Influence of High Levels of Total Suspended Solids on Measurement of Cod and Bod in the Yellow River, China

Using the Yellow River, China, the study explores the problem of the use of COD and BOD₅ as water quality management parameters in the presence of very high levels of suspended sediment (TSS) that characterize this river. Although the amount of natural organic matter per unit of suspended sediment of the Yellow River is not high, the very high concentration of mineral sediment in the Yellow River results in a large concentration of organic matter, which artificially inflates the laboratory values of COD and, as a consequent, leads to greatly exaggerated reports of pollution of the Yellow River. BOD₅ can more accurately reflect the pollution of the Yellow River than COD; however, measured values of BOD under-report the actual values due to settling of the sediment in the incubation chamber resulting in values that are 21.6--38.3% less than the actual values. Therefore corrections are required for laboratory COD and BOD values so that the values are not artifacts of the sediment regime. Our work provides new insight into this phenomenon and demonstrates how correction factors may be determined and used with pollution data. Our work also suggests that the actual pollution levels of the Yellow River are probably not as high as reported by monitoring agencies.     

黄河、海河和辽河水体中3种常用除草剂的分布特征

系统研究了黄河、海河和辽河中3种常用除草剂 MCPA、2,4-D 和 Bentazone 的分布特征及其来源。结果表明,3种除草剂除 Bentazone在黄河水体中未检出外,其余均有检出。季节和空间分析表明,大部分目标物丰水期质量浓度高于枯水期,可能与夏季农作物除草剂使用量较大有关;从上游到下游化合物质量浓度逐渐升高,可能是河岸面源污染引起。水生态风险初步分析显示,3种除草剂对研究水体中的水生生物均为低风险。     

Contaminants-Induced Oxidative Damage on the Carp Cyprinus carpio Collected from the Upper Yellow River, China

The Yellow River, the second largest river in China, is the most important resource of water supply in North China. In the last 40 years, even in the upper Yellow River, with the development of industry and agriculture, more and more contaminants have been discharged into this river and greatly polluted the water. Although a routine chemical component analysis has been performed, little is known about the real toxic effects of the polluted water on organisms at environmental level. To explore whether the pollutants induced oxidative stress and damage to aquatic organisms, malondialdehyde (MDA) level and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in hepatopancreas, kidney and intestine of the field-collected carp Cyprinus carpio from a mixed polluted (Lanzhou Region, LZR) and a relatively unpolluted (Liujiaxia Region, LJXR) sites of the upper Yellow River were measured. The results showed that when the values of LZR compared with those of LJXR, SOD and GST activities increased and GPx activity decreased significantly in all the three organs (P < 0.05–0.01); CAT activity decreased but MDA level increased significantly (P < 0.05–0.01) only in kidney and intestine. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the pollutants can induce obvious oxidative damage in the carp, and the SOD, GST and GPx might be better indicators for the oxidative damage in aquatic organisms.     

Distribution of PAEs in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, China

Samples of water, sediment and suspended particulates were collected from 13 sites in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in China. Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) concentrations in different phases of each sample were determined by Gas Chromatogram GC-FID. The results are shown as follows: (1) In the Xiao Langdi–Dongming Bridge section, PAEs concentrations in water phase from the main river ranged from 3.99 × 10⁻³ to 45.45 × 10⁻³ mg/L, which were similar to those from other rivers in the world. The PAEs levels in the tributaries of the Yellow River were much higher than those of the main river. (2) In the studied branches, the concentration of PAEs in sediment for Luoyang Petrochemical Channel (331.70 mg/Kg) was the highest. The concentrations of PAEs in sediment phase of the main river were 30.52 to 85.16 mg/Kg, which were much higher than those from other rivers in the world. In the main river, the concentration level of PAEs on suspended solid phases reached 94.22 mg/Kg, and it reached 691.23 mg/Kg in the Yiluo River – one tributary of the Yellow River. (3) Whether in the sediment or on the suspended solid phases, there was no significant correlation between the contents of PAEs and TOC or particle size of the solid phase; and the calculated Koc of Di (2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) in the river were much less than the theoretical value, which inferred that PAEs were not on the equilibrium between water and suspended solid phases/sediment. (4) Among the measured PAEs compounds, the proportions of DEHP and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) were much higher than the others. The concentrations of DEHP exceeded the Quality Standard in all the main river and tributary stations except those in the Mengjin and Jiaogong Bridge of the main river. This indicates that more attention should be paid to pollution control and further assessment in understanding risks associated with human health.     

