Green space,health inequality and pregnancy

Green spaces have been suggested to improve physical and mental health and well-being by increasing physical activity, reducing air pollution, noise, and ambient temperature, increasing social contacts and relieving psychophysiological stress. Although these mechanisms also suggest potential beneficial effects of green spaces on pregnancy outcomes, to our knowledge there is no available epidemiological evidence on this impact. We investigated the effects of surrounding greenness and proximity to major green spaces on birth weight and gestational age at delivery and described the effect of socioeconomic position (SEP) on these relationships. This study was based on a cohort of births (N = 8246) that occurred in a major university hospital in Barcelona, Spain, during 2001–2005. We determined surrounding greenness from satellite retrievals as the average of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in a buffer of 100 m around each maternal place of residence. To address proximity to major green spaces, a binary variable was used to indicate whether maternal residential address is situated within a buffer of 500 m from boundaries of a major green space. For each indicator of green exposure, linear regression models were constructed to estimate change in outcomes adjusted for relevant covariates including individual and area level SEP. None of the indicators of green exposure was associated with birth weight and gestational age. After assessing effect modification based on the level of maternal education, we detected an increase in birth weight (grams) among the lowest education level group (N = 164) who had higher surrounding NDVI (Regression coefficient (95% confidence interval (CI) of 436.3 (43.1, 829.5)) or lived close to a major green space (Regression coefficient (95% CI)) of 189.8 (23.9, 355.7)). Our findings suggest a beneficial effect of exposure to green spaces on birth weight only in the lowest SEP group.     

中国绿色生态空间研究

基于加强生态文明建设的理论基础研究,推进全国主体功能区规划的持续深化,提出并重新界定绿色生态空间的概念,进一步从经济学供需角度,将绿色生态空间划分为3个二级指标:生态空间国土密度、生态空间人口密度、生态空间经济密度,并依据二级指标将全国各省区绿色生态空间大小进行排序(不含香港、澳门),运用灰色相似关联度分析、Q型层次聚类分析和经济社会发展相关性分析展开研究。研究结果表明:各省绿色生态空间供需状况存在较大差异,生态空间人口密度(相对生态空间经济密度)与国土密度变化规律更相似,绿色生态空间和经济增长、人口增长之间不存在明显相关关系。全国主体功能区规划是建立在以资源环境为基础的科学分类标准之上的,但也存在着各规划区域内经济社会发展水平不平衡的问题,经济发展、人口增长与生态资本的增长和环境的改善并不同步。建议实施生态绿色新政,加强绿色生态空间的科学研究,注重全国主体功能区的合理规划;树立生态文化观念,建立生态文明制度;强化生态建设投资;推动相关政策支持。     

论城市居住区绿地的景观生态规划

本文综述了城市居住区绿地规划现状及趋势,指出景观生态规划的内涵及其意义,并进一步指出城市居住区绿地系统的景观生态规划的特征及原则。为了创造良好的环境效益,提高居民生活质量,本文运用景观生态规划的原理,遵循城市居住区景观体系的规划原则,从生态设计和景观设计的角度来探讨城市居住区绿地景观生态规划设计的新思路,并提出了较为合理可行的建议。     

城市绿地生态功能综合评价体系研究的新视角

在对城市绿地生态系统评价研究中人们关注的焦点主要集中在城市绿地为人类提供的生态服务功能,而忽视绿地自身运转功能。构建科学、完善的城市绿地生态系统功能综合评价体系,对于重新认识城市绿地生态系统的综合功能,提升绿地建设和管理水平具有重要的意义。本文分析了目前城市绿地生态系统功能评价容易忽略的绿地数量和面积与生态功能的关系、人工绿地生态系统与自然生态系统生态功能的差异、对城市绿地特殊生存环境和后期科学管护的忽视、只重视城市绿地功能和价值而忽视建设和管护成本以及绿地建设的内涵在城市园林绿化中被曲解等几个问题,在此基础上从绿地生存环境优良性、绿地健康状况、绿地综合效益评价、居民对绿地感知认识出发,探索并构建城市绿地生态系统功能综合评价体系,以反映城市绿地与城市环境之间的适应性和绿地是否能有能力提供足够的生态服务以及居民对绿地生态效益、景观效益、社会经济效益的感知和认同,旨在为城市绿地规划、建设和管护提供有力支撑和指导,更好发挥城市绿地生态系统综合效益。     

城市绿地防灾规划建设和管理探讨——基于四川汶川大地震的思考

随着我国城市规模的急速扩张和人口密度的过度集中,健全城市防灾系统已成为刻不容缓的艰巨任务.城市绿地作为城市防灾系统的重要组成部分,不仅具有生态、景观、游憩和文化功能,还具有突出的防灾避险功能.通过分析成都、都江堰等四川汶川地震受灾城市绿地的使用情况,结合对北京市部分作为应急避难场所的公园建设和使用情况的实地调查,总结认为我国城市绿地防灾规划建设和管理现阶段存在的主要问题是:①对城市绿地的防灾避险功能认识不足;②适合用于防灾的城市绿地总量不足,分布不均;③用于防灾的城市绿地防灾配套设施及功能有待完善.最后从建立城市绿地防灾规划体系,明确城市绿地防灾建设工作重点和优化城市绿地防灾管理体制三个方面探讨如何对城市绿地防灾规划建设和管理进行优化,从而达到加强我国城市绿地防灾功能,完善城市防灾系统的目的.     

