聚硅氯化铝混凝剂中Al(Ⅲ)水解聚合历程及铝硅作用特性研究

采用共聚与复合两种制备工艺，制备出了系列具有不同碱化度和不同Ａｌ／Ｓｉ摩尔比的聚硅氯化铝混凝剂，分析研究了ＰＡＳＣ中Ａｌ（Ⅲ）的水解－聚合历程以及聚硅酸与铝水解聚合产物的相互作用，探讨了ＰＡＳＣ溶液的酸解聚。     

土壤中铝的溶出及形态研究

用连续提取法研究１ｍｏｌ／ＬＫｃｌ,１ｍｏｌ／ＬＮＨ４Ａｃ,１ｍｏｌ／ＬＨｃｌ和０．５ｍｏｌ／ＬＮａＯＨ４种化学浸提液对土壤中铝的溶出,溶出名中用羊毛羊花菁Ｒ比色法测定。结果表明,铝的溶出量与与土壤类型、总铝、有机质含量等因素有关。１ｍｏｌ／ＬＫｃｌ浸提液对酸性土能溶出一定量的变换态铝,而对非酸性土则不能溶出或铝溶出量极微。０．５ｍｏｌ／ＬＮａＯＨ浸提出的铝量与总铝量之间有显著相关性。     

Natural organic matter(NOM) removal from surface water by coagulation

IntroductionNaturalorganicmatter(NOM)inriversandlakesisacomplexmixtureofmoleculeswithvaryingmolecularweightandchemicalnatureandoriginatesfromavarietyofsources(degradationofterrestrialandaquaticorganisms,biologicalactivityinthewaterbody,humaninputsetc.).NO…     

Effects of advanced oxidation pretreatment on residual aluminum control in high humic acid water purification

Due to the formation of disinfection by-products and high concentrations of Al residue in drinking water purification, humic substances are a major component of organic matter in natural waters and have therefore received a great deal of attention in recent years. We investigated the effects of advanced oxidation pretreatment methods usually applied for removing dissolved organic matters on residual Al control. Results showed that the presence of humic acid increased residual Al concentration notably. With 15 mg/L of humic acid in raw water, the concentrations of soluble aluminum and total aluminum in the treated water were close to the quantity of Al addition. After increasing coagulant dosage from 12 to 120 mg/L, the total-Al in the treated water was controlled to below 0.2 mg/L. Purification systems with ozonation, chlorination, or potassium permanganate oxidation pretreatment units had little effects on residual Al control; while UV radiation decreased Al concentration notably. Combined with ozonation, the effects of UV radiation were enhanced. Optimal dosages were 0.5 mg O3/mg C and 3 hr for raw water with 15 mg/L of humic acid. Under UV light radiation, the combined forces or bonds that existed among humic acid molecules were destroyed; adsorption sites increased positively with radiation time, which promoted adsorption of humic acid onto polymeric aluminum and Al(OH)3(s). This work provides a new solution for humic acid coagulation and residual Al control for raw water with humic acid purification.     

Electrocatalytic reduction of ortho nitrobenzaldehyde using modified aluminum electrode and its determination

A simple, cost effective and rapid electrochemical method has been developed for the determination of micro level ortho nitrobenzaldehyde（ONB） based on outstanding properties of modified aluminum electrode tin nanorods/anodic aluminum oxide/aluminum（SnNR/AAO/Al） for the first time. The SnNR/AAO/Al electrode was fabricated by a second step anodization, followed by electrodeposition and its electrochemical behavior was investigated in detail. The cyclic voltammetry results indicated that the SnNR/AAO/Al electrode exhibited efficient electrocatalytic activity toward reduction of ONB in the acidic solution. It provides an appreciable improvement of reduction peak for ONB at-0.721 V.Furthermore, various kinetic parameters such as transfer electron number, transfer proton number and standard heterogeneous rate constant were calculated from the scan rates.The electrocatalytic behavior was further exploited as a sensitive detection scheme for the ONB determination by differential pulse voltammetry. Under the optimized conditions, the concentration range and detection limit are 0.1-100 μmol/L and 0.05 μmol/L, respectively,for ONB. The analytical performance of this modified sensor has been evaluated for detection of real sample such as river water and recovery of ONB was achieved all-out up to102.3% under standard addition method.     

