Effect of methylmercury on LPO levels, SH groups and activities of GSH-Px, SOD, XOD in liver of rats

ｉｔｈｔｈｅｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｏｆａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌａｎｄｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔａｎｄｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｏｆｈｕｍａｎｌｉｆｅ ,ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎｂｅｃｏｍｅｓｍｏｒｅａｎｄｍｏｒｅｏｆｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｆｏｒｐｅｏｐｌｅ.ＭｅＨｇｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｏｒｇａｎｉｃｌｉｐｉｄｓｏｌｕｂｌｅ ,ｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｌｉｃｐｏｌｌｕｔａｎｔｓ.Ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈｉｔｓｂｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｗｅｒｅｓｔｕｄｉｅｄｉｎｍａｎｙｆｉｅｌｄｓｂｙｒｅ…     

Protozoa of Lough Neagh,Northern Ireland,UK

ＰｒｏｔｏｚｏａｏｆＬｏｕｇｈＮｅａｇｈ，ＮｏｒｔｈｅｒｎＩｒｅｌａｎｄ，ＵＫ￥ＸｕＭｕｑｉ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＺｏｏｌｏｇｙ，ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ１０００８０，Ｃｈｉｎａ）ＢｒｉａｎＷｏｏｄ（Ｆｒｅｓ...     

Major ion chemistry and control of weathering of Bhimtal Lake, Humaun Himalaya, India

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Macroinvertebrate assemblages of surface mine wetlands of Southwest Virginia,USA

ＭａｃｒｏｉｎｖｅｒｔｅｂｒａｔｅａｓｓｅｍｂｌａｇｅｓｏｆｓｕｒｆａｃｅｍｉｎｅｗｅｔｌａｎｄｓｏｆＳｏｕｔｈｗｅｓｔＶｉｒｇｉｎｉａ，ＵＳＡ￥ＤａｖｉｄＨ．Ｊｏｎｅｓ；ＲｏｂｅｒｔＢ．Ａｔｋｉｎｓｏｎ；ＪｏｈｎＣａｉｒｎｓ，Ｊｒ．（Ｄｅｐａｒｔｍ...     

Relationship between bioaccumulation, distribution of METand lipid content of aquatic organisms

Ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｂｉｏａｃｃｕｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎ，ｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎｏｆＭＥＴａｎｄｌｉｐｉｄｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｏｆａｑｕａｔｉｃｏｒｇａｎｉｓｍｓＬｉｕＺｈｅｎｇｔａｏ；ＺｈｏｕＦｅｎｇｆａｎ；ＪｉｎＨｏｎｇｊｕｎ（Ｄｅｐａｒ...     

Photodegradation of hydroxyfluorenes in ice and water: A comparison of kinetics,effects of water constituents,and phototransformation by-products

The photochemical behavior of organic pollutants in ice is poorly studied in comparison to aqueous photochemistry.Here we report a detailed comparison of ice and aqueous photodegradation of two representative OH-PAHs,2-hydroxyfluorene (2-OHFL) and 9-hydroxyfluorene (9-OHFL),which are newly recognized contaminants in the wider environment including colder regions.Interestingly,their photodegradation kinetics were clearly influenced by whether they reside in ice or water.Under the same simulated s...     

Compound pollution of Cd,Pb,Cu,Zn,As in plant-soil system and its prevention

ＣｏｍｐｏｕｎｄｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎｏｆＣｄ，Ｐｂ，Ｃｕ，Ｚｎ，Ａｓｉｎｐｌａｎｔ－ｓｏｉｌｓｙｓｔｅｍａｎｄｉｔｓｐｒｅｖｅｎｔｉｏｎ￥ＷｕＹａｎｙｕ；ＷａｎｇＸｉｎ；ＬｉＹｉｎｇ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ，ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡ...     

Effects of methyl-, phenyl-, ethylmercury and mercurychlorid on immune cells of harbor seals （Phoca vitulina）

Mercury (Hg) is present in the marine environment as a natural metal often enhanced through human activities. Depending on its chemical form, Hg can cause a wide range of immunotoxic e ects. In this study, the influence of methyl-, ethyl- and phenylmercury as well as mercurychloride on immune functions was evaluated. Two parameters of cellular immunity, proliferation and mRNA cytokine expression of interleukin-2, -4, and transforming growth factor , were investigated in harbor seal lymphocytes after in vitro exposure to Hg compounds. While all Hg compounds had a suppressive e ect on proliferation, di erences between juvenile and adult seals were found. Lymphocytes from juveniles showed a higher susceptibility to the toxic e ect compared to lymphocytes from adults. Furthermore, the degree of inhibition of proliferation varied among the four Hg compounds. The organic compounds seem to be more immunotoxic than the inorganic compound. Finally, for the cytokine expression of methylmercury-incubated lymphocytes, timedependent changes were observed, but no dose-dependency was found. Marine mammals of the North Sea are burdened with Hg, and lymphocytes of harbor seals may be functionally impaired by this metal. The present in vitro study provides baseline information for future studies on the immunotoxic e ects of Hg on cellular immunity of harbor seals.     

