深圳铁岗水库水体中抗生素污染特征分析及生态风险评价

近年来水体中不断被检出的抗生素逐渐成为研究者关注的焦点。许多国家的河流、湖泊、地下水中均检出了抗生素残留。目前国内外关于抗生素污染特征的研究主要集中在河流、河口湾和污水处理厂等水环境中,对于抗生素在饮用水源地水体中的污染状况研究极少。利用高效液相色谱-串联质谱技术（HPLC-MS/MS）检测分析了5类典型抗生素在深圳铁岗饮用水源地型水库中的污染特征。结果表明,9种目标抗生素中,有8种在铁岗水库水体中被检出,浓度范围为1.1～203 ng·L^-1,其中,林肯霉素检出浓度最高,红霉素次之,阿莫西林未检出;入库支流抗生素污染程度普遍高于铁岗水库,其中大官陂河中抗生素质量浓度最高（277.0 ng·L^-1）,九围河次之（196.4 ng·L^-1）;枯水期抗生素浓度高于丰水期。采用风险商值法初步评价的结果表明,枯水期时料坑水中红霉素、大官陂河中磺胺甲噁唑和林肯霉素,以及丰水期时九围河中林肯霉素的生态风险商（RQ）均大于1,对生态环境具有高风险;风险简单叠加模型计算结果显示,枯水期时料坑水、塘头河、大官陂河以及丰水期时九围河中抗生素的联合毒性风险商（RQsum）均大于1,对生态环境可能会产生较高的风险。     

渭河西安段磺胺类抗生素的分布特征及生态风险评价

采用HPLC-MS/MS对渭河西安段(咸阳至西安)表层水体中的磺胺类抗生素污染物进行检测分析,丰水期共检出包括磺胺嘧啶、磺胺二甲嘧啶、磺胺甲唑、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶、磺胺吡啶、磺胺喹喔啉、磺胺氯哒嗪和磺胺增效剂甲氧苄啶8种药物残留,检出率50%—100%,检出浓度nd—178.44 ng·L~(-1);平水期检测到除磺胺氯哒嗪外7种,检出率25%—100%,检出浓度nd—114.46 ng·L~(-1).与国内其他河流相比,渭河西安段检出的磺胺类抗生素种类较多,浓度处于中等水平.磺胺类抗生素的浓度分布呈现:平水期,上游中游下游;丰水期,中游下游上游的特点;平水期和丰水期共同检出的磺胺类抗生素比较,平水期检出总浓度高于丰水期.源分析初步表明,生活污水、工业和医疗废水、禽畜和水产养殖是渭河西安段磺胺类抗生素浓度水平较高的主要原因.此外,渭河西安段表层水体中磺胺类抗生素浓度与COD、NH_3-N、TN、TP等其他同步水污染指标无明显相关关系.风险商值RQs分析表明除磺胺甲唑(RQs≥1)对相应物种存在高风险,其他抗生素的风险较低(RQs0.1).     

长江三角洲地区典型废水中抗生素的初步分析

采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱方法,对城市生活污水、养猪场和甲鱼养殖场废水进行抗生素污染检测.污水处理厂污水中检出磺胺二甲嘧啶、磺胺甲氧嘧啶和磺胺甲恶唑3种磺胺类抗生素,浓度都低于5 μg·l-1.养猪场废水中检出磺胺甲恶唑、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶、磺胺嘧啶、磺胺二甲嘧啶和磺胺氯哒嗪5种磺胺类抗生素(＜5μg·l-1),四环素类的四环素、土霉素和强力霉素(30.05-100.75μg·l-1).甲鱼养殖场废水检出氯霉素、甲砜霉素和氟甲砜霉素3种氯霉素抗生素,浓度低于检测下限0.1μg·l-1.结果表明,在3种典型废水中,养猪场废水检出抗生素的种类最多,浓度也最高;磺胺类在3种废水中检出频率最高,尤其是磺胺甲恶唑、磺胺二甲嘧啶和磺胺甲氧嘧啶.说明城市生活污水、畜禽养殖场废水和水产养殖废水都是水环境潜在的抗生素污染源.     

