共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 265 毫秒
1.
Satoru Isoda 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2013,(S1):S172-S179
Power conversion efficiency of p-i-n type microcrystalline silicon (c-Si:H) solar cells has been analyzed in terms of sequential processes of photo-induced electron transfer. The effect of the excitonic state on the charged carrier generation has been studied compared to a conventional scheme in which only charged carriers are taken into account for the operation of the solar cells. A numerical model has been developed to calculate current-voltage characteristics of solar cells on the basis of two types of charged carrier generation processes (exciton process and charged carrier process). The light trapping effect due to a textured back surface reflector (BSR) was embedded in the numerical model by using the effective medium theory in combination with the matrix method in the field of the electromagnetic theory of light. As an application of this modeling, it was found that the reported data of the power conversion efficiency were not explained by the conventional charged carrier process model and that the combined model of the charged carrier process with the exciton process well explains the performance of the p-i-n type c-Si:H solar cells. In this way, the typical power conversion efficiencies were estimated to be 10.5% for the device (i-layer thickness: 1.8 m) with the BSR (period: 600 nm; height: 250 nm) and 8.6% for the device with the flat reflector under the condition that the fractions of the exciton process and charged carrier process were 60% and 40%, respectively. 相似文献
2.
《环境科学学报(英文版)》2017,(7)
A novel illite@carbon(I@C) nanocomposite adsorbent has been synthesized via a facile hydrothermal carbonization process(HTC) using glucose as carbonaceous source and illite as the carrier.The morphology,microstructure and surface properties of the prepared nanocomposite adsorbent were analyzed by FESEM,TGA,XRD,FT-IR and Zeta potential measurements.Batch experiments were carried out on the adsorption of Cr(Ⅵ) to determine the adsorption properties of the composite.The adsorption of Cr(Ⅵ) onto the I@C nanocomposite was well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm.Compared with the illite and carbon material(SC) separately,the prepared I@C nanocomposite adsorbent exhibited enhanced adsorption performance for Cr(Ⅵ) with a maximum adsorption capacity of 149.25 mg/g,which was higher than that of most reported adsorbents.In addition,the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic based on the adsorption thermodynamics study.The adsorption of Cr(Ⅵ) by I@C was highly p H-dependent and the optimum adsorption occurred at p H 2.0.The Zeta potential analysis results indicated that the electrostatic interactions between anionic Cr(Ⅵ) and the positively charged surface of the adsorbent might be critical to the adsorption mechanism.This study demonstrated that the I@C nanocomposite should be a promising candidate for a low-cost,environmental friendly and highly efficient adsorbent for the removal of toxic Cr(Ⅵ) from wastewater. 相似文献
3.
LI Zhe SHEN Lin-tao HUANG Wei~* XIE Ke-chang Key Laboratory of Coal Science Technology Ministry of Education Shanxi Province Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan China. 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2007,19(12)
The catalyst of Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 has been found to be more active than Fe-ZSM-5 and Mo/ZSM-5 separately for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitric oxide (NO) with NH_3.The kinetics of the SCR reaction in the presence of O_2 was studied in this work.The results showed that the observed reaction orders were 0.74-0.99,0.01-0.13,and 0 for NO,O_2 and NH_3 at 350-450℃,respectively. And the apparent activation energy of the SCR was 65 kJ/mol on the Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst.The SCR mechanism was also deduced. Adsorbed NO species can react directly with adsorbed ammonia species on the active sites to form N_2 and H_2O.Gaseous O_2 might serve as a reoxidizing agent for the active sites that have undergone reduction in the SCR process.It is also important to note that a certain amount of NO was decomposed directly over the Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst in the absence of NH_3. 相似文献
4.
The development of low-cost and efficient new mineral adsorbents has been a hot topic in recent years. In this study, Friedel’s salt (FS:3CaO·A12O3 ·CaCl2 ·10H2O), a hexagonal layered inorganic absorbent, was synthesized to remove Cd2+ from water. The adsorption process was simulated by Langmuir and Freundlich models. The adsorption mechanism was further analyzed with TEM, XRD, FT-IR analysis and monitoring of metal cations released and solution pH variation. The results indicated the adsorbent FS had an outstanding ability for Cd(Ⅱ) adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity of the FS for Cd(Ⅱ) removal can reach up to 671.14 mg/g. The nearly equal numbers of Cd2+ adsorbed and Ca2+ released demonstrated that ion-exchange (both surface and inner) of the FS for Cd(Ⅱ) played an important role during the adsorption process. Furthermore, the surface of the FS after adsorption was microscopically disintegrated while the inner lamellar structure was almost unchanged. The behavior of Cd(Ⅱ) adsorption by FS was significantly affected by surface reactions. The mechanisms of Cd2+ adsorption by the FS mainly included surface complexation and surface precipitation. In the present study, the adsorption process was fitted better by the Langmuir isotherm model (R2 = 0.9999) than the Freundlich isotherm model (R2 = 0.8122). Finally, due to the high capacity for ion-exchange on the FS surface, FS is a promising layered inorganic adsorbent for the removal of Cd(Ⅱ) from water. 相似文献
5.