Influence of the inherent properties of drinking water treatment residuals on their phosphorus adsorption capacities

Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the phosphorus（P） adsorption and desorption on five drinking water treatment residuals（WTRs） collected from different regions in China. The physical and chemical characteristics of the five WTRs were determined. Combined with rotated principal component analysis, multiple regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between the inherent properties of the WTRs and their P adsorption capacities. The results showed that the maximum P adsorption capacities of the five WTRs calculated using the Langmuir isotherm ranged from 4.17 to8.20 mg/g at a p H of 7 and further increased with a decrease in p H. The statistical analysis revealed that a factor related to Al and 200 mmol/L oxalate-extractable Al（Alox） accounted for 36.5% of the variations in the P adsorption. A similar portion（28.5%） was attributed to an integrated factor related to the p H, Fe, 200 mmol/L oxalate-extractable Fe（Feox）, surface area and organic matter（OM） of the WTRs. However, factors related to other properties（Ca,P and 5 mmol/L oxalate-extractable Fe and Al） were rejected. In addition, the quantity of P desorption was limited and had a significant negative correlation with the（Feox＋ Alox） of the WTRs（p 〈 0.05）. Overall, WTRs with high contents of Alox, Feoxand OM as well as large surface areas were proposed to be the best choice for P adsorption in practical applications.     

Nano-TiO2回收过程中SO42-对不同混凝剂混凝过程的影响

为了降低纳米TiO₂使用成本,采用不同混凝剂对纳米TiO₂悬浊液进行固液分离.通过考察浊度去除率、出水pH值的变化情况,并结合X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）、固体核磁（NMR）、扫描电镜（SEM）及能谱分析（EDS）表征,探究了纳米TiO₂回收过程中SO₄^2-对不同混凝剂混凝过程的影响.结果表明,当使用AlCl₃作混凝剂时（0.1mmol/L）,SO₄^2-浓度从0.0mmol/L增加到20.0mmol/L,浊度去除率降低了0.80%,絮体粒径从450μm下降到215 μm,而强度因子无明显变化.低聚合态的Al_a不与SO₄^2-结合,混凝过程中通过吸附架桥和网捕卷扫的作用形成大量无定形的Al （OH）₃.当使用Al₁₃作混凝剂时,再生长后絮体的粒径随着SO₄^2-浓度的增加而下降,S-O峰的红移证明有新的含S聚合物产生,Al 2p的峰均向较高的结合能移动证明生成的絮体不是Al （OH）₃.     

转聚磷激酶大肠杆菌诱导表达条件及磷浓度对其除磷能力的影响

在优化转聚磷激酶基因的大肠杆菌（BL-PPK）诱导表达条件基础上探讨了外界磷浓度对其除磷能力的影响,发现37℃细胞对数生长早期添加1．5mmol／LIPTG时聚磷激酶的表达活性和细胞除磷效率最高,同时BL—PPK对高达35mg／L的磷酸盐在6．5h内的去除效果达到99％以上,并以聚磷的形式积累在细胞内。     

铁盐和铝盐混凝微滤工艺除As(V)的比较研究

选择FeCl₃和Al₂(SO₄)₃作混凝剂,采用小试规模的混凝微滤膜反应器比较了铁盐和铝盐混凝微滤工艺的除As(V)效果、相关性能指标及适用范围.结果发现,Fe³⁺投加量为4 mg/L、Al₂(SO₄)₃投加量为50 mg/L时,铁盐和铝盐工艺的除As(V)效果大致相当,均可使水中As(V)的浓度从100 μg/L左右降低到10 μg/L以下,最低为1.68 μg/L.出水浊度均小于0.1 NTU,出水中铁、铝和SO^2-₄浓度均符合饮用水标准.铁盐工艺出水pH值比原水大约高0.5,铝盐工艺处理前后水的pH值基本不变.反应器运行结束静沉24 h后,铁盐工艺浓缩比为1 791,是铝盐工艺的2.54倍,污泥中As(V)的含量也大大高于铝盐工艺,去除同等重量的As(V)所产生的污泥量较铝盐工艺少得多.因此,对于仅有砷超标的饮用水,应优先考虑铁盐工艺.按除氟所需混凝剂数量投加Al₂(SO₄)₃,铝盐工艺即可在去除As(V)的同时去除氟,铁盐工艺则不能去除氟.因此,对于砷和氟均超标的饮用水,可采用铝盐工艺同时去除砷和氟.     