Synthesis, separation and identification of dinitropyrene isomers

Dinitropyrenes (DNP) were prepared by nitration of pyrene, and the product was characterized by MS and elemental analysis. Three isomers of DNP were separated by HPLC and identified by 1H-NMR. The eating sequence on the normal phase column is 1, 3-DNP, 1, 6-DNP and 1, 8-DNP, whereas is 1, 6-DNP, 1. 8-DNP and 1. 3-DNP on the reversed phase column. The separation of three DNP isomers under different chromatographic conditions was also discussed.     

典型工业城市中小学降尘重金属风险评估和源解析研究

典型工业城市存在着教育区和工业区交错分布的现象,周围企业产生的降尘将直接对学校儿童健康产生危害。本文以中原地区的典型工业城市—焦作市为研究对象,通过采集焦作市6所中小学校30个降尘样,开展重金属污染特征、健康风险评价和源解析研究。结果表明,采样学校降尘中重金属Zn、Cu、As、Pb、Cr、Ni的浓度均超过了相应的土壤背景值,尤其是Pb和Zn超标达6.31和5.66倍;各金属元素地累积指数值由大到小依次为Pb、Zn、Ni、Cu、As、Cr、Co和Mn,其中Co、Mn属于无污染,Cu、As、Cr属于无污染-中度污染,Zn、Ni属于中度污染,Pb属于中度污染-强污染;通过手-口摄入重金属的非致癌风险要高于其他两种摄入途径;总非致癌风险排序为Mn>Cr>As>Pb>Co>Ni>Cu>Zn,其中Mn、Cr、As的非致癌风险均大于1,对儿童存在非致癌健康风险;各采样学校的非致癌风险顺序为杨庄小学>人民中学>万方小学>光明中学>希望小学>塔南路小学;As、Ni、Cr、Co的致癌风险均不高于安全阈值,致癌风险均在可接受范围之内;PMF源解析显示该研究区域降尘中重金属的主要来源为燃煤工业排放(32.5%)>汽车排放(25.7%)>工业制造(25.2%)>道路和工业降尘(16.7%)。     

我国城市污泥中重金属的赋存形态与生态风险评价

为全面了解中国城市污水处理厂脱水污泥中重金属（HMs）的形态特征和污染状况,本研究以我国40座城市污水处理厂的剩余污泥为研究对象,对污泥中重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的总量以及赋存形态进行了测定.采用毒液浸出法（TCLP）、风险评价编码法（RAC）和潜在生态风险指数法评价了其生态风险.结果表明,40个样品中重金属含量的中位值由大到小依次为：Zn > Cu > Cr > Pb > Ni > As > Cd,各元素整体达标率>90%.As的各形态分布较为平均;Cd和Zn以可还原态为主;Cr主要以残渣态的形式存在,其次为可氧化态和可还原态;Cu主要以可氧化态的形式存在;Ni主要以可交换态的形式存在;Pb主要以可还原态和残渣态的形式存在,可交换态的含量最低.TCLP提取态重金属的比例大小顺序为：Ni > As > Zn > Cd > Cu > Cr,所有样品中Pb的TCLP提取态含量均低于检出限;RAC法评价结果显示,7种重金属环境风险大小依次为：Ni > As > Zn > Cd > Cu > Cr > Pb,Ni的生态风险等级为高等,Zn、As和Cd的生态风险等级为中等,Cr和Cu的生态风险等级为低等,Pb无生态风险;潜在生态风险评价结果表明,城市污泥中Cd和Cu的潜在生态风险最高,是我国城市污泥中主要的重金属污染物,但是如果按照国家标准规定的方法进行农用,造成土壤污染的风险总体处于较低水平.     