Jiangze Luo Qiwei Yang Jianqiao Wang Boxiong Shen Zhuozhi Wang Qiqi Shi Zhong Zhao Chao Huang Jie Xu 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2024,(7):26-39
Shaerhu (SEH) coal is abundant in Xinjiang,China.The utilization of SEH suffers from severe ash deposition,slagging,and fouling problems due to its high-chlorine-alkaline characteristics.The co-combustion of high-alkaline coal and other type coals containing high Si/Al oxides has been proven to be a simple and effective method that will alleviate ash-related problems,but the risk of heavy metals (HMs) contamination in this process is nonnegligible.Hence,the volatilization rates and chemical spec... 相似文献
6.
Miaomiao Cheng Shijie Liu Xinlu Zhang Linlin M Liqiang He Shaojun Zhang 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2023,123(1):317-326
In recent years, with rapid increases in the number of vehicles in China, the contribution of vehicle exhaust emissions to air pollution has become increasingly prominent. To achieve the precise control of emissions, on-road remote sensing (RS) technology has been developed and applied for law enforcement and supervision. However, data quality is still an existing issue affecting the development and application of RS. In this study, the RS data from a cross-road RS system used at a single site (from 2012 to 2015) were collected, the data screening process was reviewed, the issues with data quality were summarized, a new method of data screening and calibration was proposed, and the effectiveness of the improved data quality control methods was finally evaluated. The results showed that this method reduces the skewness and kurtosis of the data distribution by up to nearly 67%, which restores the actual characteristics of exhaust diffusion and is conducive to the identification of actual clean and high-emission vehicles. The annual variability of emission factors of nitric oxide decreases by 60% – on average – eliminating the annual drift of fleet emissions and improving data reliability. 相似文献
7.
The wastewater discharge from the process of chrome plating, which contains 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate(F-53B) and chromium (Cr), may be toxic to biofilm.In this study we found that the biofilm formed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 was inhibited by exposure to a combination of F-53B and Cr(VI). The combined pollution damaged the cell membranes and the structure of the biofilm, and inhibited the production of the Pseudomonas quinolone-based signal, which affected biofilm forma... 相似文献
8.
The multiple metal catalyst as a promising nanomaterial has shown excellent activity in the peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation for pollutant degradation.However,the role of special sites and in-depth understanding of the PMS activation mechanism are not fully studied.In this study,a Cu-doped CoFe2O4nanocatalyst (0.5CCF) was synthesized by a sol-gel and calcination method,and used for PMS activation to remove Rhodamine B (RhB).The results showed that the Cu doping obviously ... 相似文献
9.
Declining worldwide phosphate rock reserves has driven a growing interest in exploration of alternative phosphate supplies. This study involved phosphorus recovery from swine wastewater through precipitation of struvite, a valuable slow-release fertiliser. The economic feasibility of this process is highly dependent on the cost of magnesium source. Two different magnesium sources were used for phosphorus recovery: pure magnesium chloride and nanofiltration(NF) saline water retentate. The paper f... 相似文献
10.
Chemical and biological flocculation process to treat municipal sewage and analysis of biological function 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The pilot-scale experimental apparatus and the procedure of the chemical and biological flocculation process to verify the feasibility in treating Shanghai municipal sewage were introduced in this paper. In addition, the biological function of the process was discussed. The results of optimal running showed that in the reaction tank, the concentration of mixed liquor suspended solid(MLSS) was 2 g/L, hydraulic retention time(HRT) was 35 min, dosage of liquid polyaluminium chloride(PAC) was 60 mg/L, and the concentration of polyacrylamide(PAM) was 0.5 mg/L. The effluent average concentrations of CODcr, TP, SS and BOD5 were 50 mg/L, 0.62 mg/L, 18 mg/L, and 17 mg/L, respectively. These were better than the designed demand. In addition, the existence of biological degradation in this system was proven by several methods. The removal efficiencies of the chemical and biological flocculation process were 20% higher than that of the chemical flocculation process above at the same coagulant dosage. The treatment process under different situations was evaluated on a pilot-scale experiment, and the results provided magnificent parameters and optimal condition for future operation of the plant. 相似文献
11.
钱苏华 《安全.健康和环境》2010,10(1):33-35
介绍了当前国际化学危险品的各种分类体系,对比了GHS与TDG、EU_CLP、DOT、WHMIS等对化学危险品的具体分类。有助于GHS的理解与掌握,全面推进GHS在我国的实施。 相似文献
12.
