泸-石高速甘草沟泥石流发育特征及危险性分析

拟建泸定至石棉段高速公路(泸-石路)沿线泥石流灾害频发,甘草沟是较为典型的一条泥石流沟。通过现场调查和室内试验,文中以该泥石流的形成条件分析为基础,对甘草沟进行了危险性评价计算。研究得出：甘草沟物源总量为235.90×10⁴m³,动储量为23.09×10⁴m³,在20、50、100年一遇的频率下,一次冲出固体物质量为27 530、3 1651、34 783 m³;危险范围最大长度为712、795、857 m,危险范围最大宽度为765、851、917 m;该泥石流处于发展期,危险性属于中度危险。     

川藏铁路沟谷型泥石流形成运动特征与工程危害研究∗

拟建川藏铁路拉林铁路段山地灾害活跃,沿线分布有大量的沟谷型泥石流沟,由于其规模大、侵蚀强烈、具有重复性等特点,时常对铁路和公路造成破坏,并直接或间接的影响着拟建川藏铁路的建设,甚至对铁路后期的安全运营造成威胁。考虑到拟建川藏铁路和G318的特殊性和重要性以及其时刻面临着泥石流灾害的威胁,故采用野外考察、室内试验、遥感解译等相结合的方法,对拟建川藏铁路沿线存在泥石流暴发痕迹的4条沟谷型泥石流沟的形成运动特征进行了研究,分析了4条泥石流沟的危害特点,结合泥石流运动参数和不同的危害特点提出了相应的防治方案。研究结果表明:(1)江中浦曲、帮改娘沟、色比单嘎沟、协拉浦曲在形成条件上有利于泥石流灾害的形成和暴发。(2)4条沟道的泥石流容重为1.7 g/cm3左右,均属稀性泥石流沟;色比单嘎沟泥石流在规模上属大型,其余3条沟泥石流在规模上均属特大型;泥石流一次过流总量为8.61万～1 901.97万m3;固体冲出物质为3.91万～829.95万m3;泥石流流速为5.2～6.6 m/s。(3)通过过流能力分析发现,协拉浦曲沟口G318断面存在明显的过流能力不足。(4)基于泥石流特征参数及危害的分析,对泥石流沟提出了相应的防治方案,可为该段拟建铁路和公路的建设和后期安全运营等的防灾减灾提供借鉴。     

西攀高速公路泥石流防治与对策

在野外调查与资料分析的基础上,总结了西攀高速公路沿线泥石流的分布特征,并通过分析典型泥石流防治工程的缺陷,提出在当前山区高速公路泥石流防治工程中,西攀高速公路泥石流防治中所暴露的问题具有代表性。针对高速公路与成昆铁路的空间位置关系,在成昆铁路沿安宁河已占有较好线位的条件下,根据成昆铁路防治泥石流的成功经验,提出了西攀高速公路泥石流防治工程的主要策略。     

陕西户-洋高速公路地质灾害危险性评估

对陕西户(县)-洋(县)高速公路沿线的地质灾害进行了考察研究；对崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、岩溶区塌陷等地质灾害的现状进行了分析论证；对未来各种地质灾害发生的危险性进行了评估预测。     

四川省石棉县安顺场飞水岩沟泥石流综合评判及风险性分析

飞水岩泥石流位于四川省石棉县安顺场乡,是一条中频中等规模的泥石流沟。该泥石流沟严重威胁着沟口附近的医院、办公楼和民居等安全。在对该沟进行详细调查和研究的基础上,采用数量化综合评判法和模糊数学综合评判法对其严重性进行了分析。综合评判结果显示飞水岩沟属中等严重的泥石流沟。运用泥石流风险评价理论,结合泥石流的危险度评价和易损度评价,综合飞水岩沟泥石流危险度评价(H单=0.52)和灾害的易损度评价(V单=0.59),运用自然灾害风险度模型,得出了飞水岩沟泥石流的风险度为0.31,为中度风险泥石流沟。针对飞水岩沟的特点提出了相应的防治建议。     

