The analysis of greenhouse gas emissions/reductions in waste sector in Vietnam

The global waste sector produces, on average, 2–5 % of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The amount of GHG emissions has grown steadily and is predicted to increase considerable in the forthcoming decades because of the increases in population and gross domestic product (GDP). However, the GHG mitigation opportunities for the sector are still fully not exploited, in particularly in developing countries. A series of initiatives were highly successful and showed that large reductions in emissions are possible. This study aims to propose a holistic quantification model, which can be used for estimation of waste generation and evaluation of the potential reduction of GHG emissions in waste sector for developing countries with a particular application to Vietnam. The two scenarios set for the study were business as usual (BaU) which waste management is assumed to follow past and current trends and CounterMeasure (CM) which alternative waste treatment and management are assessed. Total emissions in the BaU scenario are projected to increase from 29.47 MtCO₂eq in 2010 to 85.60 MtCO₂eq by 2030 and 176.32 MtCO₂eq by 2050. The highest emissions are due to methane (CH₄) released by disposal sites, accounting for about 60 % of the GHG emissions from waste in Vietnam in 2030. This emission is projected to increase significantly (67 % in 2050), unless more of the methane is captured and used for energy generation. The CM scenario gives emission reductions from 25.7 % (2020), 40.5 % (2030) to 56.6 % (2050) compared to the BaU scenario. The highest GHG reduction is achieved through recycling, followed by methane recovery to optimize the co-benefit for climate change mitigation.     

Preliminary report on methane emissions from the Three Gorges Reservoir in the summer drainage period

Considerable variations may exist in CH4 emissions from the Three Gorges Reservoir.     

Modeling the impact of mitigation options on methane abatement from rice fields

The enhanced concentration of methane (CH₄) in the atmosphere is significantly responsible for the ominous threat of global warming. Rice (Oryza) paddies are one of the largest anthropogenic sources of atmospheric CH₄. Abatement strategies for mitigating CH₄ emissions from rice fields offer an avenue to reduce the global atmospheric burden of methane and hence the associated menace of climate change. Projections on population growth suggest that world rice production must increase to meet the population’s food energy demand. In this scenario, those mitigation options are advocated which address both the objectives of methane mitigation and increased production of rice simultaneously. In this paper, we have formulated a nonlinear mathematical model to investigate the effectiveness and limitations of such options in reducing and stabilizing the atmospheric concentration of CH₄ while increasing rice yield. In modeling process, it is assumed that implementation rate of mitigation options is proportional to the enhanced concentration of atmospheric CH₄ due to rice fields. Model analysis reveals that implementation of mitigation options not always provides “win-win” outcome. Conditions under which these options reduce and stabilize CH₄ emission from rice fields have been derived. These conditions are useful in devising strategies for effective abatement of CH₄ emission from rice fields along with sustainable increase in rice yield. The analysis also shows that CH₄ abatement highly depends on efficiencies of mitigation options to mitigate CH₄ emission and improve rice production as well as on the implementation rate of mitigation options. Numerical simulation is carried out to verify theoretical findings.     

洱海流域稻鸭共作对稻田温室气体排放和水稻产量的影响

稻季是水旱轮作生态系统温室气体排放的主要时期,探索有效措施实现稻季温室气体减排和水稻增产已成为当前研究的热点.稻鸭共作是减少稻季温室气体排放的有效措施之一,而确定合理的稻鸭共作密度对确保洱海流域水稻产量基础上实现温室气体减排具有重要意义.该研究通过设置不同稻鸭共作密度试验,采取密闭静态箱—气相色谱法研究了稻鸭共作对温室气体排放规律、排放量及全球增温潜势(GWP)的影响.结果表明:水稻生育期,CH_4和N_2O均在分蘖期和结实期出现排放峰;CH_4排放通量、累计排放量和总排放量大小均为常规处理(CT)低密度鸭处理(LDD)高密度鸭处理(HDD)空白处理(CK),而N_2O为HDDLDDCTCK.与CT相比,CK、LDD、HDD的CH_4排放总量分别降低45%、18%、25%,N_2O排放总量分别降低8%、增加11%和37%,温室气体综合增温潜势分别降低41%、14%、17%.田面水DO、NH~+_4-N、NO~-_3-N及土壤温度是引起温室气体CH_4和N_2O排放差异的主要因素.不同处理的水稻产量为LDDCKCTHDD.合理的稻鸭共作密度降低CH_4排放,增加N_2O排放,减缓全球增温潜势,提高了水稻产量.兼顾水稻产量和温室气体减排效果,LDD处理综合效益最好.     

