近20 a来我国海岸线曲折度变化分析

曲折是海岸线的基本属性,也是影响海洋自然环境和经济发展的重要影响因素.本文借助SuperMap的线数据集重采样功能,构建了基于海岸线轮廓基线的一种新的海岸线曲折度计算方法.选取1990年、2000年、2007年和2012年4期遥感影像,提取4期海岸线基础数据,计算海岸线曲折度,根据结果分析了近20 a来的我国海岸线曲折度的变化趋势和变化特征,得出以下结论:采用构建轮廓基线计算海岸线曲折度是一种有效的方法;近20 a来,我国大陆海岸线曲折度呈波动趋势,按照变化趋势可分为上升型、下降型和波动型3种;我国海岸线曲折度空间分布差异明显,整体上北方曲折度小于南方.     

海岸线变迁及驱动因素进展研究

海岸线是陆地和海洋的分界线,是地球表层生态环境最敏感、响应全球变化最迅速的生态脆弱带,中国海岸线类型丰富,总长度达32 000多千米,因此,研究海岸线的变迁及其驱动因素具有重要的现实意义.文章首先总结了海岸线的定义及分类,探讨了海岸线定义不明确的问题;然后讨论了国内外利用遥感影像提取海岸线的方法及存在的问题,总结了海岸线的时空变迁及其驱动力研究进展状况,分析了国内外研究的差异;最后针对现有研究的不足,提出几点建议.     

基于遥感技术的近30 a海南岛海岸线时空变化

了解海岸线变化对海岸资源的开发与保护有着重要的意义。论文基于遥感技术与GIS技术,提取了海南岛1980、1990、2000、2010年4个时期的海岸线,并对其30 a来的时空变化特征进行了系统分析。结果表明:海南岛海岸线变化主要受人为因素的影响,近30 a来其长度增加了55.4 km;海岸线时空变化显著,变化比较剧烈的岸段多分布在地势较为平缓的南部地区,以养殖开发、工业用地、城镇与港口建设用地为主。研究认为,海南岛海岸线的变化,将有可能导致诸如岸线侵蚀等环境问题,应注意合理开发,利用海岸线资源。     

1990年以来我国大陆海岸线变迁及分形维数研究

选取1990年以来的9期的遥感影像共计371景,提取大陆海岸线数据,分析了海岸线长度历年变迁规律及分形维数的变化,得出以下结论:(1)近22 a来,我国大陆海岸线长度基本保持增长趋势;(2)自然岸线和河口岸线长度处于减少趋势,而人工岸线长度处于增加趋势,其增长速度大于自然岸线和河口岸线减少速度之和;(3)我国海岸线的分形维数呈直线增长趋势,其变化趋势与海岸线长度变化一致。     

厦门海岸线遥感动态监测研究

以厦门地区海岸影像为研究对象,根据不同海岸类型的地貌特点,采用不同的海岸线遥感解译方法提取出1987年、1997年和2007年的海岸线,并进行岸线变迁原因分析,研究结果表明:人工海岸、基岩海岸、砂质海岸及红土海岸的海岸线解译标志明显,提取效果较好,基本能够实现计算机自动提取;淤泥质海岸在遥感图像上呈现复杂的边缘,无理想的线性特征自动提取技术,是海岸线提取中的难点.     

海岸线分类及划定方法研究

海岸线是沿海地区海洋经济发展的空间载体,具有重要的生态功能和资源价值。本文通过对海岸线的内涵与定义进行系统分析,结合管理实践要求,建立了基于陆海统筹的海岸线分类体系。梳理了海岸线划定的原则,通过分析不同岸段的属性特征、管理需求等因素,提出了以下几种划定方法:自然岸线采用痕迹线法、多年平均大潮潮位法以及综合研判法;人工岸线采用综合研判法;河口岸线采用特征排序法;生态恢复岸线采用指标量化打分法。该研究可为我国海岸线保护与利用管理提供参考。     

近30a来乐清湾海岸线与海岸湿地变迁分析

以Landsat ETM/ TM影像为主要数据源,采用人机交互的方式提取了1990~2017年间6期乐清湾海岸线。利用马尔科夫矩阵法计算了滩涂转化规律,并按照年份进行岸线和海岸湿地变迁分析。结合当地相关资料,开展了乐清湾区域海岸线和海岸湿地变化的驱动力分析。结果表明:乐清湾岸线以人工岸线为主,岸线变化剧烈,变化速率分布不均,海岸湿地的变化整体面积变化不大,其中人工湿地主要由自然滩涂湿地转化而来,人类围填是乐清湾海岸线和海岸湿地变迁的主要因素。     