化铣废液中铝离子快速结晶去除的工艺研究

采用L1(64)5正交试验法,优化化铣废液中铝离子快速结晶去除的工艺。结果表明:稀释倍数和晶种添加量是显著性影响因素;最优工艺组合为:化铣废液稀释1.2倍至铝离子浓度为41.43 g/L;添加与溶液中铝离子比例成0.3:1的氢氧化铝晶种;温度控制在35℃;机械搅拌转速100 r/min;搅拌时间为1 h/d。反应48 h后,化铣废液中铝离子浓度从41.43 g/L降至30.10 g/L,铝离子去除效率为27.35%,化铣废液达到再生回用要求。     

新型复合无机高分子混凝剂——聚硅氯化铝(PASC)的净水效果研究

采用共聚方法制备了系列具有不同碱化度（B）和Al/Si摩尔比的聚硅氯化铝（PASC），比较了它们与聚合氯化铝（PAC）的混凝效果及在处理后水中的残留铝含量，研究了B值和pH值对其残留铝含量的影响情况。探讨了PASC的混凝效果和残留铝含量与Al/Si摩尔比之间的关系。结果表明，PASC较PAC具有更好的混凝效果和较低的残留铝含量。对于高浊度水而言，具有适宜Al/Si摩尔比的PASC才具有良好的混凝效果，但对中、低浊度的地表水和含油废水而言，在实验的Al/Si摩尔比范围内，其值越小，混凝效果就越好。PASC在水体中的残留铝含量随着Al/Si摩尔比的降低和B值的升高而下降。PASC和PAC在中性pH条件下具有最低的残留铝含量。     

铁盐与铝盐混凝去除EDTA土壤淋洗废液中砷、锑效果对比

实验以三氯化铁和三氯化铝作为混凝剂,对比研究了混凝去除EDTA土壤淋洗废液中砷、锑的效果,重点探讨了反应终点pH、EDTA浓度、Fe/Al投加量以及共存重金属离子对砷、锑去除效果的影响。结果表明:1)对于EDTA土壤淋洗废液中As(Ⅴ)、Sb(Ⅴ)的去除,铝盐比铁盐效果更优;2)EDTA的存在不仅降低了铁盐/铝盐混凝对As(Ⅴ)、Sb(Ⅴ)的吸附去除效果,同时抑制了砷酸铁、锑酸铁等物质的生成,削弱了铁盐对As(Ⅴ)、Sb(Ⅴ)的沉淀去除。EDTA导致铁盐混凝过程中生成粒径较大、表面活性较低的稳定结晶态絮体;3)当c(EDTA)=0.05 mol/L时,在pH=5、ρ(Al)=2000 mg/L的条件下,铝盐对EDTA土壤淋洗废液中As(Ⅴ)、Sb(Ⅴ)的去除率分别高达98.00%和93.09%;4)共存重金属离子通过与EDTA络合,增加了絮体Al(OH)₃的生成量,促进了As(Ⅴ)、Sb(Ⅴ)去除。由此表明,铝盐能够有效实现EDTA土壤淋洗废液中As(Ⅴ)、Sb(Ⅴ)的去除,对于推动基于EDTA的土壤淋洗技术的广泛应用具有重要意义。     

铝合金硫酸阳极化耐蚀性试验失败原因分析

目的分析铝合金硫酸阳极化耐蚀性失败的原因。方法从试片、阳极化工艺参数、槽液中杂质等方面分析并进行工艺试验。结果硫酸阳极化耐蚀性试验失败,不是单一原因造成的,而是由于试片基材缺陷、硫酸槽液Cu~(2+)含量高、封闭槽液被污染的共同作用下导致的。结论试片表面完整、无破损无腐蚀,试片表面清洗彻底,以及控制硫酸槽液中c(Cu~(2+))≤0.02 g/L,封闭槽液中c(Fe~(2+))≤0.001 g/L、c(Al~(3+))≤0.01 g/L、c(Zn~(2+))≤0.0001 g/L,可明显改善阳极化膜层质量,提高硫酸阳极化耐蚀性试验的合格率。     