节水灌溉和控释肥施用耦合措施对单季稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响

以我国华东地区典型单季稻水稻田(江苏宜兴)的原柱状土为研究对象,通过两年土柱观测试验,研究不同灌溉管理模式(长期淹水CF、间隙灌溉Ⅱ、控制灌溉CI)和氮肥施用(不施氮CK、尿素Urea和控释肥CRF)耦合措施对水稻生长期内CH4和N2O排放和产量的影响,以期优选典型单季稻田减排增效的水肥管理模式.结果表明,两种节水灌溉方式(CI和Ⅱ)均显著影响稻田土壤CH4和N2O排放量及二者的综合温室效应(GWP)和排放强度(GHGI),与CF相比,Ⅱ和CI均显著提高了 N2O排放量(P＜0.05),降低了 CH4排放量(P＜0.05),进而二者的GWP和GHGI分别显著降低28.9％～71.4％和14.3％～70.4％(P＜0.05);两种节水灌溉模式相比,CI较Ⅱ模式呈现较好的CH4减排优势,排放总量降低了 57.7％～91.8％,而二者的N2O排放量无显著性差异(P＞0.05),最终CI对GWP和GHGI的减排效应略优于Ⅱ模式2.0％～56.2％.施用氮肥(Urea和CRF)均显著促进N2O排放18.4％～2547.8％(P＜0.05),其中CRF处理N2O排放量均略高于Urea处理32.7％～78.6％,但无显著性差异(P＞0.05);CH4排放总量对施氮处理的响应随水分管理模式的不同而不同,总体而言,施用CRF较Urea对稻田土壤GWP和GHGI均无显著影响(P＞0.05).相关分析表明,2018年CF模式的Urea处理和Ⅱ模式的Urea、CRF处理中N2O排放通量与田面水NH4+-N浓度分别呈现显著(P＜0.05)和极显著的正相关关系(P＜0.01),而二者在2019年CI模式的CK和CRF处理中呈现相反规律;2018年CI模式下CK、CRF处理的N2O排放通量与田面水NO3--N浓度呈极显著的正相关关系(P＜0.01).节水灌溉和氮肥施用对水稻产量均呈显著影响(P＜0.05),与CF相比,两种节水灌溉模式(Ⅱ、CI)水稻产量均下降了 14.7％～37.7％;CRF处理较Urea处理略提高水稻产量2.5％～7.4％(P＜0.05).综合考虑稻田土壤GWP、GHGI和水稻产量,节水模式与控释肥施用对稻田土壤减排增产的耦合效应仍有待进一步研究.     

CH4 emission model from the waste of Sus Domesticus and Gallus Domesticus in Nigerian local farms: environmental implications and prospects

The potential of CH₄ (methane) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions based on a model of prevailing behavioural pattern of livestock waste management in Nigerian local farms was investigated in this paper. Livestock waste, from Sus domesticus, pig, and Gallus domesticus, poultry, were employed as substrates in the study which uses water from a fish rearing farm as the matrix medium to simulate wastewater pool/river environment. A substrate to fish-water ratio of 1:3 by mass was used in developed laboratory-size digesting reactor system with U-tube water displacement, to facilitate volumetric readings of gas production, for each mix of the livestock waste. Volumetric readings from these, at ambient temperature conditions in the retention time of 32 days, follow the Normal probability density function, in accordance with Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit criteria. These readings showed that CH₄-containing gas as high as 67.3?×?10^?3 dm³ was produced on the 14th day from the pig and 86.8?×?10^?3 dm³ on the 13th day from the poultry substrates. The overall CH₄-containing gas productions of 255.4?×?10^?3 dm³/kg and 323.58?×?10^?3 dm³/kg were observed for the pig and the poultry substrates, respectively. A 70% scale-up analysis, modelled from these results, for the nation yield potential emission of about 4 kg CH₄ (that could be as potent as 84 kg CO₂-equivalent) annually. The environmental implications on global warming and possible prospects of recoverable domestic benefits from the waste through the adoption of sustainable policy of livestock waste managements for mitigating the CH₄ emissions in Nigerian local farms are presented.     