南方典型水源地及水产养殖区抗生素的复合污染特征及生态风险

抗生素作为生长促进剂和疾病预防控制药物在水产养殖领域得到广泛应用,目前在许多环境水体中检测到不同类型的抗生素。环境中抗生素的残留问题也是目前环境研究的热点问题之一。本研究选择南方某市8个水源地和5个典型水产养殖区作为研究对象,采用固相萃取、高效液相色谱串联三重四级杆质谱联用仪方法,调查了32种常用抗生素在水体中的含量水平和空间分布特征,揭示了抗生素的来源,并对其生态风险进行了评价。水源地共检出12种抗生素,浓度范围为0.12～44.6 ng·L~(-1),以磺胺甲噁唑含量最高;水产养殖区检出14种抗生素,浓度范围为0.95～716 ng·L~(-1),以氯四环素检出浓度最高。整体上水产养殖区抗生素的浓度高于水源地。抗生素浓度与环境因子的冗余分析表明,水产养殖和生活污水排放是水体中抗生素的主要来源。对检出的13种抗生素进行生态风险评价,单一抗生素而言,环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、磺胺嘧啶、氯四环素和脱水红霉素的风险商值大于0.01而小于0.1,表现为低风险。总抗生素风险商值加和在大部分水源地大于0.01而小于0.1,表现为低风险;总抗生素风险商值加和在2个水产养殖区大于0.1,表现为中等风险,水产养殖区抗生素的长期生态风险应该引起关注。     

长江南京段表层水体中12种磺胺类抗生素的污染水平及风险评价

为评价长江南京段表层水体磺胺类抗生素的污染水平、生态风险及健康风险,利用高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定了长江南京段水体中14个采样点的12种磺胺类化合物.结果显示,长江南京段表层水体中共检出了8种磺胺类化合物,总浓度范围为13.2—21.0 ng·L~(-1),中值为16.4 ng·L~(-1),平均值为16.2 ng·L~(-1),8种检出抗生素中最高的为磺胺甲唑,浓度范围为6.76—8.98 ng·L~(-1),其次是为磺胺嘧啶,浓度范围为2.52—6.59 ng·L~(-1).其中磺胺甲噻二唑、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶、磺胺甲氧哒嗪及磺胺噻唑在所有采样点均未检出.总体来说,长江南京段水体中的磺胺类抗生素浓度与国内及国外其他水体包括河流湖泊相比处于相对较低的水平.对4种磺胺类抗生素的生态风险评价结果表明,所有的4种抗生素RQs均小于0.01.采用简单叠加模型计算的磺胺类抗生素的联合毒性风险熵范围为0.0029—0.0039,表明长江南京段磺胺类抗生素对于水生生物风险不显著.对4种磺胺类抗生素的人体健康风险评价结果表明,每种化合物对于每个年龄段的RQs均小于1,表明长江南京段表层水体中的磺胺类抗生素对人体健康无风险.     

3种抗生素对羊角月牙藻次生代谢的影响

研究乳糖酸红霉素、盐酸环丙沙星和磺胺甲噁唑3种抗生素对羊角月牙藻体内缩酚酸、类黄酮等次生代谢产物含量及苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性的影响.结果显示,3种抗生素会对羊角月牙藻次生代谢产生强烈影响.乳糖酸红霉素可造成苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性下降,并使各类次生代谢产物含量降低,其中对类黄酮的影响最大;而盐酸环丙沙星和磺胺甲噁唑则会使苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性及各类代谢产物含量上升,其中盐酸环丙沙星对缩酚酸、黄酮及黄烷醇的影响要强于磺胺甲噁唑,而花青素则对磺胺甲噁唑更为敏感.此外,绿原酸的含量在乳糖酸红霉素处理后低于缩酚酸的总体水平,而在盐酸环丙沙星和磺胺甲噁唑处理后的变化则正好相反.结果表明,乳糖酸红霉素对羊角月牙藻次生代谢具有显著的抑制作用,而盐酸环丙沙星与磺胺甲噁唑则表现出较明显的促进效应,且不同次生代谢产物响应的敏感程度随不同种类抗生素而有所不同.     

