废胶粉改性沥青研究与应用现状

随着汽车工业的飞速发展,废旧轮胎已成为一大公害,废旧轮胎资源化利用是解决这一难题的有效途径之一。将废胶粉应用于改性沥青,既可利用废物优化沥青路面,又能减少环境污染。介绍国内外废胶粉改性沥青的应用现状,并对废胶粉改性沥青机理及性能影响因素进行了总结,重点分析了废胶粉改性沥青的储存稳定性问题及其解决办法,指出用废胶粉对沥青进行改性具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

Concrete made with recycled tire rubber: Effect of alkaline activation and silica fume addition

The present work deals with the investigation of the potential use of recycled tire rubbers in cement matrices. This facilitates the development of concrete with a lesser environmental impact. Thus, it contributes to developing construction in a sustainable way. Concrete formulations were produced with the replacement of 10% sand aggregate by recycled tire rubber using conventional rubber and rubber modified with alkaline activation and silica fume addition to improve the mechanical properties. The water/cement ratio (or composition) and the testing age were used as additional variables. The concrete characterization was performed by testing the compressive strength, elastic modulus, density and microstructure (SEM). The recycled tire rubber proved to be an excellent aggregate to use in the concrete. It was observed that its compressive strength was reduced by only 14% (28 days), in comparison to the conventional concrete, reaching 48 MPa for the mixture with higher resistance. The concrete compositions were found to be lighter and a reduced interface was observed between the rubber and cement matrix after the chemical treatment. The rubberized concrete can support construction sustainability, minimize the consumption of natural resources by using an industrial residue and produce a material with special features.     

道路沥青中长寿命自由基特征及二次生成

本研究运用电子顺磁共振波谱方法（EPR）发现道路沥青中含有大量的环境持久性自由基（EPFRs）,说明道路沥青可能是道路源大气颗粒物中EPFRs的重要来源途径.因此,进一步通过溶剂萃取从沥青中分离出不同极性组分,研究不同沥青组分中EPFRs的含量和种类分布特征,并且在这基础上探究道路沥青在光化学作用下二次生成EPFRs的潜能和特征.结果表明：沥青中含有的EPFRs类型是以碳原子为中心的自由基和以氧原子为中心的自由基混合存在（g=2.0032~2.0038）,主要可能是芳烃类自由基和半醌自由基.沥青中EPFRs主要存在于不可萃取组分和二氯甲烷可萃取组分中,推测沥青大多数的EPFRs可能源于沥青中的大分子芳香化合物和酚类组分.沥青在模拟太阳光照射后,可生成10%~20%的二次EPFRs,并且发现新生成的主要是以g因子较大的氧原子为中心的EPFRs.     

废旧轮胎在国内外道路工程中的应用现状

汽车工业的发展和汽车数量的增加,在给人民生活带来方便的同时,也产生了大量的废旧轮胎。废旧轮胎的堆积和不当处理,将对生态环境带来严重的污染,国内外学者对废旧轮胎的综合利用开展了大量的研究,将废旧轮胎经粉碎等处理制成橡胶沥青,应用于道路工程不仅提高了道路的耐热等性能,而且减少了生态环境污染,具有良好的社会效益、经济效益和环境效益。本文介绍了国内外对废旧轮胎在道路工程中的应用情况,通过与国外研究和工程实践的对比,指出了我国在此方面研究中存在的问题,为进一步废旧轮胎在道路工程中综合利用提供指导作用。     

废旧橡胶粉用于道路改性沥青的研究

从环保的角度出发，利用废旧橡胶粉对道路沥青改性进行了试验研究，分析了废胶粉的细度及掺量对沥青性能的影响，并就橡胶粉改性沥青所采用的胶粉细度、掺量以及改性措施提出了合理的建议。     

碱厂白泥制备橡胶填充剂的可行性研究

以青岛碱厂白泥为研究对象,通过橡胶实验及产品性能测试,证实了用碱厂白泥制备橡胶填充剂的可行性。与目前正在使用的普通轻质碳酸钙和超细轻质碳酸钙相比较,由白泥加工成的粉体填充剂对丁苯胶硫化胶性能的影响能够达到普通轻质碳酸钙的水平,对天然橡胶硫化胶性能的影响能够达到超细轻质碳酸钙的水平。天然橡胶的混炼实验表明,增加白泥粉体在配方中的用量,对硫化胶的力学性能没有什么影响,但由于白泥粉体分散性下降,增加了橡胶混炼时的困难。     

Variation of soil fertility and carbon sequestration by planting Hevea brasiliensis in Hainan Island, China

