments. The result indicates that the transformation may occurre between monomers of PAHs during their release in the treatment. Over 90% of total PAHs in sewage sludge are released at the the temperature of 300°C–750°C. The possible transformation of Naphthalene to indeno(1, 2, 3-cd)pyrene was related to the temperature of the treatment system. Here, we showed that the output rate of transformation reactions for indeno(1, 2, 3-cd)pyrene is 94% at 300°C. These findings, by identifying corresponding treatment conditions as well as techniques, can help to understand the reactions and control real outputs of PAHs in the treatment process.     

德国的污泥利用和处置（Ⅰ）

文章论述了德国的污泥利用和处置情况,首先概述了德国的废物立法及其发展。然后比较了欧共体和德国污泥农用法规中的基本要点。随着分析了过去几十年德国的污泥产星的发展和组成,这和比较了德国汛泥和利用和处置的工艺。     

Einsatz eines Sensors zurOnline-Bestimmung der mikrobiellen Aktivität

The activity of microorganisms in the activated sludge can be measured with a bio-activity sensor. The signal of the sensor reacts sensitively to changes in substrate concentrations and the appearance of toxic materials. With the sensor, it is possible to check biological wastewater treatment plants online with regard to their microbial activity and to supervise the flowing sewage with reference to its toxic potential.     

Effect of cropping systems on the mobility and uptake of Cd and Zn

A field experiment was carried out to determine the effect of different land use systems such as continuous grass and agricultural crops rotation on the bioavailability of heavy metals in soils contaminated by former excessive sewage sludge application. The results show that Cd and Zn concentrations increased to 2 and 3.5 folds within 3 cuts of grass, respectively. Even 10 years after the end of excessive sewage sludge application the concentration of Cd in winter and summer wheat is 3.4 and 2.5 folds higher than the control, respectively. Zn concentration increased by two folds for both crops. In conclusion, the uptake depends on plant species and the degree of soil contamination. The availability of heavy metals was not changed with time.