等离子体场内CeO2催化降解甲醇的表面活性氧物种来源与作用研究

利用水热法制备了3种不同形貌(纳米棒、纳米颗粒、纳米立方体)的CeO_2催化剂,并通过比表面积测试(BET)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、拉曼光谱分析(Raman)、O_2程序升温脱附(O_2-TPD)手段表征其物理化学性质,结果发现,CeO_2纳米棒的表面氧空位和氧物种最多.等离子体与催化协同降解甲醇性能评价实验结果显示,CeO_2纳米棒展现出最好的催化性能.进一步设计实验(甲醇-TPD、不同气氛常温催化、催化剂内后置比较、O_3催化氧化)推测在等离子体场内CeO_2表面活性氧物种来源及其作用.结果表明:①在等离子体场内参与CeO_2表面催化反应的活性氧物种有两个来源,一是催化剂本身存在的表面氧物种,二是等离子体区域产生的短寿命物种及长寿命物种(主要是O_3),其中,O_3分解产生的活性氧物种是提高催化性能的主要因素.②不同形貌CeO_2由于表面氧空位含量不同,导致O_3在催化剂上分解产生的活性氧物种的量不同,最终影响等离子体催化性能.     

光催化反应中活性氧物种产生及抗菌机制研究

空气中的致病菌引发的流行性疾病严重威胁人类生命安全。近年来,光催化微生物灭活技术作为一种广谱高效、安全稳定、持久耐热、不易产生耐药性、杀菌彻底的方法受到广泛关注。光催化反应中产生的活性氧物种（reactive oxygen species,ROS）在光催化抗菌中发挥着不可替代的作用,但特定类别ROS的产生和杀菌机制的研究较少,尚未有综述对其进行系统概述。本文重点从光催化半导体的能带结构与特定ROS（∙O₂⁻、∙OH、H₂O₂）氧化还原电势的关系综述了三种自由基的产生机制,从氧化能力、存在寿命、主要作用对象等方面简要讨论了自由基对细菌造成氧化损伤和功能失调的具体过程,另外还涉及ROS的检测方法和抗菌性能评价方式,进一步对光催化抗菌技术在环境消杀领域的应用前景进行了展望。     

氧化锰与氧化铈协同等离子体催化氧化甲醇的活性差异研究

在等离子体催化系统中,不同催化剂常表现出显著的性能差异.本文通过表面氧物种表征及臭氧氧化原位反应,探究了α-MnO₂与CeO₂两种常用催化剂在等离子体催化系统中催化氧化甲醇性能差异的本质原因.等离子体催化氧化甲醇的性能评价结果显示,在相同输入功率下CeO₂对甲醇的转化率和CO₂选择性均高于α-MnO₂.氧气程序升温脱附（O₂-TPD）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等表征手段及甲醇常温催化、O₃分解和O₃催化氧化实验结果表明,CeO₂比α-MnO₂拥有更多的表面活性氧,能吸附活化更多的甲醇分子;同时,CeO₂能更有效地利用臭氧分解产生的活性氧物种对甲醇进行深度氧化.进一步通过原位DRIFTS实验研究两种催化剂协同臭氧催化氧化甲醇反应中间产物的变化,结果表明,CeO₂催化剂氧化甲醇的表面副产物较少,而α-MnO₂表面则会累积大量的副产物碳酸盐,从而影响其催化性能.     

高级催化氧化技术在水处理中的研究进展

介绍了高级催化氧化技术的原理及特点,分析了催化臭氧氧化、UV-Fenton、TiO_2光催化氧化、电催化氧化、湿式催化氧化、超临界水催化氧化、超声波催化氧化、微波辅助催化氧化等常用高级催化氧化技术的研究现状。指出了现有技术在工程应用中的局限性,讨论了工艺创新和新型催化材料开发的趋势。     

