基于遥感及数值模拟的崇明东滩冲淤与植被关系探讨

首先提取多时相卫星影像的水边线信息，借助水动力模型模拟水边线对应时刻的水位，根据水边线水位及实测潮滩高程断面推算潮滩的高程及冲淤变化信息，同时利用高分辨率遥感影像（Quick Bird）对潮滩植被进行模糊分类及变化监测，并通过植被覆盖度指数及现场观测数据反演植被的发育程度信息。依据上述计算结果探讨了崇明东滩冲淤变化与植被及潮间带高程的关系。结果表明在崇明东滩中低潮滩附近存在冲淤峰值，由峰值位置向海向陆侧递减。年平均沉积速率与潮滩高程(<3.4 m)的相关性〖WTBX〗R〖WTBZ〗2=0.8 106。中低潮滩出现最大沉积速率主要是受植被的捕沙作用及沉积滞后的影响，高潮滩沉积速率较小则归因于高潮滩淹水机率相对较小导致泥沙在高潮滩落淤量降低，相反低潮滩则由于高程较低加之缺少植被保护沉积速率较小。结果同时表明由于南北部潮滩动力条件及植被状况的差异导致崇明东滩从北部滩面、中部滩面到南部滩面冲淤峰值出现的高程各不相同。总之，遥感技术结合水动力模型能够较方便地得到滩涂相关环境因子信息，克服了常规测量的困难，为分析海岸带冲淤变化动态提供了新的技术手段。〖     

长江口九段沙上沙典型潮滩年周期冲淤变化分析

根据2006年6月-2007年6月长江口九段沙上沙两固定断面逐月滩面高程测量结果，并结合同期表层悬沙浓度逐日观测资料，对潮滩的短周期冲淤变化过程及其演变特征进行了分析。结果表明：①潮滩具有明显的季节性冲淤循环规律，呈现“洪淤枯冲”的变化特征，其垂直冲淤量与同期提前一周长江大通径流量呈较好相关关系，相关系数达0．61；②“碧利斯”台风导致滩面平均蚀低6．4cm，最大蚀深20．2cm，其侵蚀量占年侵蚀总量近五成；③有人工抛石堤庇护的潮滩相对于自然潮滩，其冲淤变化量值和幅度均较小，而其相对高程与悬沙浓度间的线性相关系数变幅大，表明人工抛石堤具有一定的保滩功能，但其同时也改变了潮滩自然发育演变过程和规律。分析认为：上述潮滩年周期冲淤演变特征是在人为因素影响基础上，暴风浪和流域来水来沙综合作用的体现。     

崇明东滩不同部位的季节性沉积研究

2002年4月至2003年4月，通过对崇明东滩南部、中部和北部的标志桩观测以及实地观测分析，发现崇明东滩在一年中不同季节冲淤变化过程存在很大差异：春季到夏季，南部以冲刷为主，中部和北部以淤积为主；夏季到秋季，南部和中部以淤积为主，北部表现为冲刷；秋季到冬季，南部、中部和北部都以冲刷为主；头一年冬季到次年春季，南部和北部以淤积为主，中部则表现为冲刷。在同一观测路线上，不同季节高、中、低潮滩冲淤也存在一定差异。通过对沉积物粒度、水体含沙量等指标的测试，并借助潮差等资料，探究了影响潮滩季节性沉积的因素，发现潮滩季节性沉积与潮滩基础地貌、水体含沙量、水动力、潮流等有密切关系；但在不同部位不同季节，各因素对潮滩冲淤影响程度各不相同。     

崇明东滩不同部位的季节性沉积研究

2002年4月至2003年4月,通过对崇明东滩南部、中部和北部的标志桩观测以及实地观测分析,发现崇明东滩在一年中不同季节冲淤变化过程存在很大差异：春季到夏季,南部以冲刷为主,中部和北部以淤积为主;夏季到秋季,南部和中部以淤积为主,北部表现为冲刷;秋季到冬季,南部、中部和北部都以冲刷为主;头一年冬季到次年春季,南部和北部以淤积为主,中部则表现为冲刷。在同一观测路线上,不同季节高、中、低潮滩冲淤也存在一定差异。通过对沉积物粒度、水体含沙量等指标的测试,并借助潮差等资料,探究了影响潮滩季节性沉积的因素,发现潮滩季节性沉积与潮滩基础地貌、水体含沙量、水动力、潮流等有密切关系;但在不同部位不同季节,各因素对潮滩冲淤影响程度各不相同。     