双季稻品种根际特征与甲烷排放差异及其关系

为探讨不同水稻品种间甲烷排放差异形成的机制,选取早晚稻各6个品种为供试材料进行大田试验,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法测定CH4气体.结果表明,早晚稻甲烷排放通量品种间差异显著,全生育甲烷排放通量均值湘早籼24号最高,株两优819最低,相差34. 6%;晚稻种,T优15最高,资优299最低,相差33. 9%.不同双季稻品种间甲烷排放量、单位产量温室效应差异显著.早稻品种的CH4累计排放量介于198. 3～303. 44 kg·hm-2之间,排放量最低是株两优819;单位产量温室效应介于0. 67～1. 40 kg·kg~(-1)之间,陆两优996最低.晚稻品种的CH4累计排放量明显高于早稻,介于291. 93～388. 28kg·hm-2之间,资优299最低;单位产量温室效应介于0. 94～1. 68 kg·kg~(-1)之间,Y两优1号最低.稻田甲烷排放与水稻产量、根冠比、根系孔隙度、土壤溶液Eh值、甲烷浓度、可溶性碳浓度及铵态氮浓度的相关性均达到显著或极显著水平.双季稻品种甲烷排放与水稻根冠比及根孔隙度关系密切,降低早稻品种根系孔隙度或者根冠比可减排甲烷,而晚稻品种则与早稻相反;根际土壤溶液碳氮浓度的降低和Eh值的提高也可减少甲烷的排放.     

湖南地区不同集约化栽培模式下双季稻稻田CH4和N2O的排放规律

采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法研究了湖南双季稻稻田不施氮(NN)、当地常规(FP)、高产高效(YE)、再高产(HY)、再高效(HE)5种不同栽培模式下温室气体(CH4、N2O)的排放规律.结果表明:水稻生长季CH4累积排放量变化为(206.5±37.5) kg· hm-2(FP,早稻)～(490.5±65.7) kg·hm-2(HE,晚稻),N2O-N累积排放量变化为(0.08±0.05) kg·hm-2(NN,早稻)～(0.326±0.15) kg·hm-2(HY,晚稻).不同栽培模式对CH4和N2O的排放都有显著影响(p＜0.05).HE模式CH4排放显著高于其他模式62％～ 87％(p＜0.05),尤其是晚稻季节;除NN模式外,其他4种模式间N2O排放差异不显著.冬季休闲期也是CH4和N2O排放的重要时期,分别占全年排放量的9.7％～19.7％和42％～ 62％.CH4主导了稻田不同栽培模式下的综合温室效应,在各模式中均占95％以上.施氮肥提高了作物产量,降低了温室气体强度(GHGI).在5种模式中,YE和HY模式温室气体强度较小,HY模式下仅为(0.97±0.16) kg·kg-1(以每kg产量排放的CO2当量计).因此,与FP模式相比,YE和HY模式既能提高产量和氮肥利用率,也能减缓温室效应;但HE模式排放的温室气体较高,在实际应用前尚需进一步研究.     

The response of a mid- and high latitude peat bog to predicted climate change: methane production in a 12-month peat incubation

There are fears that global warming will lead to degradation of peatlands, higher emissions of greenhouse gases from peat, and accelerated warming. Anaerobic decomposition of organic soils produces methane (CH₄), a potent greenhouse gas. Two peat bogs differing in mean annual temperature, Velke Darko (VD, Czech Republic, 7.2 °C), and Stor Åmyran (SA, Sweden, 4.0 °C), were selected for a comparative study of how organic soils in different climatic zones will respond to warmer and drier conditions. Twenty peat cores from each bog were incubated in growth chambers. Under present-day summer conditions, VD produced 14 times more CH₄ than SA. Two different warming scenarios were used. Peat-core replicates were kept at temperatures of 11 versus 16 °C, and 11 versus 22 °C. From 11 to 16 °C, the CH₄ production slightly decreased at SA, and slightly increased at VD. From 11 to 22 °C, the CH₄ production increased 9 times at SA, but slightly decreased at VD. After an 8-month incubation, peat cores under drying conditions (water table at ?14 cm) were compared to samples with original water table (?2 cm). Drying conditions led to a steeper reduction in CH₄ production at VD, compared to SA. The CH₄ production decreased more than 100 times at VD. Then, the combined effect of simultaneous warming and drying at 11 and 22 °C was studied. We did not find any significant effect of interactions between increasing temperature and decreasing water table level. Overall, the warmer site VD responded more strongly to the simulated climate change than the colder site SA.     