黄河多泥沙水体油污染物的测定

研究了石油醚的吸收光谱 ,分析了泥沙对紫外分光光度法测定油污染物的影响 ,探讨了消除泥沙影响的方法 ,提出了紫外分光光度法测定黄河多泥沙水体中油污染物的改进方法。     

河流水系编码规则的研究与应用

以黄河流域为主要研究区,利用ArcGIS、SQL Server等专业软件,针对1∶250000基础地理信息数据开展环境系统河流水系编码研究。通过对编码定义、规则及编码流程的具体阐述,提出了一种科学可行的河流水系编码方法。验证结果表明,该方法具有良好的应用性和推广价值,对于加强环境管理信息化以及更加科学高效地完成流域水环境监控与预警工作同样具有十分积极的意义。     

黄河口的水质、底质污染及其变化

分析了2001年在黄河口附近所取的3处水样和3处泥样中污染物的含量,并与历史数据进行了比较.利用<地表水环境质量标准>(GB3838-2002)和美国国家海洋大气管理局(NOAA)水体泥沙质量标准等分别对水体和底泥中的重金属(砷)和氮磷污染进行了评价.认为黄河口的水污染严重,主要污染物为汞和氮;泥沙污染尚不严重,但污染物的增长率高;水体中较高的氮含量和泥沙中氮含量的迅速增高可能会对渤海湾的富营养化情况产生影响.     

水生态监测方法研究进展及在黄河流域的应用实践

水生态监测能够为水生态环境监督、管理和保护提供重要的数据和技术支撑。加强黄河水生态监测,维护流域水生态系统健康,对促进黄河流域高质量发展具有重要意义。从常规水质监测、生境监测和生物监测3个方面,分析了中国水生态监测方法的研究进展及在黄河流域的应用实践。结合黄河流域水生态监测尤其是生物监测相对滞后的现状,探讨了流域水生态监测的发展方向。建议加快黄河流域水生态监测能力建设,建立适用于黄河流域的水生态监测与评价标准体系,探索新兴监测技术与传统技术的有机结合。     

黄河流域水质和工业污染源研究

为科学评价黄河流域的水质状况及工业企业污染源现状,根据黄河流域2018—2019年地表水和饮用水水源地水质监测数据,建立了综合反映流域水环境质量和可定量分析排名的城市水质指数;利用大数据技术分析工业企业水污染物排放数据,研究建立了企业环境信用动态评价体系。研究结果表明:2018—2019年,黄河流域城市水环境质量得到一定程度的改善,城市地表水环境质量优和良等级数量从17个增加到19个,饮用水水源地优等级城市数量从7个增加到11个;但黄河流域中游地区水污染问题较为严重,需要重点加强水污染控制。水质污染主要以点源工业污染为主,COD和氨氮排放量较多,COD和氨氮年日均排放浓度平均值分别为51.1、3.1 mg/L,工业废水处理率偏低;山西、陕西、河南等"高"风险企业数量较多,分别达到3 047、1 630、1 442家。建议加强黄河流域上下游、左右岸、干支流协同配合,加大水污染防治工作的深度和力度。     

水生态环境质量评价方法及在黄河流域的应用进展

开展水生态环境质量评价方法研究,建立合适的河流健康评价体系是解决河流健康问题的前提和实现河流健康管理的重要手段。黄河自上而下生态环境现状迥异,水生态环境脆弱,寻求一种或多种适合黄河流域水生态环境质量的评价方法具有重要意义。该文介绍了国内外水生态环境质量评价方法及在黄河流域的应用进展,总结了鱼类生物完整性指数(F-IBI)、底栖无脊椎动物完整指数(B-IBI)、着生藻类生物完整性指数(P-IBI)及水生态环境质量综合评价法的主要指标,以及黄河流域不同区域生物种类的评价指标,分析了各评价方法优缺点及应用范围,并根据目前研究基础评述了黄河流域水生态环境质量评价存在的问题,对黄河流域水生态环境质量评价方法、指示生物的选择及水生态环境质量综合评价法的研究等提出了具体建议。     

气相色谱法测定苯酚生产废水中芳香族化合物

建立了用气相色谱法同时测定苯酚生产废水中异丙苯、α-甲基苯乙烯、α-甲基苯甲醇、2-苯基-2-丙醇、苯酚、苯乙酮、2-苯基丙醛等7种芳香族有毒有机污染物的定量分析方法。采用二氯甲烷对水样进行萃取后进行分析测定,气相色谱条件:DB-WAX型色谱柱,FID检测器,程序升温,进样量1μL。方法的检出限、精密度、回收率实验表明,该方法对苯酚生产废水中各污染物组分具有较好的分离效果,对7种物质的检测限均低于0.05 mg/L,5次测定的相对标准偏差小于5%,实际水样的加标回收率大于97%。     