强化混凝去除微污染饮用原水中的As(III)

以聚合硫酸铁和聚合氯化铝为混凝剂,采用强化混凝的处理方法,对微污染饮用水原水中微量砷的去除进行了研究.考察了pH值、氧化剂用量、混凝剂投加量、砷初始浓度和原水浊度等因素对砷去除的影响.结果表明,聚合硫酸铁除砷效果好于聚合氯化铝;在pH值为6~8,微污染原水砷浓度为0.1mg/L,聚合硫酸铁投加量为0.078mmol/L时,可使滤后水中砷浓度低于0.01mg/L.     

Effect of phosphate releasing in activated sludge on phosphorus removal from municipal wastewater

Aluminum and ferric salts are commonly used in municipal wastewater treatment plants(WWPTs) for phosphorus(P) removal. In this study, on-site jar tests were conducted to determine the removal of different P species from the fresh samples in the presence and absence of activated sludge(AS) with different doses of alum, poly-aluminum chloride,and ferric chloride at different p H. The soluble P(SP) concentration in the samples was about 0.63 mg/L. When the mixed liquor containing AS was treated with 8 mg/L of Al, SP could be reduced to 0.13 mg/L, while it was reduced to 0.16 mg/L with only 1 mg/L of Al after sedimentation removal of AS from sample. Chemical analysis determined that AS contained 59.8 mg-P/g-TSS and 43.8 mg-Al/g-TSS and most of the P was associated with the aluminum hydroxide. We discovered that the phosphate in the AS could readily be released from it, which was mainly responsible for ineffective removal of P to low levels in mixed liquor even with very high alum dose. This study provides new insight into the behavior and fate of P in the wastewater treatment plants that use alum to enhance P removal in the final effluent.     

Fluoride removal by Al, Ti, and Fe hydroxides and coexisting ion effect

Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate fluoride removal by Al,Fe,and Ti-based coagulants and adsorbents,as well as the effects of coexisting ions and formation of aluminum–fluoride complexes on fluoride removal by co-precipitation with alum(Al_2(SO_4)_3·18H_2O).Aluminum sulfate was more efficient than the other coagulants for fluoride removal in the pH range between 6 and 8.Nano-crystalline TiO_2 was more effective for fluoride removal than Al and Fe hydroxides in a pH range of 3–5.Coexisting anions in water decreased the removal of fluoride in the order:phosphate(2.5 mg/L) arsenate(0.1 mg/L) bicarbonate(200 mg/L) sulfate(100 mg/L) = nitrate(100 mg/L) silicate(10 mg/L) at a pH of 6.0.The effect of silicate became more significant at pH 7.0.Calcium and magnesium improved the removal of fluoride.Zeta-potential measurements determined that the adsorption of fluoride shifted the PZC of Al(OH)_3 precipitates from 8.9 to 8.4,indicating the chemical adsorption of fluoride at the surface.The presence of fluoride in solution significantly increased the soluble aluminum concentration at pH 6.5.A Visual MINTEQ modeling study indicated that the increased aluminum solubility was caused by the formation of AlF~(2+),AlF~(+2),and AlF_3complexes.The AlF_x complexes decreased the removal of fluoride during co-precipitation with aluminum sulfate.     

纸基复合包装中铝塑分离的湿法工艺条件研究

纸基复合包装中的纸基部分通过水力碎浆分离后可直接用于生产再生纸. 其铝塑部分由1层0.02～0.03 mm厚的铝箔和2层0.03～0.08 mm厚的低密度聚乙烯膜层压复合而成,主要对铝塑的湿法分离进行研究.比较了甲酸、乙酸、盐酸3种剥离剂的分离效果; 用甲酸作为铝塑剥离剂时, 考察了剥离剂的浓度、反应温度、液固比及破碎尺寸对铝塑分离的影响; 根据铝塑分离时间、分离率、铝的损失率等指标,通过正交试验及方差分析优化铝塑分离的工艺条件. 结果表明,甲酸分离铝塑的最优条件: 剥离剂浓度为4 mol/L, 反应温度为60 ℃,液固比为60 L/kg, 破碎尺寸为5 cm×5 cm. 在该条件下, 铝塑的分离率达到100%.      