泥石流V型排导槽防淤设计方法及其应用研究

排导槽是泥石流治理常用的工程措施,泥石流若在槽内淤积,将极大影响排导槽防治效果。目前国内现行规范中没有关于排导槽淤积情况计算的相关条款,导致排导槽被泥石流淤埋的工程事故时有发生。鉴于此,分析了排导槽淤堵的常见原因,对现有的一些排导槽淤积验算公式进行了分析和整理,提出了一套基于槽宽验算、槽内泥深及流速验算等公式的排导槽防淤设计验算方法。该方法在雅(安)泸(沽)高速公路沿线某泥石流沟V型排导槽淤埋事故的处理中进行了应用,重建的排导槽经受了2011年6月17日特大暴雨形成的泥石流的考验,说明该方法实施效果良好,可供相关研究与设计参考。     

西藏聂拉木县“4·25”尼泊尔地震次生山地灾害与防灾减灾对策

"4·25"尼泊尔地震诱发西藏聂拉木县大量的次生山地灾害,灾害主要类型包括崩塌、滑坡、泥石流和不稳定斜坡等。这些次生灾害不仅造成了人员伤亡,对中尼公路(G318线)的安全运营及沿线主要城镇居民点聂拉木镇、樟木镇(口岸)也造成了严重影响。地震诱发的大量崩塌、滑坡为泥石流活动提供了丰富的物源,将促进泥石流活跃,在后期暴雨作用下产生严重的泥石流灾害。通过初步分析得出:(1)聂拉木"4·25"地震次生山地灾害点计221处,分布于聂拉木县5个乡镇,其中有滑坡10处、崩塌159处、泥石流沟26条、不稳定斜坡26处。(2)聂拉木(边检站以下)—樟木—友谊桥—带以滑坡、崩塌灾害为主;聂拉木(边检站以上)—亚来乡—达弟以崩塌、泥石流为主、滑坡为次;希夏邦马峰东侧以冰川泥石流为主。最后,结合区域的地形、地质构造、气象条件提出了地震区恢复重建中的防灾减灾对策。     

四川九寨沟县关庙沟泥石流及其防治对策

关庙沟为嘉陵江上游支流白水江右岸的一条支沟,位于四川九寨沟县城区,曾多次发生过严重的泥石流灾害,直接威胁县城和九寨沟旅游环线公路的安全。该沟泥石流具有容重大(2.20t/m~3)、搬运固体物质粒径粗、固体物质以沟岸滑坡和沟床堆积物补给为主等特征。本文分析了该沟泥石流的形成、流体性质、类型等基本特征,预测灾害的发展趋势,提出泥石流减灾防灾对策。     

白龙江中游的泥石流灾害

甘肃省的白龙江中游地区,是我国泥石流灾害严重地区之一。在此区间有较大规模和有一定危害作用的泥石流沟40条,是白龙江流域泥石流分布最集中、灾害最严重的地段。由于泥石流形成条件存在,近期仍处于活跃期。泥石流是介于挟沙水流和滑坡之间的山区土(含石块)、水、气混合流。它暴     

四川甘孜达曲各目弄巴沟泥石流及其防治对策

各目弄巴沟为雅砻江支流达曲的一级支沟,该沟地处川西高山高原区,处于南水北调西线一期达曲工程区内,曾发生过严重的泥石流灾害,直接威胁公路、村庄、学校、小水电站、桥梁等的安全.该沟泥石流具有规模大,危害严重、冲淤强烈、容重大,固体物质粒径粗等特征.在分析了该沟泥石流的特征基础上,预测了泥石流灾害的发展趋势,并提出了泥石流减灾防灾对策.     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。     

A general assessment of the environmental impact of refugees in Somalia with attention to the refugee agricultural programme

This paper attempts to examine the broad features of Somalia's harsh physical environment into which several hundreds of thousands of refugees, with mainly a nomadic or semi-nomadic life style and culture, dramatically descended six years ago. The thirty-six rural camps in which at least half of them live are described as is the refugee agricultural programme which is training several thousand families so that they may be "self-supporting." The four regions where the camps are located are each briefly summarized in terms of their soils, their climates, their natural vegetation, and the type of agriculture which the refugee farmers practice. A more detailed analysis is then given on the following critical environmental concerns: Vegetation and erosion on refugee farms, the growing problem of refugee livestock, the destruction of trees, and irrigation practices and salinity on refugee farms. The paper concludes with an argument to preserve Somalia's environment from careless and destructive exploitation, which is leading towards desertification, and calls for an in-depth study of the situation.