兰州市街道尘埃磁学特征及其环境意义

兰州市是全球大气污染最为严重的城市之一,为城市颗粒物污染研究的理想场所.分析了兰州市街道尘埃样品的磁学参数(包括磁化率、无磁滞磁化率、等温剩磁、磁滞回线和热磁曲线)变化特征.结果表明,兰州市街道尘埃中磁性矿物含量较高,主要磁性矿物是铁磁矿、磁赤铁矿和赤铁矿,并伴有少量顺磁性矿物;磁性矿物粒度主要是准单畴（PSD）;市区污染春季较夏季严重,春季高频率的强沙尘暴可能带来了更多的磁性矿物;兰州市污染物的沉积和分布在很大程度上受到气象条件和地形地貌格局的影响,市区每个盆地东端高于其它地区;兰州市污染以人为活动产物为主,人为活动贡献约为81.9%,其中包含交通约22.6%的贡献,自然降尘贡献约为18.1%;特殊的地形和气象条件,使得兰州市区的大气环境容量比平原城市的环境容量小得多,进而导致严重的大气污染.     

福州市公园灰尘磁学特征及其环境意义

以福州市公园灰尘为研究对象,对其进行了磁学参数特征研究,结果表明,福州市公园灰尘χ、χfd%、SIRM、S-ratio、SIRM/χ平均值分别为269.80×10-8m3/kg、0.73、6175.07×10-5(A?m2)/kg、0.91、30.82A/m.综合分析发现,福州市公园灰尘磁性矿物含量较高,部分样品的主要磁性矿物为铁磁性矿物,部分样品为反铁磁性矿物,且Day图反映了其磁性矿物粒径主要以单畴(SD)和假单畴(PSD)为主,这些均受控于交通、城市建设等人类活动的干扰、由西向东倾斜的地形条件和夏季台风的滞留效应的影响;福州市二环内外受不同的城市化过程中人类活动、土地利用格局、季风等影响,其磁学参数特征所表征的环境意义不同;福州市公园灰尘磁学特征(χ、χfd%、IRM及其组合参数、磁滞回线)可以作为福州市城市污染物监测的一种重要的替代指标.     

西安市街道灰尘磁化率特征及其污染指示意义

以磁学参数作为环境重金属污染的一项指标,对西安市街道灰尘进行了系统的采样和测定.结果显示,磁化率可以反映西安市的整体污染水平.街道灰尘磁化率值较高、频率磁化率较低,二者呈显著负相关,表明街道灰尘磁性增强源于人类活动影响.磁化率随温度变化曲线表明,受电厂影响的样品主要含磁铁矿,而污染源较复杂的样品则含有磁赤铁矿、赤铁矿以及少量铁单质.磁化率与交通污染导致的Pb、Ba等元素及冶金行业带来的Cu、Cr等元素间有较好的相关性,表明西安市主要污染物来自交通污染及冶金行业排放.在局部范围内,磁化率与元素的相关性随元素种类的不同而具有明显的差异,表明不同区域内导致磁化率升高的人为活动存在差异.     

Metals and metalloid bioconcentrations in the tissues of Typha latifolia grown in the four interconnected ponds of a domestic landfill site

The uptake of metals in roots and their transfer to rhizomes and above-ground plant parts (stems, leaves) of cattails (Typha latifolia L.) were studied in leachates from a domestic landfill site (Etueffont, France) and treated in a natural lagooning system. Plant parts and corresponding water and sediment samples were taken at the inflow and outflow points of the four ponds at the beginning and at the end of the growing season. Concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn in the different compartments were estimated and their removal efficiency assessed, reaching more than 90% for Fe, Mn and Ni in spring and fall as well in the water compartment. The above- and below-ground cattail biomass varied from 0.21 to 0.85, and 0.34 to 1.24 kg dry weight/m², respectively, the highest values being recorded in the fourth pond in spring 2011. The root system was the first site of accumulation before the rhizome, stem and leaves. The highest metal concentration was observed in roots from cattails growing at the inflow of the system''s first pond. The trend in the average trace element concentrations in the cattail plant organs can generally be expressed as: Fe > Mn > As > Zn > Cr > Cu > Ni > Cd for both spring and fall. While T. latifolia removes trace elements efficiently from landfill leachates, attention should also be paid to the negative effects of these elements on plant growth.     

