Distribution and contamination status of chromium in surface sediments of northern Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan

The distribution, enrichment, accumulation, and potential ecological risk of chromium (Cr) in the surface sediments of northern Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan, China were investigated. Sediment samples from ten locations located between the river mouths and harbor entrance of northern Kaohsiung Harbor were collected quarterly in 2011 and characterized for Cr, aluminum, water content, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorous, total grease, and grain size. Results showed that the Cr concentrations varied from 27.0 to 361.9 mg/kg with an average of (113.5±87.0) mg/kg. High Cr concentration was observed near the Jen-Gen River mouth. The mean Cr concentration was high at 255.5 mg/kg, which was at least 2 to 7 times than that of other sites. This might imply significant Cr contribution from upstream receiving tanneries wastewater into the Jen-Gen River. The spatial distribution of Cr reveals relatively high in the river mouth region, especially in Jen-Gen River, and gradually diminishes toward the harbor entrance region. This indicates that the major sources of Cr pollution from upstream industrial and municipal wastewaters discharged along the river bank; and Cr may drift with sea current and be dispersed into open sea. Moreover, Cr concentrations correlated closely to the physical-chemical properties of the sediments, which suggested the influence of industrial and municipal wastewaters discharged from the neighboring industrial parks and river basins. Results from the enrichment factor and geo-accumulation index analyses imply that the Jen-Gen River sediments can be characterized as moderate enrichment and none to medium accumulation of Cr, respectively. However, results of potential ecological risk index indicate that the sediment has low ecological potential risk. The results can provide valuable information to developing future strategies for the management of river mouth and harbor.     

城市污水厂活性污泥中胞外聚合物与工艺运行及污泥沉降性能的相关性分析

胞外聚合物(Extracellular polymeric substance,EPS)的组分及含量是影响活性污泥性能的重要因素之一.本研究在测定不同城市污水处理厂活性污泥中EPS的基础上,分析水质情况与运行条件对EPS组分的影响.结果表明:蛋白质为EPS的主要组分,约占25%~63%;腐殖酸次之,占21%~50%;DNA和多糖的含量较少.同是A~2O工艺的2个污水厂的污泥沉降性能和粒径分布差异较大.根据Pearson分析结果,在污泥微膨胀和正常状态下,EPS总量与污泥体积指数(Sludge Volume Index,SVI)及粒径分布没有明显的相关性,但腐殖酸和DNA均与SVI呈正相关.处理工艺的水力停留时间与EPS总量负相关,但污水中有机物含量对EPS的含量及组分没有影响.EPS中多糖含量与脱氮除磷过程显著相关,多糖可以作为脱氮除磷过程的有机碳源.污泥龄影响EPS中蛋白质与多糖的比值.因此,污水水质、工艺类型及运行条件不同程度的影响EPS的组分及含量,进而影响处理效果.     

Effects of physical and chemical characteristics of surface sediments in the formation of shallow lake algae-induced black bloom

Surface sediments are closely related to lake black blooms. The dissolved oxygen （DO） distribution and its penetration depth in surface sediments as well as the migration and transformation of redox sensitive elements such as Fe and S at the sediment-water interface are important factors that could influence the formation of the black bloom. In this study, dredged and undredged sediment cores with different surface properties were used to simulate black blooms in the laboratory. The Micro Profiling System was employed to explore features of the DO and ∑H2S distribution at the sediment-water interface. Physical and chemical characteristics in sediments and pore waters were also analyzed. The results showed that sediment dredging effectively suppressed the black blooms. In the undredged treatment, DO penetration depth was only 50 μm. Fe^2＋ concentrations, ∑H2S concentrations, and ∑H2S production rates were remarkably higher in surface sediments and pore waters compared to control and dredged treatments. Furthermore, depletion of DO and accumulation of Fe^2＋ and ∑H2S in surface sediments and pore waters provided favorable redox environments and necessary material sources for the blooms. The study results proved that physical and chemical characteristics in surface sediments are important factors in the formation of the black bloom, and could provide scientific guidance for emergency treatment and long-term pre-control of black blooms.     

A 60-year sedimentary record of natural and anthropogenic impacts on Lake Chenghai, China

Recent sediments from Lake Chenghai, China, were investigated at high temporal resolution to trace both natural and anthropogenic effects on the lake using total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), organic phosphorus (P_o), inorganic phosphorus (P_i) and organic carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes (δ¹³C_org and δ¹⁵N) in a ¹³⁷Cs-dated sediment core. The results indicated that the sedimentary record covers the last 60 years, during which the lake had undergone apparent changes in nutrient sources and productivity in response to nutrient loading. Prior to the late 1980s, the nutrient contents in sediments mainly originated from algae and lake productivity was relatively stable. Since the late 1980s, increasing TOC, TN and TP concentrations together with the change of δ¹³C_org and δ¹⁵N suggested anthropogenic perturbations in nutrient loading and lake productivity. Endogenic nutrients derived from algae and anthropogenic inputs were two important sources of sedimentary nutrients. The anthropogenic nutrients mainly originated from the discharge of industrial wastewater and artificial cultivation of Spirulina after the middle 1980s, and domestic wastewater discharged from Yongsheng County since 1993.     