上海城市绿地净化服务功能及其价值评估

城市绿地是维护城市生态系统稳定的重要因素,在改善城市环境、保障人体健康等方面起着重要的作用.本文在分析上海城市绿地数量动态变化及其空间分布状况的基础上,通过影子成本法、市场价值法对城市绿地净化服务功能价值进行了估算.结果表明,随着上海城市绿化的推进,城市绿地净化服务功能总价值从2001年的406 600万元增加到2007年的835 500万元,净增加值为428 900万元,其平均年增长率达到15.06%.在城市绿地净化服务功能价值中,固碳释氧功能价值占总价值的95.97%,而净化空气和减弱噪声功能的价值只占4.03%.从2004年开始净化服务功能价值增长减缓,这和上海市绿地的建设速度趋缓是一致的.上海中心城区人口密度过商而绿地相对偏少,郊区相对人均绿地要高.而城市绿地在维持碳氧平衡、净化空气与减弱噪声等服务功能具有不可转移性,需要采取措施进一步提高城市绿化数量和质量,特别是中心城区,要通过立体的城市绿化模式,满足城市发展的需要.     

武汉市典型绿地植被类型对表层土壤入渗和持水性能的影响

合理的绿地植被建设和管理是提高城市蓄水能力和减少城市内涝的重要途径。该文以武汉市城区8种代表性绿地植被的表层土壤为研究对象,通过测定土壤理化性质和水力学特征参数,量化了不同类型绿地植被对表层土壤水分入渗和保持性能的影响,并揭示了土壤理化性质对其影响的机制。结果表明：不同植被类型表层土壤水分入渗性能和持水能力差异显著,天然香樟林、玉兰园、桂花园和牡丹园具有较好的入渗性能,表现为较高的饱和导水率（179.70~441.69 cm/d）,其次是人工草坪（31.53~126.60 cm/d）,而樱花园、梅花园和桃李园的入渗性能最差（22.40~57.99 cm/d）。天然香樟林土壤持水能力最强,表现为最高的田间持水量（0.315~0.336 cm³/cm³）和最大有效含水量（0.170~0.177 cm³/cm³）,其次是玉兰园、桂花园、牡丹园、梅花园和桃李园,持水量、有效含水量分别为:0.241~0.289 cm³/cm³,0.144~0.182 cm³/cm³,而樱花园和草坪的持水能力最弱（0.209~0.254 cm³/cm³,0.139~0.165cm³/cm³）。土壤饱和导水率与总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度呈显著正相关关系,与容重呈显著负相关关系。而容重、总孔隙度、砂粒和粘粒含量是影响土壤水分特征的主要因素。可以通过乔灌木林下种植草本植物、减少人为践踏,以及适时翻耕等方式提高绿地土壤的入渗与保水能力,进而提高其降雨存蓄功能,减少城市内涝。     

Income sources and inequality among ethnic minorities in the Northwest region,Vietnam

This study analyzes the sources of income inequality among ethnic minorities in the Northwest region—the poorest and highest inequality region of Vietnam. Using an analysis of Gini decomposition by income source, the results show that while agricultural income, notably crop income, considerably decreases income inequality, off-farm income sources (wage and non-farm self-employment incomes) are found to increase inequality. This can be explained that in comparison with other income sources, agricultural income is more equally distributed and the main income source for most poor households. However, off-farm income sources are more unequally distributed and flow disproportionately toward the better-off. The findings support the hypothesis that income diversification in non-farm activities results in either greater inequality if opportunities for these activities are skewed toward to the better-off or less inequality if such opportunities are accessible to the poorer part of the population.     

China＇s Green Transformation： Efforts, Practices and Future

正I'm very pleased to be here at this side meeting,China's Green Transformation:Efforts,Practices and Future, co-sponsored by ACCA21 and UNDP.Since the UN Conference on Environment and Development in 1992, people around the world have made numerous     

Aerobiological,ecological, and health linkages

Aerobiology is an interdisciplinary science representing the presence and movement of biological particles in the earth's atmosphere. As an important component of air quality, the impact of these particles on human populations and agriculture were discussed in terms of the ecology of the landscape targets involved. The role of aerobiology in air quality studies was considered.     