珠江广州段水体抗生素的复合污染特征及其生态风险

抗生素被广泛用于人和动物的疾病治疗,使用后未完全吸收的抗生素随污水大量进入环境,其环境行为和生态效应引起了人们的广泛关注。珠江广州段流经珠三角经济发达区域,受到广州市生活污水及周边养殖废水污染。为了解珠江广州段抗生素污染状况,有必要系统监测其水体抗生素的污染水平,评价其生态风险,为珠江流域抗生素的管理和风险防控提供数据支撑。在2015年12月的枯水期和2016年4月的丰水期,对珠江广州段13个采样断面中41种抗生素化合物的含量水平和空间分布进行了研究,并对抗生素的生态风险进行了评价。枯水期检出18种抗生素化合物,含量范围为ND~642 ng?L~(-1),以脱水红霉素含量最高,其中有11种抗生素检出率达到100%;丰水期检出20种抗生素化合物,有9种抗生素检出率为100%,含量范围为ND~703 ng?L~(-1),以氧氟沙星含量最高。上游河段中抗生素化合物的质量浓度较低,城区人口密集区对应的水体中质量浓度较高,而石井河、猎德涌、沙河涌等市区河涌质量浓度最高。对其中13个检出的抗生素化合物进行生态风险评价,结果表明珠江广州段水体单个抗生素以脱水红霉素、罗红霉素和氧氟沙星生态风险较高,其中,脱水红霉素尤其显著。枯水期珠江广州段水体大多数监测断面脱水红霉素的风险商值大于1,其中,石井河口最高,达到6.23。总抗生素加和风险商值普遍较高,最高达到10.6,大部分断面总抗生素风险商属于高风险范围,需采取措施控制水体环境抗生素污染。     

配套养殖体系中部分抗生素的污染特征

采用超声提取-固相萃取-高效液相色谱串联质谱技术分析配套养殖体系粪便、水体和沉积物中4种磺胺类(SAs)、2种四环素类(TCs)、2种大环内酯(MLs)和2种喹诺酮类(QLs)抗生素的含量和分布特征.研究结果显示,在水体中共检出8种抗生素,浓度在ND—382 ng·L-1,2种四环素类抗生素未被检出,且水体中抗生素的浓度呈现旱季高于雨季;沉积物中共检出7种抗生素,其浓度分别在ND—3400μg·kg-1范围内,磺胺嘧啶(SDZ)、磺胺甲噁唑(SMX)和罗红霉素(RTM)未被检出;在猪粪和鸭粪中均检出甲氧苄啶(TMP)、诺氟沙星(NFX)、脱水红霉素(ETM-H2O)和罗红霉素(RTM),同时猪粪中还检出2种四环素类,鸭粪中检出磺胺二甲嘧啶(SMZ)和环丙沙星(CFX),其中鸭粪中甲氧苄啶的最高浓度达到6.11 mg·kg-1.研究结果表明,不同介质中抗生素的含量存在一定差异,其中磺胺类抗生素在水体中浓度最高,喹诺酮类和四环素类在沉积物中的浓度最高;粪便中抗生素的种类与施药的种类密切相关,并且可能会加剧抗生素对水体环境的污染.     