The development of rubber industry depends on the sustainable management of rubber plantation. To evaluate the environmental effects of planting Hevea brasiliensis on a subsystem of tropical forest ecosystem, the variation of soil fertility and carbon sequestration under rubber plantation within 30-year life period were investigated in Hainan Island. Results showed that （1） with the increase of stand age of rubber plantation, soil fertility decreased all along. From 1954 to 1995, soil organic matter, total N, available K and available P decreased by 48.2%, 54.1%, 56.7% and 64.1%, respectively. （2） If the complete return of litters was considered without additional fertilizer application to the soil of the rubber plantations, the consumption periods for P, N, K, Mg were only 825 years, 329 years, 94 years and 65 years, respectively~ To improve soil fertility is essential for rubber plantation development. （3） The C sequestration of rubber trees per hectare accounts for 272.08 t within 30-year life period and 57.91% of them was fixed in litters. In comparison with C sequestration by rain forest （234.305 t/hm^2） and by secondary rain forest （150.203 t/hm^2）, rubber forest has more potentials for C fixation. On the base of above results, the following measures would benefit the maintenance of soil fertility and the development of rubber industry, including applying fertilizer to maintain the balance of soil nutrients, intercropping leguminous plant to improve soil fertility, reducing the collection of litters, optimizing soil properties to improve element P availability such as applying CaCO3. The information gathered from the study can be used as baseline data for the sustainable management of rubber plantation elsewhere.     

基于LBM-DEM耦合研究多孔介质中生物膜对悬浮粒子运移的影响

生物膜是多孔介质中普遍存在的细菌群落,会与悬浮粒子相互作用并影响粒子的迁移沉积。采用格子玻尔兹曼-离散单元耦合方法(LBM-DEM)研究了悬浮粒子在覆盖生物膜多孔介质中的运移。发现生物膜的存在会降低孔喉尺寸和DLVO排斥势垒,这有助于增强悬浮粒子的沉积。进出口压差是影响粒子滞留率的主要因素,低进出口压差下粒子无法突破排斥能垒,高压差下流体力通过改变粒子的沉积位置可提高渗透率。溶液离子强度变化主要影响排斥屏障。高离子强度的溶液中,粒子滞留率对压差变化响应较小;低离子强度溶液中,粒子滞留率受进出口压差的影响较大。此外,从介观角度观察入流速度对悬浮粒子黏附与滚动的影响,发现粒子的初始沉积点与来流方向的角度随着粒子速度的增加而减小。     

给水管网中余氯浓度对颗粒物表面细菌附着的影响

为解析余氯浓度对颗粒物表面细菌附着的影响,以给水管网细菌为研究对象,开展其在不同余氯浓度条件下的附着实验.结果表明,低浓度氯(0~0.5 mg·L~(-1))会促进细菌在针铁矿表面的附着,而高浓度氯(0.5~3.0 mg·L~(-1))抑制了细菌的表面附着.通过定量测定及激光共聚焦显微镜的观测发现,当氯浓度为0.5 mg·L~(-1)时,聚集体总细菌数、胞外聚合物(EPS)含量均达到最大.研究结果揭示了余氯浓度调控着细菌EPS的分泌,进而影响细菌在给水管网中颗粒物表面的附着.     

无毒防污涂层表面化学结构的研究

对几种含氟和有机硅氧烷的涂层进行了静岛,厦门２海域的浅海浸泡试验。利用ＦＴ－ＩＲ反射红外Ｘ光电子能谱对防污涂层的表面化学结构进行了表征,得了涂层表现的有机氧迷是造成涂层具有良好的防污性的根本原因。     

微波处理沥青烟气的探讨研究

采用响应曲面分析法,对微波处理沥青尾气时,管式炉加热温度、沥青烟预热温度及流量对处理沥青烟的影响进行了分析。结果表明:微波高温加热处理沥青烟气的方法,大大提高了焚烧法处理沥青尾气的效率,并且具有成本降低、设备简单、易于操作、易于控制、系统阻力较小、污染小等特点,这一工艺的提出,也为沥青烟气的处理方法开拓了新的道路。     

处理含油地表水体的潜流湿地填料筛选及其性能评价

采用包括填料表面微观特征、元素构成、吸附性能、微生物附着生长性、经济性等因素的填料性能评价方法,对处理含油地表水的潜流湿地填料进行评价与筛选.静态吸附试验表明,各种填料对磷的吸附能力为炉渣＞陶粒＞沸石＞砾石＞砖块＞卵石,对石油类的吸附能力为炉渣＞陶粒＞砖块＞沸石＞砾石＞卵石;动态吸附试验表明,各种填料床对石油类的去除效果为炉渣床＞砾石床＞湖泊底泥床;放置在污染水体中的填料表面微生物总数和烃降解菌数量为砖块＞沸石＞砾石,陶粒和炉渣＞卵石.根据上述评价结果,选择总体性能较好的砾石、炉渣、砖块和沸石作为潜流湿地现场试验系统的填料.     