土壤整体质量的生态毒性评价 总被引:8,自引:2,他引:8
土壤样品采自沈阳西部污灌区 .进行了污染物 (重金属和矿物油 )含量分析和生态毒性试验 .重金属采用原子吸收分光光度仪测定 ,矿物油采用紫外分光光度计测定 .生态毒性试验分别参照国际标准组织 (ISO)和OECD指南 ,进行了植物毒性试验、蚯蚓毒性试验和蚕豆根尖微核试验 .植物试验以小麦种子发芽根伸长抑制率为试验终点 ,试验周期50h ,蚯蚓毒性试验以蚯蚓死亡率、体重增长抑制率为试验终点 ,试验周期28d .土壤中矿物油含量在145mg/kg~1121mg/kg ,重金属Cd为0.34mg/kg~1.81mg/kg .土壤对植物和蚯蚓显示不同程度的毒性效应 ,土壤的蚕豆根尖微核率明显高于对照 .种子发芽根伸长抑制率为2.0%至-35.1% ,蚯蚓死亡率为0%~40%.体重增长抑制率由14d的-2.3%~-19.4%在28d增加到-2.1%~10.7% ,蚕豆根尖微核率最高达6.62/100.研究表明 ,土壤中的污染物积累较低 ,但具有明显的生态毒性 . 相似文献
13.
以某区域水环境-经济系统为研究实例,寻求值-排污-水质综合协调解方法,寻求净收益最大时的总体规划方案。建立目标参数规划模型,寻求不同生产规模条件下的产值-排污-水质协调解,又探讨了水环境标准约束下的某化工区废水治理费用的计算方法,提出了以供决策者选择的方案。 相似文献
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生态保护地协同管控成效评估 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:3
分区分类管理是我国生态保护的重要管控制度,生态保护地是事关国家生态安全的关键区域,开展生态保护地保护成效评估及不同类型生态保护地之间的协同管控成效评估具有重要意义。以吉林省自然保护地和重点生态功能区等生态保护地(即禁止开发区和限制开发区)为研究对象,以重要生态空间、植被生态、水源涵养功能为主要内容,基于“禁止开发区—限制开发区—省域”的管控梯度差异,评估分析了生态保护地的协同管控成效。结果表明:(1)从重要生态空间协同管控成效来看,自然保护地的重要生态空间面积比例最高、人类活动干扰指数最低,这与生态保护管控严格程度呈现很好地正相关。但是1980—2015年间重要生态空间面积比例均有所减少,减少幅度与管控严格程度没有表现出正相关。(2)从植被生态协同管控成效来看,植被覆盖总体呈现出自东向西逐步降低的特点,与东部分布有重点生态功能区和森林类自然保护区、西部分布较多的湿地类自然保护地的空间特征一致。但是,由于湿地及水域类型自然保护地面积占比较高,且分布在吉林西部草原和平原区的面积比例较高,自然保护地的年际变化较大、且植被覆盖稳定度低于重点生态功能区。(3)从水源涵养功能协同管控成效来看,水源涵养能力呈现出东部和西部高、中部低的特点,与这两个区域主要分布有森林、草地和湿地等重要生态空间密切相关,也与分布着大面积的重点生态功能区和各类自然保护地密切相关。自然保护区的水源涵养能力最高,且年际变化最小、稳定性最高。 相似文献
16.
对乌海市《城市区域环境噪声标准》适用区域进行了划分,以乌海市2011年城区环境噪声监测统计数据为基础,分析了乌海市暴露在不同等效声级下的城区面积分布状况和达标情况。 相似文献
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烟气脱硫副产物的综合利用 总被引:11,自引:1,他引:11
通过分析烟气脱硫石膏的性能 ,介绍了脱硫石膏的利用情况和研究进展 ,利用脱硫石膏生产建筑材料 ,如 β石膏和α石膏的工艺日臻成熟 ,利用脱硫石膏生产水泥辅料已进入工业化 ,而利用脱硫石膏生产充填尾砂胶结剂已经完成试验阶段 ,脱硫石膏在农业上也有很广泛的用途。 相似文献
19.
氯苯类化合物的生物降解 总被引:35,自引:6,他引:35
经过2个月的驯化,从某染料厂和某毛纺厂活性污泥中分离出能够生长于1,4-二氯苯、1,2,4-三氯苯和六氯苯的4种微生物.通过测定该混合菌降解氯苯类化合物过程中的累积好氧量、微生物生长曲线及降解产物Cl-的释放,证明在好氧条件下该混合菌能够以1,4二氯苯和1,2,4-三氯苯为唯一碳源和能源,降解产物Cl-浓度的变化与微生物生长周期有关.通过好氧振荡瓶培养法测得3种氯苯的生物降解顺序为:1,4-二氯苯[356.7μg/(L·d)]>1,2,4-三氯苯[110.4μg/(L·d)]>六氯苯[~6μg/(L·d)],说明氯取代数越多,氯苯类化合物越难被好氧降解. 相似文献