Cadmium in sewage sludge in a Swedish region: sources and reduction opportunities

To create a more sustainable future, one of the Swedish government’s aims is to close the eco-cycles between urban consumption areas and arable land. Increasing the use of sewage sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWTPs) is one method of achieving this goal. However, the use of sewage sludge is often prohibited due to its high concentrations of cadmium. As a consequence, large amounts of sewage sludge are deposited each year in landfills. This disposal has become more expensive for local authorities due to a new deposit tax introduced in the year 2000. Based on a survey of cadmium sources to MWTPs in a Swedish region this paper focuses on opportunities local authorities in Sweden have to influence the occurrence of cadmium in the sewage sludge. The results from the study show that cadmium in sewage sludge originates from diffuse sources, which are hard for local authorities to influence by direct means. This is most obvious for sources of cadmium in wastewater from households, which causes about one-third of the inflow of cadmium to MWTPs. Thus, the local authorities’ possibilities are, in general, still restricted to downstream actions (such as disconnecting identified industrial sources and reconstructing the sewage system to further separate collection of wastewater and storm water). Local authorities could also implement changes in the process at the MWTP or an extended treatment of the sewage sludge generated. Nonetheless, these possible measures do not provide a sustainable solution to the cadmium issue since the origins of the sources remain. Hence, long-term strategies — outside of the scope of local authorities — need to focus on a general decrease of cadmium in society. However, increased knowledge about the distribution among different sources of cadmium to MWTPs may encourage local authorities to establish priorities for measures that will improve the quality of the sewage sludge.     

Cadmium in sewage sludge in a Swedish region: sources and reduction opportunities

To create a more sustainable future, one of the Swedish government's aims is to close the eco-cycles between urban consumption areas and arable land. Increasing the use of sewage sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWTPs) is one method of achieving this goal. However, the use of sewage sludge is often prohibited due to its high concentrations of cadmium. As a consequence, large amounts of sewage sludge are deposited each year in landfills. This disposal has become more expensive for local authorities due to a new deposit tax introduced in the year 2000. Based on a survey of cadmium sources to MWTPs in a Swedish region this paper focuses on opportunities local authorities in Sweden have to influence the occurrence of cadmium in the sewage sludge. The results from the study show that cadmium in sewage sludge originates from diffuse sources, which are hard for local authorities to influence by direct means. This is most obvious for sources of cadmium in wastewater from households, which causes about one-third of the inflow of cadmium to MWTPs. Thus, the local authorities' possibilities are, in general, still restricted to downstream actions (such as disconnecting identified industrial sources and reconstructing the sewage system to further separate collection of wastewater and storm water). Local authorities could also implement changes in the process at the MWTP or an extended treatment of the sewage sludge generated. Nonetheless, these possible measures do not provide a sustainable solution to the cadmium issue since the origins of the sources remain. Hence, long-term strategies - outside of the scope of local authorities - need to focus on a general decrease of cadmium in society. However, increased knowledge about the distribution among different sources of cadmium to MWTPs may encourage local authorities to establish priorities for measures that will improve the quality of the sewage sludge.     

城市污水处理厂污泥的综合利用与资源化

随着城市污水处理厂不断建成与使用,污泥量的增加速度越来越快。污泥作为污水处理的副产品,如果不及时处理将造成严重的二次污染。通过对当前污泥综合利用和资源化技术及其发展趋势的分析,结合调查实例,综述了我国城市污水处理厂污泥资源化利用方法与途径;提出了进一步加强对污泥的资源化研究,开发出低能耗、低成本、高效率的能够广泛应用的资源化方法,应是今后研究中的重点。     

镜泊湖沉积物各形态磷分布特征及释放贡献

将镜泊湖分为北部湖区、中部湖区、东部湖区、西部湖区、南部湖区共设置23个表层沉积物采样点和10个沉积柱芯采样点,采用The Standards,Measurements and Testing Programme （SMT）法测定沉积物中总磷（TP）、无机磷（IP）、有机磷（OP）、铁/铝结合态磷（NaOH-P）、钙结合态磷（HCl-P）.分析镜泊湖沉积物各形态磷的来源、空间分布特征和对磷释放的贡献.结果表明,镜泊湖湖区沉积物各形态磷有3个主要成分,其中成分1主要代表生活污水和工业废水,主成分2主要代表农业污染,主成分3主要代表碎屑岩、自生磷灰石和含磷矿物质等;镜泊湖沉积物各形态磷的空间分布具有一定的空间差异性,分布特征受镜泊湖水文特征和人类活动影响较大.湖区沉积物各形态磷含量整体而言随深度的增加不同程度的下降;对沉积物不同形态磷的磷释放贡献进行分析,分析表明,镜泊湖各湖区沉积物短时间尺度内以滞留为主,但在长时间尺度下具有一定的释放风险.     

Clean-up and disposal process of polluted sediments from urban rivers

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Ammonia pollution characteristics of centralized drinking water sources in China

The characteristics of ammonia in drinking water sources in China were evaluated during 2005-2009. The spatial distribution and seasonal changes of ammonia in different types of drinking water sources of 22 provinces, 5 autonomous regions and 4 municipalities were investigated. The levels of ammonia in drinking water sources follow the order of river > lake/reservoir > groundwater. The levels of ammonia concentration in river sources gradually decreased from 2005 to 2008, while no obvious change was observed in the lakes/reservoirs and groundwater drinking water sources. The proportion of the type of drinking water sources is different in different regions. In river drinking water sources, the ammonia level was varied in different regions and changed seasonally. The highest value and wide range of annual ammonia was found in South East region, while the lowest value was found in Southwest region. In lake/reservoir drinking water sources, the ammonia levels were not varied obviously in different regions. In underground drinking water sources, the ammonia levels were varied obviously in different regions due to the geological permeability and the natural features of regions. In the drinking water sources with higher ammonia levels, there are enterprises and wastewater drainages in the protected areas of the drinking water sources.