Characteristics of and Human Influences on Nitrogen Contamination in Yellow River System, China

Nitrogen (N) contamination in the Yellow River mainstream and its tributaries was studied using data from 1960 to 2000 from 312 monitoring sites in the Yellow River system. Data showed that N concentrations in the Yellow River have increased since 1960, especially after 1990. N concentrations in the Yellow River mainstream increased from the upper reaches (less than 1.0 mg L(-1) for TN and less than 0.10 mg L(-1) for NH4(+)-N) to lower reaches (higher than 4-5 mg L(-1) for TN and higher than 1.0 mg L(-1) for NH4(+)-N). However, the highest N contaminations (50-250 mg L(-1) for TN and 10-20 mg L(-1) for NH4(+)-N) was found in some tributaries, which was attributed as an effect of industrial wastewater and municipal sewage. Nitrogen concentrations from several monitoring sites were positively correlated with several regional socio-economic indices, such as population density, fertilization rates, livestock, industrial input and GDP. Depending on location, seasonal N concentrations contrasted among watersheds. Monitoring stations located in rural and agricultural areas showed higher N concentrations during the flood season while those located in areas with urban and industrial centers showed higher N concentration during the dry season. Mainstream flow and N concentrations showed a strong inverse relationship; with higher N concentrations as the river flow declined. Intensive water extraction for agricultural irrigation and increasing N input to the river from fertilized agricultural fields could explain the increasing N concentrations during extensive droughts.     

黄河兰州段水环境中多环芳烃污染初步研究

2004年11月对黄河兰州段11个采样点的水样、悬浮颗粒物和表层沉积物中的多环芳烃(PAHs)污染作了初步研究。调查结果显示,在此河段中,16种优先控制的PAHs均有检出,总PAHs浓度范围分别为水中,2920~6680ng/L;表层沉积物中,960~2940ng/g(干重);悬浮物中,4145~29090ng/g(干重);其中含量较高的是和芘,且分子量较小的PAHs所占的比例较大。来源分析结果显示,黄河兰州段水环境中PAHs的来源是燃烧源和石油源混合的结果,为混合输入型。用生物学阈值对表层沉积物质量进行评价,黄河兰州段表层沉积物的PAHs污染不算严重,偶尔会产生负面生态效应。     

黄河流域水生生物资源评估及问题诊断

近几十年来,随着全球气候的变化和社会经济的发展,受筑坝建闸、河道断流、水质恶化、酷渔滥捕、人工引种、海水入侵、调水调沙等因素影响,黄河流域水生生物多样性及资源量呈下降趋势。在目前流域内多目标同步推进的要求下,黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展正不断面临新的挑战。通过分析黄河流域水生生物多样性和资源量在时空分布上的演变规律,明确了是水资源短缺、工程建设、水环境恶化等因素的共同作用导致了黄河流域的水生态危机。基于绿色生态、高质量发展的科学管理理念,提出了新时代黄河流域水文-环境-生态协同保护与修复的发展策略,为促进黄河流域水资源保护和生态系统可持续发展提供数据支持与理论参考。     

Eco-Environmental Degradation in the Source Region of the Yellow River, Northeast Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

The Yellow River is the second longest river in China and the cradle of the Chinese civilization. The source region of the Yellow River is the most important water holding area for the Yellow River, about 49.2% of the whole runoff comes from this region. However, for the special location, it is a region with most fragile eco-environment in China as well. Eco-environmental degradation in the source region of the Yellow River has been a very serious ecological and socially economic problem. According to census data, historical documents and climatic information, during the last half century, especially the last 30 years, great changes have taken place in the eco-environment of this region. Such changes are mainly manifested in the temporal-spatial changes of water environment, deglaciation, permafrost reduction, vegetation degeneracy and desertification extent, which led to land capacity decreasing and river disconnecting. At present, desertification of the region is showing an accelerating tendency. This paper analyzes the present status of eco-environment degradation in this region supported by GIS and RS, as well as field investigation and indoor analysis, based on knowledge, multi-source data is gathered and the classification is worked out, deals with their natural and anthropogenic causes, and points out that in the last half century the desertification and environmental degradation of this region are mainly attributed to human activities under the background of regional climate changes. To halt further degradation of the environment of this region, great efforts should be made to use land resources rationally, develop advantages animal agriculture and protect the natural grassland.     