金华市街道灰尘磁化率时空变化研究

对不同时空条件下的金华市二环以内的街道灰尘样品的磁化率进行了研究.结果表明,金华市街道灰尘磁化率均值349.67×10-8 m3/kg,冬、春、夏各个季节的平均值:322.55×10-8 m3/kg、358.16×10-8 m3/kg和368.31×10-8 m3/kg,指示了其均具有磁性增强效应,且其值相近;春、夏两个季节街道灰尘磁化率的高值区分布结构相似,模型参数分析表明,区域因素为影响其值的主因;街道灰尘磁化率高值区与城区工业区大体吻合分布,工业区是主要的区域因素。     

煤炭资源型城市街尘重金属污染特征及其生态风险——以宿州市为例

为了解煤炭资源型城市宿州市街尘重金属污染特征和生态风险,对23个采样点进行了12个月的连续采样。利用X射线荧光光谱分析仪对采集到的276个街尘样品进行了Cr、Cu、Mn、Pb、V和Zn等重金属含量检测。结果表明:Cr、Cu、Mn、Pb、V和Zn均值含量分别为112.9、27.5、410.3、45.2、75.6和225.3 mg/kg,除Mn和V外,其他四种重金属均超过土壤背景值。地累积指数评价结果表明,Cu、Mn和V无污染,而Cr和Pb为无污染至中度污染,Zn为中度污染。6种重金属各月份的污染负荷指数介于1~2之间,污染等级为无污染至中度污染。尽管单个重金属及6种重金属联合所致的潜在生态风险均为轻微生态风险等级,但空间分析结果表明,潜在生态风险指数的高值区一般多分布在人为活动较频繁的地段,说明重金属含量及其生态风险明显受人为活动影响。同时,风向风速对街尘重金属含量和时空变化也有重要影响。     

氧化还原电位对土壤中重金属环境行为的影响研究进展

E_h（redox potential,氧化还原电位）代表土壤氧化性和还原性的相对程度,是以电位反映土壤所处氧化还原状态的指标.由于重金属易与对E_h敏感的组分发生吸附、络合、沉淀等化学反应,因此E_h的变化会直接/间接影响重金属形态从而决定其毒性和活性.E_h变化对重金属活性往往存在双向影响:①淹水环境使E_h降低,引发反硝化反应、铁锰氧化物和硫酸盐还原,使pH向中性靠拢,从而间接导致酸性土壤中游离态重金属沉淀或碱性土壤中吸附态重金属释放.②厌氧条件在使E_h发生变化的同时,会引起铁锰氧化物、有机质、硫化物的形态或含量发生改变,如铁锰氧化物还原、大分子有机质分解,分解产物与重金属离子结合增加了可溶性重金属的浓度,但厌氧条件也可以使重金属离子和硫化物产生沉淀,且还原Cr、Hg等元素,降低毒性;在氧化条件下,硫化物氧化形成硫酸盐促进了重金属释放;但铁锰离子沉淀及其氧化物形态变化形成的具有强吸附力的无定形铁锰氧化物可重新吸附游离态金属离子.这些复杂的化学变化对定量化研究E_h对重金属的影响造成困难,从而降低了E_h波动环境（水稻土、周期性覆水潮滩沉积物等）中重金属污染风险评价的准确性,也限制了通过改变E_h来原位修复重金属污染土壤的方法实施.因此,需进一步对E_h诱导下土壤颗粒界面上发生的与重金属行为相关的反应进行深入研究,并开发检测分析技术,如无损伤的物理探测方法或同位素稀释技术等,建立不同土壤中E_h与重金属形态、活性的定量关系,以揭示E_h对重金属形态的影响机制.      

兰州城市土壤磁性特征及其对环境污染的指示

对兰州市城区117个表土样品和11个土壤剖面的磁学特征进行系统分析,结果表明:兰州市表土磁化率平均值为219.23×10-8m3/kg,低矫顽力的亚铁磁性矿物为主要载磁矿物.磁铁矿的高值主要集中在以下4个区域:(1)以兰州铝厂、西固火电厂为中心的工业区域;(2)以水上公园为中心的区域;(3)西北物资市场-西站-小西湖-西关-城关大桥沿线的狭长条带状区域;(4)以雁儿湾和兰东建材市场、皮革厂为中心的区域.对不同功能区而言,西固区和城关区磁性矿物浓度最高,安宁区磁性矿物浓度最低.土壤剖面结果显示,上部20cm,clf和SIRM显著升高;20cm以下,clf和SIRM稳定且较低,说明兰州市土壤污染的纵向迁移深度在20cm以内.兰州市表土、街道尘埃、大气降尘和河道沉积物相对无污染样品而言,都具有磁性矿物类型单一,以磁铁矿为主导的特征;并且都随着磁化率的升高,出现百分频率磁化率降低的趋势,显示出与无污染样品不同的特性.因此,运用环境磁学方法在城市环境下开展大规模、高分辨率的污染研究,可以快速、便捷、有效的提供污染分布信息.