Hydrocarbons in particulate samples from wildfire events in central Portugal in summer 2010

In summer 2010, twenty eight(14 PM_(2.5)samples plus 14 samples PM_(2.5–10)) smoke samples were collected during wildfires that occurred in central Portugal. A portable high-volume sampler was used to perform the sampling, on quartz fibre filters of coarse(PM_(2.5–10)) and fine(PM_(2.5)) smoke samples. The carbonaceous content(elemental and organic carbon) of particulate matter was analysed by a thermal–optical technique. Subsequently, the particulate samples were solvent extracted and fractionated by vacuum flash chromatography into three different classes of organic compounds(aliphatics, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) and carbonyl compounds). The organic speciation was performed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry(GC–MS). Emissions were dominated by the fine particles, which represented around 92% of the PM_(10). A clear predominance of carbonaceous constituents was observed, with organic to elemental carbon(OC/EC)ratios ranging between 1.69 and 245 in both size fractions. The isoprenoid ketone6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone, a tracer for secondary organic aerosol formation, was one of the dominant constituents in both fine and coarse particles. Retene was the most abundant compound in all samples. Good correlations were obtained between OC and both aliphatic and PAH compounds. Pyrogenic processes, thermal release of biogenic compounds and secondary processing accounted for 97% of the apportioned PM_(2.5)levels.     

Rubber sheet strewn with TiO2 particles:Photocatalytic activity and recyclability

A new method for the preparation of rubber sheet strewn with titanium dioxide particles (TiO₂-strewn sheet) is presented. This simple and low cost method is based on the use of TiO₂ powder (Degussa P25) being strewn onto the sheet made from rubber latex (60% HA) through a steel sieve. The characteristic of the TiO₂-strewn sheet was studied by using scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM/EDS) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD) techniques. The photocatalytic activity of TiO₂-strewn rubber sheet was evaluated using Indigo Carmine (IC) dye as a model for organic dye pollutant in water. The results showed that the TiO₂-strewn sheet could degrade IC dye solution under UV light irradiation. The effects of pH, initial concentration, and the intensity of UV light on the photodegradation were also investigated. Kinetics of the photocatalytic degradation was of the first-order reaction. The used TiO₂-strewn sheet can be recovered and reused. The recycling uses did not require any cleaning between successive uses and no decline in the photodegradation efficiency was observed compared with freshly prepared TiO₂-strewn sheet.     

Asphalt fractions in airborne particles from highway traffic and the accumulation in plants

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聚丁二酸丁二醇酯（PBS）为反硝化固体碳源的脱氮特性研究

以聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)为固体碳源和生物膜载体,研究其脱氮性能以及添加惰性载体砾石对反应性能的影响.结果表明,PBS可作为反硝化固体碳源去除低C/N水体中的硝酸盐氮,但是所需的启动时间较长,为33 d左右.反硝化过程不会造成亚硝酸盐氮积累,但是会产生低于0.8 mg·L-1的氨氮.在PBS为碳源的反硝化体系中添加惰性载体来增加生物膜量,可以提高反硝化速率,PBS、PBS+30 g砾石、PBS+60 g砾石、PBS+90 g砾石4个体系的反硝化速率分别为5.33、7.04、10.05和6.93mg·(L·h)-1,反应均为零级反应.反硝化反应过程中(0~9 h),溶解性有机碳(DOC)先升高后降低,反应结束时(24 h),添加惰性载体砾石60 g和90 g体系的DOC分别为16.34 mg·L-1和19.22 mg·L-1,高于未添加砾石体系的13.48 mg·L-1.4个反硝化体系的pH值均低于初始值,是固体碳源降解过程中产生的酸性物质与反硝化产生的碱度综合作用的结果.     