5种典型滨海养殖水体中多种类抗生素的残留特性

水产集约化养殖的迅速发展带来的抗生素环境问题已经受到各国学者的关注,尤其是环境残留抗生素对微生物耐药性的诱导和抗生素在食物中的残留,直接影响水生生态系统健康以及人类健康。应用固相萃取-高压液相色谱-串联质谱方法（SPE-LC-MS/MS）研究不同生物养殖水体（鱼塘、螃蟹池、蛏池、虾池、鸭池）中残留抗生素类型和质量浓度。结果表明,基于LC-MS/MS分析的固相萃取方法对滨海养殖水体中5类14种抗生素残留的检测具有较高的萃取效率,并且检测方法回收率在63%~124%之间;在典型滨海养殖区不同养殖水体中检出了3类7种抗生素（含磺胺类增效剂甲氧苄氨嘧啶）残留,最高质量浓度分别为诺氟沙星（3.54 ng.L-1,虾池）、氧氟沙星（14.8 ng.L-1,蛏池）、磺胺嘧啶（5.36 ng.L-1,鸭池）、磺胺二甲嘧啶（7.35 ng.L-1,虾池）、磺胺甲噁唑（18.5 ng.L-1,虾池）、氟甲砜霉素（5.00 ng.L-1,虾池）和甲氧苄氨嘧啶（40.2 ng.L-1,鸭池）,均低于已有的报道质量浓度水平。养殖水体中残留抗生素种类和质量浓度与养殖生物类型有关,螃蟹养殖水体抗生素残留种类（4种）最少,鱼和鸭养殖水体抗生素残留检出达6种,而检出的抗生素最高残留质量浓度主要来自于虾养殖水体。     

受污染水体中未知药物和个人护理品的筛查和定量分析

本研究使用超高效液相色谱-串联四极杆飞行时间质谱(UPLC-Q-Tof)和超高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)完成某流域受污染水体样中未知药物和个人护理品(PPCPs)的筛查和定量分析.检测结果磺胺二甲嘧啶检出含量最高,磺胺嘧啶的含量也处于较高含量水平.而磺胺甲唑的含量处于中等污染水平.     

Classification of occupations at risk in Thailand for lead exposure using blood lead levels as a biomarker

Lead (Pb) exposure is of particular concern because of the ongoing exposure of thousands of workers in industrial plants. Monitoring of Pb exposure among the at-risk workers is recommended and amongst various biomarkers, and it is well-established that blood lead (BPb) determination is utilized for biomonitoring. There are some previous reports on the BPb levels among several at-risk occupations in Thailand; however, there has been no comparison among these occupations with respect to metal levels in the blood. The aim of this study was to correlate at-risk occupations with Pb exposure and BPb levels. In order to compare between occupations, it was not possible to obtain a direct correlation as there are several confounding factors, especially for occupational conditions and lab measurement techniques. In this study, the exposure risk ratio from five previously available reports regarding BPb determination in at-risk occupations in Thailand is presented. Of interest, the high risk occupations are those in which individuals directly inhaled Pb in environmental ambient air. The cutoff median of exposure risk ratio was found to be 12.6 and this may be a useful value in determining whether exposed workers are at high risk in future studies.     

Development of a risk measure as a sustainable project selection criterion

SUMMARY

Sustainable decision-making requires consideration of technology, ecology, and the social and political infrastructure of society. While it may never be possible to identify with certainty what is sustainable and what is not, an attempt has been made in this paper to formulate a measure that permits one to compare the performances of project alternatives with respect to risk. An algorithm is presented for the evaluation of a risk criterion that can be used with other criteria in the process of selecting project alternatives. The intent of the risk criterion is to involve project stakeholders in the process of quantifying the risks associated with different project alternatives.     

Disposition of bisphenol A in pregnant mice and fetuses after a single and repeated oral administration

The risk assessment of bisphenol A (BPA) on the development of offspring of humans is an important issue. There have been some reports on the fate of BPA in rodents, but information on the BPA level in fetal organs essential for the extrapolation to humans is inadequate. In the present study, we investigated the distribution pattern of ¹⁴C-BPA-derived radioactivity in fetal tissues following administration of 10?mg/kg ¹⁴C-BPA to the pregnant mice. The radioactivity was rapidly transferred through placenta and distributed to all fetal organs including reproductive organs and brains in a similar level. The concentration declined slowly compared with dams. Analysis of metabolites in fetuses showed that a fraction of BPA was unexpectedly large compared to the maternal blood. There was no clear effect of the fetal position in a uterus to influence the radioactivity concentration in whole fetuses. The dose dependence of pharmacokinetics should be recognized to extrapolate the pharmacokinetic result from animal experiments at high doses to humans at low doses. Similar experiments were conducted with an addition of two doses, 1 and 100?mg/kg, respectively. The pharmacokinetics seemed to be linear between 1 and 10?mg/kg, although at 100?mg/kg BPA was absorbed slowly and the radioactivity concentrations in fetuses were much higher than expected based on the linear dose dependence. Repeated doses were administered to pregnant mice since humans are exposed to BPA chronically. Radioactivity level in most of the fetal tissues on repeated administration was higher than single administration.     