黄河水文特征对河口海岸变化的影响

论文选取海陆变化频繁的黄河口作为研究区,在3S技术支持下采用平均高潮线法对1976-2002年18个年份的遥感影像进行了海岸线信息提取。对研究区海岸变化的叠加分析表明:1976-2002年间黄河口海岸的演变过程分为直线增长、波动增长和波动减少3个阶段。同时,黄河口水文特征的变化规律及其对岸线变化影响的分析揭示了黄河水沙状况与河口海岸线的年际变化呈线性回归关系,指出了输沙量为河口海岸变化的主要驱动力,而径流量和含沙量是通过影响输沙量而间接影响河口海岸线变化,确定了输沙量3.517×108t/a为河口海陆变迁的临界值。     

海南龙沐湾砂质海岸变化与生态环境研究

文章先利用遥感技术进行砂质海岸线提取,确定了砂质海岸线的遥感解译标志和解译方法,完成了龙沐湾砂质海岸线遥感信息解译工作,最后提出将TM影像提取的特大高潮线利用野外海滩测量数据改进到平均大潮高潮位线的新思路.这样利用TM影像提取的岸线可以和地形图的海岸线叠加分析,得到海南龙沐湾1937年近百年以来海岸线变化的特征,为选择哪个岸段进行海岸建设、生态环境修复等提供重要科学依据,也对区域海岸环境保护和防护管理提供一定的基础研究.     

中国大陆1990—2013年海岸线资源开发利用特征变化

利用遥感和GIS技术对中国1990—2013年23 a间大陆海岸线的变化情况进行了分析,从海岸线空间资源可持续利用角度,构建了海岸线开发利用负荷度和易损度指标,对我国大陆海岸线资源开发利用特征进行了评估,结果显示:1)中国大陆海岸线的变化主要体现在海岸线长度和形态的变化两个方面,长度上,中国大陆海岸线呈现出持续增加的趋势,23 a间增加了1 045.54 km;形态方面,大量的自然岸线转变为平直的人工岸线,人工岸线增加了4 398.14 km,年均增加约200 km。2)大陆海岸线的开发利用负荷不断增加,我国距离大陆海岸线1 km范围内海域被开发利用的面积比例已超过80%;大陆海岸线重度开发岸线长度为3 118.05 km,占总长度的16.43%,其中,河北、天津、山东、江苏、上海和浙江的重度开发岸线长度所占比例均超过了50%;海南、福建和广西区的未开发岸线比例超过60%。3)低易损度海岸线分布存在南北差异,北方沿海地区,除山东外,其他省区的高易损度海岸线所占比例均超过了15%,南方地区海岸线资源的易损度整体较好。海南省、广西区的可开发利用潜力较大,人工岸线与易损度存在正相关。论文可为海岸线空间资源管理和可持续利用提供支持。     

中国南中国海海岸湿地退化现状和保护对策

南中国海湿地包括广东省、香港特别行政区、澳门特别行政区、广西壮族自治区和海南省等五个行政区,总面积为15 393.75 km2。由于受人口增加和经济发展的巨大压力,中国南中国海湿地破坏严重,退化趋势明显。本文在对中国南中国海地区海岸湿地的现状、类型及湿地退化的主要原因进行分析的基础上,提出中国南中国海地区海岸湿地资源保护与管理的建议,以便切实保护中国南中国海沿海多样化的湿地类型,持续发挥其生态服务功能。     

香港海沙资源的勘探开发与管理

海沙开采已成为仅次于油气开采的世界第二重要海洋开采业。1980年代以来,香港政府投资1.7×10⁸港元为寻找海岸围垦填料进行了一系列的海沙勘探活动,在1828km²香港水域发现22个地点海沙资源储量7.4×10⁸m³,其中9个地点4.2×10⁸m³储量因覆盖层较厚或污染严重或海区环境特别敏感等原因被暂时搁置。1990～2002年共开采海沙2.7×10⁸m³,为形成2100hm²新土地的多项围垦工程提供了约一半的填料。基于地球物理勘探和钻探资料建立了香港海域第四纪层序和海沙产状地质模型,发现和证实了含气沉积物地震剖面的声波浑浊现象。香港政府对海沙资源进行统一勘探和统一管理,强调海沙开采的环境和生态影响评估,利用废弃的海床挖沙坑回填倾废的非污染海泥和受污染海泥。我国内地海沙勘探管理可以从中取得借鉴。     