河滨修复湿地不同植物配置对甲烷排放的影响

为了探讨河滨修复湿地在不同条件下CH₄的排放规律及降低CH₄排放的调控途径,以自行设计和建造的河滨湿地为研究对象,对植物种类配置及植株密度进行人为调控,运用静态箱-气相色谱法测定CH₄排放通量. 结果表明:①CH₄排放通量具有明显的季节性变化规律,其中夏季最大,占全年CH₄总排放量的50%以上;冬季最小,低于全年CH₄总排放量的5%. ②植物种植会明显增加CH₄的排放,不同植物类型通过改变w(SOC)(SOC为土壤有机碳)、气体传输机制以及产CH₄菌群落来改变湿地的CH₄排放,4种供试植物中,通气组织较发达的芦苇和水葱湿地CH₄排放通量分别为(1.98±0.78)和(1.41±0.58)mg/(m2·h),显著低于黄菖蒲的(6.77±1.92)mg/(m2·h). ③提高植株密度可以通过增加输气通道和提高w(SOC)来促进湿地CH₄排放,黄菖蒲植株密度为150株/m2时,CH₄平均排放通量为(10.31±2.56)mg/(m2·h),比植株密度为56株/m2时高出近30%. 因此,建议在新建和修复河滨湿地的设计和建造过程中,种植芦苇和水葱等通气组织较发达的植物,并在满足湿地修复、生态环境保护和景观营造等要求的前提下,适当控制植株密度,以有效减少CH₄排放.      

Methane emissions from rice fields under continuous straw return in the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River

A three-year experiment was conducted in the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China to study the influence of continuous wheat straw return during the rice season and continuous rice straw return in wheat on methane (CH 4 ) emissions from rice fields in which, the rice-wheat rotation system is the most dominant planting pattern. The field experiment was initiated in October 2009 and has continued since the wheat-growing season of that year. The analyses for the present study were conducted in the second (2011) and third (2012) rice growing seasons. Four treatments, namely, the continuous return of wheat straw and rice straw in every season (WR), of rice straw but no wheat straw return (R), of wheat straw but no rice straw return (W) and a control with no straw return (CK), were laid out in a randomized split-plot design. The total seasonal CH 4 emissions ranged from 107.4 to 491.7 kg/ha (2011) and 160.3 to 909.6 kg/ha (2012). The increase in CH 4 emissions for treatments WR and W were 289% and 230% in the second year and 185% and 225% in the third year, respectively, in relation to CK. We observed less methane emissions in the treatment R than in CK by 14%-43%, but not statistically significant. Treatment R could increase rice productivity while no more CH 4 emission occurs. The difference in the total CH 4 emissions mainly related to a difference in the methane flux rate during the first 30-35 days after transplant in the rice growing season, which was caused by the amount of dissolved oxygen in paddy water and the amount of reducible soil materials.     

Managing the nitrogen cycle to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from crop production and biofuel expansion