2种毒性评估方法对PAHs污染场地人体健康风险的比较研究

毒性评估是人体健康风险评价的重要部分,目前主要存在2种方法,一种基于PAHs相对于苯并[a]芘(BaP)的毒性当量因子,采用Ba P致癌斜率因子参数(方法 1),另一种直接采用各PAHs致癌斜率因子和非致癌参考剂量等参数(方法 2)。然而2种毒性评估方法得到的风险及修复量是否存在差异以及引起差异的原因等问题鲜有讨论。针对苏南某焦化厂PAHs污染土壤,采用分层土壤健康风险评价模型,对比了2种毒性评估方法确定的PAHs风险、修复目标污染物及土方量的差异,并对引起差异的关键因素进行探讨。结果表明:对于0.0~1.0 m表层土壤,方法 1和方法 2确定的致癌风险最大值分别1.48E-05和1.32E-05,均超过可接受致癌风险,修复土方量分别为27 846 m~3和28 667 m3,修复目标污染物均为Ba P和二苊烃(Acy)。对于1.0~3.0 m深层土壤,方法 1确定的致癌风险最大值为3.36E-08,低于可接受致癌风险,不需要修复;而方法 2确定的致癌风险最大值为3.73E-04,非致癌危害指数最大值为6.96E+01,分别超过可接受致癌风险和非致癌危害商,需要修复,修复目标污染物为萘(NaP),修复土方量为35 944 m~3。最终,方法 2确定的总修复土方量(64 611 m~3)为方法 1确定土方量(27 846 m~3)的2.45倍,而这种差异主要是由于方法 1低估了深层土壤中高挥发性PAH单体尤其是NaP的风险所致。因此,从保守角度建议采用方法 2进行PAHs风险评价。     

天津污灌区苯并（a）芘、荧蒽和菲生态毒性的风险表征

运用概率风险评价方法表征和比较了天津污灌区3种多环芳烃对生物影响的风险性。根据各物质的环境暴露浓度和相应急性毒性值的累计概率分布曲线估计了各物质相对风险性的大小。采用联合概率曲线方式比较了不同暴露概率水平条件下3种多环芳烃的相对风险。结果表明，该地区目前菲的总体风险性高于另两种化合物，苯并（a)芘的总体风险性最低。而低暴露风险条件下（受威胁生物不超过20％），苯并（a)芘的风险较大，菲次之，荧蒽风险相对较低。     

典型石化企业排放有毒有害大气污染物人体健康风险评估

石化行业生产过程中会产生有毒有害大气污染物,并可能对人体健康产生危害。为贯彻落实《大气污染防治法》第七十八条中对有毒有害大气污染物(hazardous air pollutants,HAPs)实行风险管理,评估环境风险的要求,有必要开展石化企业排放HAPs的人体健康风险评估。本研究采用美国环境保护局(US EPA)发布的人体健康风险评估手册F部分吸入风险评估指南中的方法,推算出HAPs物质对人体健康的致癌风险值和非致癌风险值;通过CALPUFF模型模拟预测出典型石化企业HAPs物质扩散范围及空气中的浓度,并将模拟预测得到的污染物浓度与推算得到的风险值进行比较,进而表征园区内该企业排放HAPs对人体健康的风险。结果表明,基于最坏情况分析,该石化企业排放的HAPs致癌风险值为0.421μg·m-3,非致癌风险值为2.212μg·m-3,CALPUFF模拟预测空气中污染物浓度最大为0.62μg·m-3,且模型预测的月均浓度均未超过致癌和非致癌风险值,风险表征结果表明,该石化企业排放的HAPs物质对人体健康不存在致癌和非致癌风险。但本研究仅针对某石化企业开展人体健康风险评估,并不能代表石化行业排放有毒有害大气污染物对人体健康风险的整体水平。     