Application of ferrate（VI） in the treatment of industrial wastes containing metal-complexed cyanides ： A green treatment

Ferrate(VI) was employed for the oxidation of cyanide (CN) and simultaneous removal of copper or nickel in the mixed/complexed systems of CN-Cu, CN-Ni, or CN-Cu-Ni. The degradation of CN (1.00 mmol/L) and removal of Cu (0.095 mmol/L) were investigated as a function of Fe(VI) doses from 0.3–2.00 mmol/L at pH 10.0. It was found that Fe(VI) could readily oxidize CN and the reduction of Fe(VI) into Fe(III) might serve e ciently for the removal of free copper ions. The increase in Fe(VI) dose apparently favoured the CN oxidation as well as Cu removal. Moreover, the pH dependence study (pH 10.0–13.0) revealed that the oxidation of CN was almost una ected in the studied pH range (10.0–13.0), however, the maximum removal e ciency of Cu was obtained at pH 13.0. Similarly, treatment was carried out for CN-Ni system having the initial Ni concentration of 0.170 mmol/L and CN concentration of 1.00 mmol with Fe(VI) dose 2.00 mmol at various pH values (10.0–12.0). Results showed a partial oxidation of CN and partial removal of Ni. It can be observed that Fe(VI) can partially degrade the CN-Ni complex in this pH range. Further, Fe(VI) was applied for the treatment of simulated industrial waste/e uent waters treatment containing CN, Cu, and Ni.     

Mg2+、Ca2+对厌氧消化系统中CO2的捕获和营养盐的回收

为探究矿物碳酸化与污泥厌氧消化耦合过程中实现CO₂捕获和N/P营养盐协同回收的可行性,在污泥水解液为底物的厌氧消化系统中,研究不同比例Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺离子添加对厌氧消化系统中CO₂捕获和营养盐的协同回收效果的影响.结果表明,添加Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺离子为（20mmol/L）/（0mmol/L）、（10mmol/L）/（10mmol/L）和（0mmol/L）/（20mmol/L）均可促进有机质降解,使沼气产量分别提升16.97%、21.56%和23.99%,并使CO₂含量由27.27%分别下降至24.81%,22.06%和21.98%.不同比例Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺离子添加可使磷酸根浓度下降63.46%~66.47%,但仅Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺离子以（20mmol/L）/（0mmol/L）和（10mmol/L）/（10mmol/L）添加的实验组中氨氮浓度得到下降.XRD分析揭示,Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺离子以（20mmol/L）/（0mmol/L）、（10mmol/L）/（10mmol/L）和（0mmol/L）/（20mmol/L）添加时分别使厌氧消化系统中形成鸟粪石和碳酸镁、鸟粪石和方解石、方解石和三斜磷钙石.Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺离子等摩尔量联合添加可实现最优的CO₂捕获和营养盐协同回收效果.     

土壤酸化及天然土壤溶液中铝的形态

采用真空式土壤溶液采样器收集了宜昌、巫山松树林中天然土壤溶液,采用高效液相色谱法Al－Lumogallion柱后荧光检测,分析测试了土壤溶液中可溶性铝的形态,研究了由于土壤酸化引起天然土壤溶液中不同形态铝的迁移转化结果表明,天然土壤溶液中含有不同形态的铝,主要是有机铝、 AISO₄⁺、AIF₂⁺、Al（OH）²⁺、Al³⁺等．宜昌、巫山地区土壤溶液中活性铝（Al³⁺、AlOH^2+F）的含量比较低．土壤的酸化使得天然土壤溶液中总铝含量增加、铝形态的优势态发生变化,即土壤的酸化使得天然土壤溶液中活性铝－Al³⁺、AlOHF²⁺含量和比例增加．土壤酸化还降低了大然土壤溶液中的BC/Al比值,这些变化的结果都增加了对森林潜在的危害．