Public policies are promoting biofuels as an alternative to fossil fuel consumption in order to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, the mitigation benefit can be at least partially compromised by emissions occurring during feedstock production. One of the key sources of GHG emissions from biofuel feedstock production, as well as conventional crops, is soil nitrous oxide (N₂O), which is largely driven by nitrogen (N) management. Our objective was to determine how much GHG emissions could be reduced by encouraging alternative N management practices through application of nitrification inhibitors and a cap on N fertilization. We used the US Renewable Fuel Standards (RFS2) as the basis for a case study to evaluate technical and economic drivers influencing the N management mitigation strategies. We estimated soil N₂O emissions using the DayCent ecosystem model and applied the US Forest and Agricultural Sector Optimization Model with Greenhouse Gases (FASOMGHG) to project GHG emissions for the agricultural sector, as influenced by biofuel scenarios and N management options. Relative to the current RSF2 policy with no N management interventions, results show decreases in N₂O emissions ranging from 3 to 4 % for the agricultural sector (5.5–6.5 million metric tonnes CO₂?eq.?year^?1; 1 million metric tonnes is equivalent to a Teragram) in response to a cap that reduces N fertilizer application and even larger reductions with application of nitrification inhibitors, ranging from 9 to 10 % (15.5–16.6 million tonnes CO₂?eq.?year^?1). The results demonstrate that climate and energy policies promoting biofuel production could consider options to manage the N cycle with alternative fertilization practices for the agricultural sector and likely enhance the mitigation of GHG emissions associated with biofuels.     

模拟酸雨对福州平原水稻田温室气体排放的影响

农田生态系统是温室气体的重要排放源,研究酸雨对水稻田温室气体排放及其综合增温潜势的影响,对我国酸雨背景下农田生态系统固碳减排具有重要的现实意义.本文以福州平原水稻田为研究区,通过模拟酸雨探讨其对水稻田CO_2、CH_4和N_2O排放通量及其综合增温潜势的影响.结果表明:模拟酸雨并未显著改变早、晚稻田CO_2、CH_4和N_2O排放的季节变化规律,但降低了其排放通量.与对照组相比,pH=4.5酸雨作用下,早稻田CO_2、CH_4和N_2O平均排放通量依次降低11.54%、133.33%和22.22%,晚稻田CO_2和N_2O平均排放通量依次降低39.53%、156.00%,而CH_4平均排放通量与对照组差异不显著;pH=3.5酸雨作用下,早稻田CO_2、CH_4和N_2O平均排放通量分别降低10.82%、75.00%、54.00%,晚稻田平均排放通量分别降低17.32%、20.00%和197.67%.综合增温潜势表明,CO_2的增温潜势显著高于CH_4和N_2O,是稻田生态系统中温室效应的主要温室气体,在pH=4.5和pH=3.5的酸雨作用下,早、晚稻田生态系统温室气体综合增温潜势均降低.     

中国油气系统甲烷逸散排放估算

为实现碳达峰碳中和目标,中国正致力于推动能源低碳化转型,这促进能源由煤炭向油气资源的转变.因此,中国石油和天然气系统（油气系统）的甲烷（CH₄）排放日益受到关注.逸散排放包括设备泄漏、排空和火炬燃烧,涉及油气资源的开发、生产、运输、储存和分配等过程.但目前油气系统CH₄逸散排放缺乏统一的核算方法,逸散排放量亦未被纳入国家温室气体清单统计之中.基于相关方法,评估了1980~2020年中国油气系统的CH₄逸散排放.结果表明,油气系统的CH₄逸散排放随着油气资源的生产和消费增长而快速增加,由1980年不足60万t增长至2020年的超过260万t.石油系统和天然气系统在2020年的CH₄逸散排放分别达到约60万t和200万t,是1980年的1.38倍和16.6倍.油气系统的CH₄逸散主要源于天然气生产、石油生产、天然气分配、天然气运输和储存,分别占总排放的41%、20%、18%和13%.天然气管道是主要的逸散设施.相比于常规油气资源开发,非常规油气资源开发的排放强度更高.研究完善了CH₄逸散排放清单,可为CH₄减排提供重要科学数据支持.     