Integrated water quality management in Tolo Harbour,Hong Kong: a case study

Tolo Harbour is an almost land-locked semi-enclosed sea inlet with a narrow outlet in the South China Sea. With the rapid growth in economic development and urbanization, evidence of increasing eutrophication is seen by the drastic increase in the severity and frequency of algae blooms, which are closely correlated to the excessive nutrient loading. The bottom waters in Tolo Harbour exhibit serious dissolved oxygen depletion. A co-ordinated sequence of pollution control activities are being undertaken by the Hong Kong Government. Technological advances can be utilized in effective water quality management in the coastal zone. This paper presents the application of a robust three-dimensional numerical eutrophication model, integrating hydrodynamics with water quality, for simulation of the algal growth dynamics and water quality processes. After calibration and verification, the tool is used to predict different eutrophication scenarios as well as the effectiveness of alternative management solution strategies.     

香港周边海域野生鱼体内DDTs和PCBs的含量分布和食用风险评估

为研究香港周边海域鱼体内持久性有机污染物的污染水平、分布特征及其对当地居民的健康风险评估,采集了香港周边海域中31种野生鱼,分析鱼体中两类典型持久性有机污染物,如滴滴涕（DDTs）和多氯联苯（PCBs）.结果表明,香港周边海域野生鱼类DDTs和PCBs的含量范围分别为0.44~17 ng·g^-1和0.028~6.3 ng·g^-1,与国内外其他地方相比处于中低水平.在空间分布上,大屿山西部的鱼体内DDTs含量最低,而吐露港鱼体中PCBs含量最低.鱼类的生活环境及食性影响其在鱼体内DDTs与PCBs的富集程度.来源分析显示野生鱼体内DDTs来源主要为历史残留,迁徙的鱼类可能受沿海岸河口DDTs污染影响.此外,健康风险评估结果表明,香港青少年和成年人长期食用香港周边海域的鱼类可能会存在潜在的终生致癌风险.因此,香港当地居民应尽量减少对其周边海岸野生鱼类的摄入.     

Developing chemical signatures of particulate air pollution in the Pearl River Delta region, China

PM2:5 samples were collected in a regional sampling network with three sites in Hong Kong and four sites in the adjacent inland Pearl River Delta (PRD) or Guangdong Province during four months/seasons from 2002–2003. Trans-boundary transport between Hong Kong and the inland PRD is inevitable under the influence of Asian monsoon. In summer, Hong Kong serves as the upwind site of the inland PRD while during other seasons it is under the influence of continental emissions. Previous studies have recognized the importance of using chemical signatures to differentiate local vs. regional contributions to air pollutants in Hong Kong such as the CO/NOx ratio, ratios of different VOC species. In this study, detailed chemical speciation by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was performed with PM2:5 samples to identify new chemical signatures to distinguish aerosols in Hong Kong from those from the inland PRD. Since Hong Kong is not influenced by the continental emissions from the inland PRD during summer, comparison focused on chemical data obtained from this season for chemical signatures. The new ratios developed from the current study include LCPI/HCPI ratio of alkanes (0.39 0.02 in Hong Kong vs. 0.78 0.08 in the inland PRD), pyrene to benzo[ghi]perylene ratio (0.97 0.21 in Hong Kong compared to 0.20 0.06 in the inland PRD), and the ratio of 1,2-benzenedioic acid to 1,4-benzenedioic acid (1.8 0.1 in Hong Kong vs. 0.6 0.05 in the inland PRD). Results from this study also revealed that Hong Kong was impacted by ship emissions as reflected by substantially high V/Ni ratio (9 2) while this ratio was about 1–2 at all sites in the inland PRD, which is very close to typical ratios from residual oil combustion.     