废水高级氧化技术研究现状与发展

高级氧化技术具有无二次污染、独特的技术性及稳定性等优点受到广大研究者的青睐。对Fenton氧化法、臭氧氧化法、光催化氧化法、超声氧化法、超临界水氧化法及催化湿式氧化法等几种高级氧化技术在废水领域的研究现状与发展进行了详细的综述。同时,根据目前高级氧化技术开发、研究及应用的现状,展望了高级氧化技术的研究发展方向:1)寻找新技术使氧化体系产生大量强氧化能力的自由基;2)在分析氧化体系影响因素的基础上,探究新型的催化剂、电极材料及可替代的反应溶液等;3)满足低成本、高效率的前提下,研发高端设备等。     

氯代挥发性有机物CVOCs催化氧化的研究进展

氯代挥发性有机物(CVOCs)因其性质稳定、反应性差且毒性高,成为目前大气污染物净化技术中的难点。催化氧化法是去除CVOCs最有效的方法之一。对CVOCs催化氧化的研究进行综述,列举实例介绍了各类催化剂对常见CVOCs的催化研究现状,对催化性能、催化剂失活、反应机理等方面进行了详细分析,总结出积碳和氯中毒是催化剂失活的两大主要因素,而载体性质、活性组分分散度、水等对催化性能产生很大影响。最后,展望了未来催化剂的研究重点。     

坡缕石负载Mn-Cu催化剂催化燃烧甲苯研究

作者采用浸渍法制备了一系列不同温度焙烧的Mn-Cu/Pal-T催化剂,用于甲苯催化燃烧反应。结合XRD、BET、SEM、H2-TPR、NH3-TPD、XPS多种测试手段来分析催化剂的表面结构和化学态。结果表明,焙烧温度对催化剂催化燃烧甲苯性能有重要影响,因为其会导致催化剂物化性质的变化。在400℃焙烧制得的催化剂拥有最佳的催化氧化甲苯活性,甲苯完全转化温度仅需335℃。Mn-Cu/Pal-400催化剂拥有相对大的比表面积,CuO和Mn₂O₃活性物种在其表面高度分散。同时,拥有最佳的氧化还原性、最高比例的路易斯酸、最多的氧空穴和活性氧物种,这些均有利于甲苯深度氧化。相比之下,700℃下焙烧的催化剂Mn-Cu/Pal-700呈现最小的比表面积和路易斯酸比例、最少的活性氧物种和最差的氧迁移性,这无疑会导致最差的甲苯氧化性能。     

高级氧化技术在难降解有机废水处理中的应用

介绍了在难降解有机废水处理中具有突出优势的高级氧化技术,重点讨论了高效催化氧化反应器、高级氧化集成技术、非均相纳米催化氧化技术、处理废水中间产物及其毒性评价的研究现状和发展趋势。随着高级氧化技术的进一步深入研究,其在废水处理领域的应用将更加成熟和广泛。     

纳米CeO2催化氧化甲苯的形貌效应研究

采用水热法合成CeO2纳米棒、纳米颗粒和纳米立方体,利用XRD、BET-N2、TEM/HRTEM、Raman、O2-TPD和H2-TPR等表征手段进行表征,并利用连续流固定床反应法研究各催化剂对甲苯的催化氧化性能.结果表明,CeO2纳米棒因具有高比表面积和细颗粒尺寸,且表面主要暴露高活性的{100}/{110}晶面,拥有更多的氧空位和高活性氧物种,因此,催化活性最高,CeO2纳米颗粒次之,立方体最低.原位红外甲苯催化氧化机理分析进一步表明,CeO2纳米颗粒和纳米立方体上生成的羧酸盐物质难以进一步深度氧化,而纳米棒能在贫氧和低温条件下诱导甲苯的完全氧化和产物脱附,使甲苯得以快速降解.     

催化臭氧化技术在水处理中研究进展

催化臭氧化利用反应过程中产生的大量强氧化性羟基自由基来氧化分解水中有机物,能够在常温常压下将那些难以被臭氧单独氧化或降解的有机物氧化。相比于单独臭氧化,它更加经济,安全,同时提高了臭氧的利用率与氧化能力。笔者综述了目前国内外催化臭氧化技术在水处理中的研究进展,以期为理论研究和工程实践提供指导。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.