椰糠生物炭对热区双季稻田N2O和CH4排放的影响

基于稻菜轮作模式,选择海南双季稻田为对象进行氧化亚氮（N₂O）和甲烷（CH₄）排放的原位监测,探究椰糠生物炭对该系统稻田温室气体排放的影响.试验设当地常规施肥对照（CON）、氮肥配施20 t·hm^-2生物炭（B1）、氮肥配施40 t·hm^-2生物炭（B2）及不施氮对照（CK）4个处理,采用静态箱-气相色谱法监测整个水稻种植季稻田N₂O和CH₄排放,并估算增温潜势（GWP）和温室气体排放强度（GHGI）.结果表明,早稻季N₂O排放动态与土壤矿质氮含量密切相关,排放集中在水稻苗期与分蘖期施肥后,各处理早稻季N₂O累积排放量为0.18~0.76 kg·hm^-2,相较于CON处理,生物炭处理减排18%~43%,其中B2处理达显著水平;生物炭可能通过促进N₂O的还原减少早稻苗期N₂O排放;提高土壤硝态氮含量而增加了早稻分蘖期N₂O排放.晚稻季N₂O排放集中在抽穗期和成熟期,累积排放量为0.17~0.34 kg·hm^-2,B1处理减排37%,B2增加3%,差异均不显著.稻田CH₄排放高峰出现在早稻季后期与晚稻季前期.各处理早稻季CH₄累积排放量为3.11~14.87 kg·hm^-2,CK较CON处理增排39%,生物炭处理可能提高土壤通气性限制早稻季产CH₄能力,B1和B2处理分别较CON减排28%和71%;晚稻季CH₄累积排放量为53.1~146.3 kg·hm^-2,排放动态与NH₄⁺-N含量极显著正相关,CK和B1分别较CON处理增加52%和99%,B2处理显著增加176% CH₄排放.早稻季B1和B2处理较CON分别增产12.0%和14.3%,晚稻季分别增产7.6%和0.4%.由于晚稻季甲烷排放的增加,施用生物炭增加了双季稻田总增温潜势（GWP）,其中高量生物炭达显著水平;不同施用量生物炭对双季稻田温室气体排放强度（GHGI）无显著影响.椰糠生物炭在热区稻田温室气体减排方面的应用仍需进一步研究.     

Water regime-nitrogen fertilizer incorporation interaction: Field study on methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a rice agroecosystem in Harbin, China

Water regime and nitrogen (N) fertilizer are two important factors impacting greenhouse gases (GHG) emission from paddy field, whereas their effects have not been well studied in cold region. In this study, we conducted a two-year field experiment to study the impacts of water regime and N fertilizer on rice yields and GHG emissions in Harbin, China, a cold region located in high latitudes. Our results showed that intermittent irrigation significantly decreased methane (CH₄) emission compared with continuous flooding, however, the decrement was far lower than the global average level. The N₂O emissions were very small when flooded but peaked at the beginning of the disappearance of floodwater. The N fertilizer treatments increased CH₄ emissions at low level (75kgN/ha). But both CH₄ and N₂O emissions were uninfluenced at the levels of 150kgN/ha and 225kgN/ha. Rice yields increased under intermittent irrigation and were highest at the level of 150kgN/ha. From our results, we recommended that the intermittent irrigation and 150kgN/ha as the ideal water regime-nitrogen fertilizer incorporation for this area to achieve low GHG emissions without impacting rice yields.     

Greenhouse gas emission factors for land use and land-use change in Southeast Asian peatlands

Tropical peat swamp forests, which are predominantly located in Southeast Asia (SEA) and play a prominent role as a global carbon store, are being intensively degraded and converted to agricultural lands and tree plantations. For national inventories, updated estimates of peat emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) from land use (LU) and land-use change in the tropics are required. In this context, we reviewed the scientific literature and calculated emission factors of peat net emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) in seven representative LU categories for SEA i.e. intact peat swamp forest, degraded forest (logged, drained and affected by fire), mixed croplands and shrublands, rice fields, oil palm, Acacia crassicarpa and sago palm plantations. Peat net CO₂ uptake from or emissions to the atmosphere were assessed using a mass balance approach. The balance included main peat C inputs through litterfall and root mortality and outputs via organic matter mineralization and dissolved organic carbon. Peat net CO₂ loss rate from degraded forest, croplands and shrublands, rice fields, oil palm, A. crassicarpa and sago palm plantations amounted to 19.4?±?9.4, 41.0?±?6.7, 25.6?±?11.5, 29.9?±?10.6, 71.8?±?12.7 and 5.2?±?5.1 Mg CO₂ ha^?1 y^?1, respectively. Total peat GHG losses amounted to 20.9?±?9.4, 43.8?±?6.8, 36.1?±?12.9, 30.4?±?10.6, 72?±?12.8 and 8.6?±?5.3 Mg CO₂-equivalent ha^?1 y^?1 in the same LU categories, respectively. A single land-clearing fire would result in additional emissions of 493.6?±?156.0 Mg CO₂-equivalent ha^?1.     