天津某住宅区降雨径流颗粒粒径分布及污染物赋存形态

为考察城市不同下垫面降雨径流中颗粒粒径分布及与污染物的关系,2020年7—8月在相同降雨条件下对天津市某居民区油毡屋面、塑钢屋面、水泥瓦屋面和沥青路面的6场降雨事件进行采样,分析降雨径流污染特征及颗粒物分布. 结果表明:①沥青路面降雨径流中悬浮颗粒物（suspended solids, SS）浓度最高,与油毡屋面、塑钢屋面和水泥瓦屋面径流SS浓度在统计上有显著差异(P<0.05);②不同下垫面降雨径流中颗粒物粒径主要分布在10~200 μm之间,4种下垫面中值粒径（D₅₀）浓度在计量上均有显著差异(P<0.05);③粒径在10~50 μm的颗粒物占比最大,在油毡屋面、塑钢屋面、水泥瓦屋面和沥青路面径流中占比分别为30.95%、25.53%、30.41%和50.47%,粒径大于300 μm的颗粒物体积分数占比最小;④降雨径流中颗粒物是污染物的主要载体,径流中化学需氧量（COD）和总磷（TP）主要以颗粒态形式存在,而总氮（TN）主要以溶解态形式存在. 通过对降雨径流中颗粒物粒径分布和污染物赋存形态的研究,以期为城市径流污染控制及雨水净化方法的选取提供数据支撑.      

Membrane fouling in ultrafiltration of natural water after pretreatment to different extents

The combined fouling during ultrafiltration(UF) of surface water pretreated to different extents was investigated to disclose the roles of polysaccharides, proteins, and inorganic particles in UF membrane fouling. Both reversible and irreversible fouling decreased with enhanced pretreatment(biologically active carbon(BAC) treatment and sand filtration). The sand filter effluent fouled the membrane very slowly. The UF membrane removed turbidity to less than 0.1 nephelometric turbidity unit(NTU), reduced polysaccharides by 25.4%–29.9%, but rejected few proteins. Both polysaccharides and inorganic particles were detected on the fouled membranes, but inorganic particles could be effectively removed by backwashing. The increase of turbidity in the sand filter effluent to 3.05 NTU did not significantly increase the fouling rate, but an increase in the turbidity in the BAC effluent to6.11 NTU increased the fouling rate by more than 100%. The results demonstrated that the polysaccharide, not the protein, constituents of biopolymers were responsible for membrane fouling. Membrane fouling was closely associated with a small fraction of polysaccharides in the feed water. Inorganic particles exacerbated membrane fouling only when the concentration of fouling–inducing polysaccharides in the feed water was relatively high. The combined fouling was largely reversible, and polysaccharides were the predominant substances responsible for irreversible fouling.     

Size-fractionated measurement of coarse black carbon particles in deposition samples

In a 1-year field study, particle deposition flux was measured by transparent collection plates. Particle concentration was simultaneously measured with a cascade impactor. Microscopic evaluation of deposition samples provided the discrimination of translucent (mineral or biological) and black carbon particles, i.e. soot agglomerates, fly-ash cenospheres and rubber fragments in the size range from 3 to 50 μm. The deposition samples were collected in two different sampling devices. A wind- and rain-shielded measurement was achieved in the Sigma-2 device. Dry deposition data from this device were used to calculate mass concentrations of the translucent and the black particle fraction separately, approximating particle deposition velocity by Stokes' settling velocity. In mass calculations an error up to 20% has to be considered due to assumed spherical shape and unit density for all particles. Within the limitations of these assumptions, deposition velocities of the distinguished coarse particles were calculated. The results for total particulate matter in this range are in good agreement with those from impactor measurement. The coarse black carbon fraction shows a reduced deposition velocity in comparison with translucent particles. The deviation depends on precipitation amount. Further measurements and structural investigations of black carbon particles are in preparation to verify these results.     

好氧污泥絮体与厌氧颗粒污泥的剪切稳定性分析

通过标准的剪切实验装置检测了好氧污泥絮体和厌氧颗粒污泥在不同剪切条件下剥离的分散胶体浓度的变化.结果表明,厌氧颗粒污泥的剪切敏感性(KSS)比好氧活性污泥高1个数量级,证明了好氧活性污泥的剪切稳定性更好.好氧活性污泥絮体在剪切下剥离的分散胶体平衡浓度(md,∞)分别随着污泥悬浊液的固体浓度(mT)和剪切强度(G)的增加而增加.AE模型的模拟结果显示,好氧活性污泥絮体样品1在剪切作用下粘附-剥离的平衡常数(Km)比样品2的高,相应的DG0adh/RT值更小,证明其在剪切作用下的粘附过程更易发生.修正AE模型可以更好地模拟不同剪切强度下污泥絮体上分散胶体的剥离过程,其不仅能够给出未施加剪切的稳定状态时因布朗运动而导致的分散胶体浓度,而且能确定与污泥絮体上分散胶体的剥离能量相关的DH/R值.模拟结果表明,好氧活性污泥絮体样品1上分散胶体的剥离需要更多的能量,剪切强度的升高对样品2的影响更加明显.活性污泥剪切稳定性的差异证明了其与污泥结构、性质以及污水处理厂运行效果之间的关系比较复杂.