香港与广州市汽车尾气污染比较

采用较先进自动分析仪器,连续４年在香港九龙青山道及连续９天广州市解放中路,对汽车尾气污染进行监测。结果表明,香港九龙青山道汽车尾气污染较轻,１９８８年和１９８９年基本满足中国国家大气环境质量二级标准的要求。广州市解放中路汽车尾气污染严重。超过国家大气环境质量三级标准,车流组成与行车速度的差异是造成香港与广州市两地汽车气污染差别的主要原因。     

Development and experience in the monitoring,assessment and control of environmentalpollutants in Hong Kong

The late start of environmental protection in Hong Kong was discussed in the light of problems encountered during the development of environmental protection legislation in Hong Kong for the past 20 years. The collaboration in monitoring and assessment of environmental pollutants between the University of Hong Kong and various governments were descrbed in parallel with the progress in environmental protection in Hong Kong. The developments of new analytical techniques for environmental monitoring and analysis is given and their application in environmental control described. The joint projects in assessment and control of environmental pollutants carried out in collaboration with local industries and other organizations within and without the university are given and discussed. The problems and possible solution facing Hong Kong in development control equipment for small scale industries are discussed and areas of development identified. The development and experience in the monitoring assessment and co     

中国东南沿海邻近海沟潜在海啸危险性研究

针对中国东南沿海邻近海沟潜藏大地震的可能性,采用基于有限体积法的浅水波数值模型GeoClaw分别对琉球海沟和马尼拉海沟潜在9级地震进行海啸数值模拟研究。结果表明,琉球海沟和马尼拉海沟地震发生时都释放了巨大的能量,并以海啸波的形式向中国沿海传播。其中,琉球海沟地震引发的海啸波经东海大陆架传播3 h后到达福建北部,并在随后2 h内对浙江、上海、江苏沿岸地区造成影响。海啸波高普遍达到0.5 m以上,浙江、上海局部海岸地区达到1 m以上。而马尼拉海沟地震海啸传播过程通畅,2 h后到达海南沿岸,并依次影响湛江、澳门、香港、厦门、高雄等沿海区域。海啸波高普遍达到2 m以上,澳门、香港海岸地区达到5 m以上,面临严重危险等级。基于我国东南沿岸港口、核电站、钻井平台等海洋工程项目持续建设的考虑,需要对潜在海啸威胁进行研究并采取相应措施。     

Emissions trading in Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta region—A modeling approach to trade decisions in Hong Kong's electricity industry

In 2002, the Hong Kong government and the Guangdong provincial government agreed to reduce emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, respirable suspended particulates, and volatile organic compounds by 40%, 20%, 55%, and 55%, respectively. There was strong public demand for the power stations in Hong Kong to reduce emissions. Emission caps were introduced, with allowances for the trading of emission credits. However, local power stations were using equipment built in the 1980s and 1990s, making it difficult for them to meet the new emissions requirements. The situation presented a new challenge, which involved a choice of either improving the existing equipment, or using emissions trading to meet the emission caps. This study reviews the background on emissions in Hong Kong and the surrounding regions, the “cap and trade” system, and the technologies used for power generation and emission reduction. A modeling approach is adopted to simulate the equipment, the electricity dispatching requirements, and the costs of either reducing emissions or trading emission credits. Data from a power station in Hong Kong was chosen for the simulation. Different options were simulated in the model to identify the optimal strategy. The results were then compared with the plan for emission reduction. This study demonstrates that a modeling approach using linear programming can analyze the complicated options involving emission reduction and investments to achieve an optimized business solution.     

Identification and spatial patterns of coastal water pollution sources based on GIS and chemometric approach

Comprehensive and joint applications of GIS and chemometric approach were applied in identification and spatial patterns of coastal water pollution sources with a large data set （5 years （2000-2004）, 17 parameters） obtained through coastal water monitoring of Southern Water Control Zone in Hong Kong. According to cluster analysis the pollution degree was significantly different between September-next May （the 1st period） and June-August （the 2nd period）. Based on these results, four potential pollution sources, such as organic/eutrophication pollution, natural pollution, mineral/anthropic pollution and fecal pollution were identified by factor analysis/principal component analysis. Then the factor scores of each monitoring site were analyzed using inverse distance weighting method, and the results indicated degree of the influence by various potential pollution sources differed among the monitoring sites. This study indicated that hybrid approach was useful and effective for identification of coastal water pollution source and spatial patterns.