水氮组合模式对双季稻甲烷和氧化亚氮排放的影响

为给双季稻水肥高效利用调控技术提供理论基础,设置间歇灌溉和淹水灌溉两种灌溉方式,高氮、中氮、低氮和不施氮这4种施肥方式,开展大田小区试验,探讨了水氮组合模式对双季稻CH4和N2O排放的影响.结果表明,间歇灌溉显著降低了CH4积累排放量,与淹水灌溉相比,早晚稻分别降低13.18~87.90 kg·hm-2和74.48~131.07 kg·hm-2,分别减排了24.4%~67.4%和42.5%~66.5%;但促进了N2O排放,早晚稻的增排量分别为0.03~0.24 kg·hm-2和0.35~1.53 kg·hm-2,分别比淹水灌溉增加6.2%~18.3%和40.2%~80.9%.总体上,间歇灌溉降低了稻田温室气体的增温潜势,其中早稻降低了18.8%~58.6%,晚稻降低34.4%~60.1%,两季综合降低2 388~4 151 kg·hm-2(以CO2eq计),下降41%~54%.通过相关分析发现,土壤CH4排放和土壤溶液Eh显著负相关,和溶液CH4浓度显著正相关.与淹水灌溉相比间歇灌溉模式有利于减排CH4,虽增排了N2O,但增温潜势显著减少.综合来看,间歇灌溉配施中氮更有利于双季稻种植.     

地下水位和土壤温度对若尔盖泥炭地CH4排放的影响

为了深入分析环境因子对湿地CH₄排放产生的影响,利用中型试验生态系对若尔盖典型泥炭地开展地下水位和土壤温度控制试验,比较不同条件下泥炭地2012年生长季(5—10月)CH₄排放通量的月变化情况. 结果表明:高水位(土壤表面0 cm)下CH₄排放通量最高,中水位(地表以下10 cm)下次之,低水位(地表以下20 cm)下最低;其中,10月CH₄排放通量变化不明显,不同地下水位下泥炭地的CH₄排放通量均在7月达到最大值,并且均呈明显的单峰曲线,高、中、低地下水位下CH₄排放通量平均值分别为6.263 3、4.754 4和3.949 8 mg/(m2·h). 而且,在一定温度范围内,不同地下水位条件下CH₄排放通量随土壤温度的升高均呈指数式增长. 其中,高水位下CH₄排放通量对土壤温度变化最为敏感,中水位下次之,低水位下相对最不敏感. 研究显示,若尔盖泥炭地CH₄排放通量表现出明显的季节性变化差异,并且季节性升温和涨水均会促进CH₄排放通量的增加.      

四川盆地气矿天然气开发过程中温室气体的排放特征

天然气开发过程是化石能源系统重要的排放源之一. 包括我国在内的发展中国家对于油气系统温室气体排放的研究尚处于起步阶段,并且也无统一的计算方法. 为研究我国天然气开发过程中温室气体排放情况,以四川盆地某较大规模(年产气量约16×108 m3)的天然气气矿为研究对象. 利用甲烷泄漏浓度检测仪对该气矿井口、集气站、配气站等场站的所有元件的潜在泄漏点进行了逐一检测,同时采集油田水和天然气样品,在实验室对油田水露天放置过程和天然气火炬燃烧过程的温室气体排放进行了模拟研究,计算了该矿2011年天然气开发过程中温室气体排放量. 结果表明:2011年研究气矿CH₄和CO₂排放量分别为1 033.32和1 295.56 t,折合CO₂当量为27 128.56 t. 与采用IPCC(政府间气候变化专门委员会)《2006年国家温室气体清单指南》第一层次方法计算的结果对比发现,IPCC方法计算结果(CH₄和CO₂排放量分别为20 287.39、12 479.74 t,折合CO₂当量为519 664.74 t)远高于实测法计算结果,因此,IPCC方法总体上严重高估了我国温室气体排放量.