“绿水”的多角度评估及其管理研究

传统的水资源评估和管理忽视了在粮食生产和维护生态系统等方面都具有重要作用的绿水.本文引入绿水概念,并针对现有绿水评估研究中缺乏小尺度评估方法研究等问题,以碧流河上游地区为例,使用SWAT水文模型在小尺度建立了多角度评估绿水(包括绿水流和绿水贮存)的方法.并使用此方法估算得到了绿水量,绿水时空分布规律以及气候变化条件下绿水的响应规律,研究了引入绿水概念后传统水资源管理的重要革新内容.研究结果表明,使用SWAT水文模型评估流域绿水,是引入绿水概念后进行小尺度绿水评估的有效办法,值得在中国推广使用.绿水评估结果对水资源管理有重要的指导作用.绿水概念的引入为水资源的管理与决策提供了新的思路和更加科学的办法.     

绿证交易、发售电配额制与可再生能源财税减负效应

为促进清洁能源消纳利用和减轻标杆电价政策财税负担,绿色电力证书(绿证)核发和认购制度已在全国试行。为验证两类政策并存下绿证交易的财税减负作用,该文构建绿证定价和财税减负效应模型,分类探讨不同交易机制和配额安排:绿证自由市场、发售电配额强制市场交易如何影响售证方定价策略和配额主体履约抉择,论证绿证市场均衡和政策互动如何影响可再生能源补助支出、电价附加和绿证交易的税负转嫁效应。模型论证与分类市场情景表明:①绿证交易提供了低成本履约的制度安排,有助于财税减负;②电力市场管制和交叉补贴电价政策下,发电商配额导致火电企业最优履约抉择是自建绿电项目而非绿证交易,绿证市场有价无市;③售电配额的市场交易效率更高,但发电商实施领导跟随-产量最优策略将造成电力和绿证价格双攀升,变相增加电价负担;④并网消纳和补贴拖欠削弱绿证价格而降低补贴转嫁,售电配额调整通过跨区绿电需求变化影响税负转嫁。这些结论蕴含的政策意义是:①兼顾绿电支付意愿、成本分担与应用目标,健全绿证认购市场体系;②理顺绿证定价与惩罚机制,确保绿证市场竞争均衡与履约效率;③完善省级配额机制,引导具备成本优势的跨区绿证交易;④协调政策互动效应,增强绿电溢价和绿证减负效应。     

外部环境、绿色管理与环境绩效的关系

在要求发展低碳经济的背景下,如何促使企业加强绿色管理,提高环境绩效正日益成为社会所关注的焦点。文章基于外部环境视角,揭示影响企业绿色管理与环境绩效的三个因素;通过对东莞家具产业127份企业样本的采集分析,提出并验证外部环境对绿色管理与环境绩效的影响机制整合模型。研究发现,制度因素和技术相容性通过主动的行政管理这一部分中介对环境绩效产生积极影响,客户因素则通过完全中介变量主动的行政管理对环境绩效产生积极影响。环保法规的完善、绿色技术的兼容以及客户绿色消费意识的提高对企业进行绿色管理将会产生重要影响。今后构建并且不断完善具有约束力的外部环境是提高企业环境绩效的重要途径。     

Mobilizing Artists: Green Patriot Posters,Visual Metaphors,and Climate Change Activism

This essay examines the Canary Project's Green Patriot Posters campaign as activist art that collectively comments on the cultural coherence of our current relations to the environment, particularly in terms of global warming, sustainability, and the concept of linear economic growth. Aspiring to bring together artists under the eco-activist umbrella, the Canary Project relies on an old WWII-inspired frame with a narrow premise of that period's conservation efforts. Within this framework, a range of visual designs question, subvert, and promote continued economic growth and an ontology that “more” equals “better.” An analysis of the up–down orientational metaphors underscores a typology of these valuations and reveals one way to assess implications of such artistic efforts. That is, artistic expressions adapt and play with the contingent nature of metaphors, offering elaborations, extensions, and alternatives on basic structural elements and, hence, remark on how we orient ourselves and productively imagine being of/in the world anew.     

Coordination Degree of Urban Population, Economy, Space, and Environment in Shenyang Since 1990

In the background of China's rapid urbanization, the conflicts between urban population, economy, space, and environment are intensified and complicated. This article aims to establish a coordinate assessment method for studying urban population, economy, space, and environment interactions in city scale by principal component analysis and regression analysis. On the basis of the case study on Shenyang city, the results indicated that the integrated development of urban population, economic, and space was in a poor situation from 1993 to 1999, whereas it turned better after 2000, and the urban environment improved steadily after 1998. The static coordination degree of urban integrated development and environment showed obvious periodical and fluctuant characteristics. Compared with the static coordination degree, the dynamic coordination degree appeared to be smooth and lag. The static coordination degree was elementary discoordinative in 1993, 1994, and 1999; whereas it turned to be elementary coordinative between 1995 and 2005. The dynamic coordination degree was elementary discoordinative from 1993 to 1996, whereas it became elementary coordinative overall after 1997.