基于实测光谱的海河悬浮物浓度反演研究

悬浮物浓度是评价水质优劣的重要指标之一。以天津滨海新区海河为研究区域,进行光谱数据测量和水体样本采集,并在实验室进行水质参数提取,得到归一化光谱反射率和光谱一阶微分数据。然后对光谱测量数据和悬浮物浓度实测值进行相关性分析,发现896 nm归一化光谱反射率和光谱反射率比值(R_(896)/R_(546))与悬浮物浓度相关性较好。最后,分别建立单波段、波段比值和一阶微分函数拟合模型,进行对比分析。结果表明,基于R_(896)/R_(546)的二次多项式模型拟合效果最好,方差齐性检验(F)值也是最高的,可用于该地区水体的悬浮物浓度反演和预测。     

黄河呼和浩特段水环境质量时空变化分析

水环境质量评价是水资源可持续利用的重要前提,同时也是水环境管理与治理决策的重要依据。为科学评价黄河呼和浩特段水环境质量,基于基础资料数据库,遵循全面性、区域性、易量化性等原则,采用综合污染指数法详细分析了黄河呼和浩特段水环境质量的时空变化情况,进一步揭示了2020年水质季节变化规律,并对主要超标因子进行了深度解析。结果表明：随着一系列环境保护政策和管理措施的实施,2015—2020年黄河呼和浩特段水环境质量综合指数下降了75.87%。在时间尺度上,各断面的水环境质量综合指数平均值由2015年的93.81下降至2020年的22.64,整体水环境质量评价等级由G4转为G2,对应的水环境质量状况由中度污染转为较好;在空间尺度上,上游水环境质量优于下游,城区段水环境质量较差。此外,评价结果显示,部分水体当前仍存在氨氮超标问题。评价结果较为客观地反映了黄河呼和浩特段的水环境质量,可为水环境管理提供决策依据。     

基于压力-状态-响应(PSR)模型的黄河流域环境安全评价体系法治化研究

黄河流域环境安全评价包括对水环境质量、水环境健康、水环境风险的综合评估和对环境治理有效性的评价,是监测河流环境安全和支撑环境管理决策的重要技术手段。当前,我国尚未形成全面、有效的黄河流域环境安全评价体系。为此,基于压力-状态-响应(PSR)模型,构建了一套具有法治特色的黄河流域环境安全评价指标体系,并以黄河流域河南段2019年和2020年环境治理工作为例,对模型进行了验证。同时,提出探索赋予河流合法权利,完善以《黄河保护法》为核心的黄河流域环境风险防控法律体系,将适应性治理融入联合执法,建立和完善“河长-警长-检察长”联动机制,建立黄河流域环境风险治理体系和突发环境事件监控预警体系等法治化建议。     

黄河流域甘肃段面源污染估算与空间分析

采用遥感分布式面源污染评估模型（DPeRS）,对2018年黄河流域(甘肃段)面源污染空间分布特征进行分析,具体包括多类型污染量产排特征解析和流域优先管控单元识别。结果表明,污染量上,2018年黄河流域（甘肃段）总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH₃^-N)、化学需氧量(COD_Cr)的面源污染排放负荷分别为65.6,11.8,19.1和77.2 kg/km²,入河量分别为836.7,33.3,220.2和1 353.3 t;空间分布上,氮型(TN和NH₃^-N)排放负荷高值区主要分布在流域中部和东部局部地区,流域大部分地区TP排放负荷均较高,COD_Cr面源污染排放负荷高值区分布较为零散。与排放负荷相比,黄河流域（甘肃段）面源污染入河负荷并不突出,这与该地区水资源量少有密切关系。筛选出黄河流域（甘肃段）面源污染优先控制单元15个,面积占比为85.2%,I类优控单元主要分布在庆阳市、天水市、兰州市和白银市等地区,II类优控单元主要分布在甘南藏族自治州,且TN、TP、NH₃^-N和COD_Cr面源污染优控单元识别结果的平均精度达到80%。     

三江源畜牧业示范区土壤重金属含量特征及评价

为了明确三江源智慧生态畜牧业示范区内土壤重金属元素含量特征及潜在风险,2015年7月在三江源智慧生态畜牧业示范区11个示范村镇进行土壤样品采集,带回实验室分析Pb、Cd、Hg、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni含量。对数据进行统计分析并采用内梅罗综合污染指数和生态危害指数进行风险等级评价。结果显示:部分采样点重金属元素含量高于青海省背景值;Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni主要受土壤母质的影响,Cd受自然和人为因素的双重影响,Hg主要受人为因素影响;内梅罗综合污染指数显示11个点位的指数都小于1,该地未出现污染状况;生态危害指数显示除GMY点位处于轻微风险等级,其余采样点为中等风险等级。总体上示范区内土壤未出现强污染和面源污染状况,但需要加强点源污染的风险防范。