Fecundity as a Basis for Risk Assessment of Nonindigenous Freshwater Molluscs

Abstract:  The most efficient way to reduce future damages from nonindigenous species is to prevent the introduction of harmful species. Although ecologists have long sought to predict the identity of such species, recent methodological advances promise success where previous attempts failed. We applied recently developed risk assessment approaches to nonindigenous freshwater molluscs at two geographic scales: the Laurentian Great Lakes basin and the 48 contiguous states of the United States. We used data on natural history and biogeography to discriminate between established freshwater molluscs that are benign and those that constitute nuisances (i.e., cause environmental and/or economic damage). Two statistical techniques, logistic regression and categorical tree analysis, showed that nuisance status was positively associated with fecundity. Other aspects of natural history and biogeography did not significantly affect likelihood of becoming a nuisance. We then used the derived statistical models to predict the chance that 15 mollusc species not yet in natural ecosystems would cause damage if they become established. We also tested whether time since establishment is related to the likelihood that nonindigenous mollusc species in the Great Lakes and United States would cause negative impacts. No significant relationship was evident at the U.S. scale, but recently established molluscs within the Great Lakes were more likely to cause negative impacts. This may reflect changing environmental conditions, changing patterns of trade, or may be an indication of "invasional meltdown." Our quantitative analyses could be extended to other taxa and ecosystems and offer a number of improvements over the qualitative risk assessments currently used by U.S. (and other) government agencies.     

Correlational evidence of a sexually-selected handicap

Handicap models of sexual selection predict that ornaments must be costly to produce and/or to wear and maintain; only then can they evolve as reliable signals of genetic quality. We investigated in the laboratory one potential cost of possessing ornaments, using the viviparous fish Girardinichthys multiradiatus and its natural predator, the snake Thamnophis melanogaster. We found that female G. multiradiatus show preferences for males with larger fins, as measured from body correlates. Males with a morphology attractive to females, however, were more likely to be captured by snakes than were other males (Fig. 5). Greater vulnerability to snakes cannot be explained as a result of snake visual preferences, because snakes responded similarly to males and females (Fig. 6). Finally, males, particularly dominant ones, were more likely to inspect foraging snakes than were females (Fig. 7). We conclude that male Girardinichthys multiradiatus experience a sexually-selected handicap due to reduced mobility resulting from having enlarged fins.     

PPCPs in a drinking water treatment plant in the Yangtze River Delta of China: Occurrence,removal and risk assessment

• 39 PPCPs were investigated at a DWTP using the Yangtze River as its water source. • Grab and continuous sampling were conducted for the comparison of data consistency. • Ketoprofen & carbamazepine can be risk management indicators because of the high RQ. The occurrence and removal of 39 targeted pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) from source water, through a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) to the water supply station, were investigated around the central part of Yangtze River Delta in China using both grab sampling and continuous sampling. Totally 24 of the 39 targeted PPCPs were detected in raw water, and 12 PPCPs were detected in the finished water. The highest observed concentration was enrofloxacin (85.623 ng/L) in raw water. Removal efficiencies were remarkably negative correlated with log K_ow (r = -0.777, p<0.01) after calibration control of concentration, indicating that more soluble PPCPs are easier to remove by the combined process (prechlorination and flocculation/precipitation), the concentration level also had a great impact on the removal efficiency. The normal process in the pilot DWTP seems to be ineffective for PPCPs control, with the limited removal efficiency of less than 30% for each step: pre-chlorination, flocculation and precipitation, post-chlorination and filter. There were notable differences between the data from continuous sampling and grab sampling, which should be considered for different monitoring purposes. The chlorination and the hydrolytic decomposition of PPCPs in the water supply pipe may attenuate PPCPs concentration in the pipeline network. The PPCPs examined in the effluent of DWTP do not impose a potential health risk to the local consumers due to their RQ value lower than 0.00067.