长江口前缘沙洲演变与流域泥沙要素关系

为了研究河口前缘沙洲演变过程与流域入海泥沙要素关系,建立了长江口前缘沙洲面积冲淤速率和流域入海泥沙要素关系曲线,并预测沙洲发展趋势。结果表明：长江河口前缘沙洲1958~1989年-5 m以浅面积表现为淤涨,1989~2000年为淤涨和侵蚀交替变化,但幅度较小,自2000年起为冲刷趋势发展,这一过程伴随流域入海泥沙量和含沙量的减少而产生。同时沙洲面积的锐减过程中存在临界泥沙要素条件,并建立了相应的经验曲线,当沙洲面积冲刷和淤涨达到平衡时,临界入海沙量和含沙量临界值分别为283×10⁸t/a,0318 kg/m3。依据以往三峡水库蓄水后入海沙量预测数据,三峡水库蓄水后60 a左右前缘沙洲-5 m以浅面积将侵蚀到1958年水平,其后沙洲面积增加趋势,面积逐渐恢复。2003~2011年长江流域入海泥沙量小于三峡水库蓄水前的预测数值,沙洲面积的冲刷趋势将加剧,应引起有关机构和部门重视     

长江河口北槽浮泥消长过程的现场观测

2000年8月21－24日（小潮汛）和9月3－6日（派比安台风过后,寻常潮）在长江河口北槽下段通海航槽中进行定点观测浮泥潮周期变化过程及影响要素,对这些现场观测资料进行了描述和综合分析。长江河口北槽浮泥由细颗粒粘粒泥沙组成,中值粒径为7．23μm,小于4μm极细颗粒泥沙占32．7％;浮泥的发育和运动存在明显的大小潮和涨落潮周期和风暴潮变化规律,实测小潮落憩浮泥厚为0．96m,涨憩为0．78m,涨急为0．20m左右,寻常潮落憩浮泥厚为0．73m,涨憩为0．53m,涨急为0．17m左右。若遇小潮汛大风,因水位低,流速小,风浪对潮滩冲刷强,带入河槽泥沙多,河槽浮泥发育良好,反之（大潮）浮泥发育差。可见,北槽浮泥形成、发育和消失与泥沙来源、水流速等因素有关,若遇盐水入侵,便有利于浮泥充分发育;北槽浮泥容重均较小（γs＜1．25t/m^3）,而且活动性较大,对适航水深没有明显影响作用。     

近60年来崇明岛东部淤涨速率初探

崇明岛作为我国最大的河口冲积岛,其形成发育与长江来水来沙息息相关。历史上就有崇明岛围垦筑堤的记载,近60年来崇明岛东部地区所筑大堤主要有54大堤、64大堤、68大堤、92大堤和98大堤。选取正东、东北、东南不同方向的4个断面,以大堤位置代表所筑年份海岸线位置,对崇明岛东部淤涨速率及滩地淤涨面积变化进行计算,结果表明:(1)近60年来崇明岛东部整体淤涨速率约为200 m/a,淤涨面积年均增长率为2.80 km~2/a;(2)不同断面上淤涨速率存在差别,其中正东方向断面上淤涨最快;(3)不同时段崇明岛东部各断面淤涨速率存在快慢变化。各断面上,20世纪90年代的淤涨速率均最大。对比发现,20世纪50~80年代崇明岛东部淤涨速率的变化趋势,与同期长江年入海泥沙量的变化趋势基本一致;但20世纪90年代,由于围垦强度加大,两者变化趋势不一致。以海堤研究岸线变迁的工作尚不多见,此方法将为研究长时间尺度的岸线变迁提供借鉴。     

近期长江口崇明岛周边岸滩沉积特征及影响机制

大河入海河口由于巨量泥沙堆积以及潮汐作用,往往发育着河口沙岛。崇明岛是世界上典型的河口沙岛,近年来,随着长江流域泥沙来源锐减以及河口大型水利工程建设等,给崇明岛周边岸滩沉积环境带来深刻影响。研究依据2015年9月～2018年4月对崇明岛周边14个岸滩断面的表层沉积物采样数据和定点水文观测资料,分析崇明岛周边岸滩沉积环境特征和区域性差异,探讨不同岸滩断面沉积过程和作用机制。结果表明:崇明岛岸滩沉积物以砂质粉砂和粉砂质砂为主,沉积物中值粒径总体表现为南岸北岸东滩,平均为48μm。南、北岸岸滩总体表现为坡陡、滩窄,沉积物自西向东逐渐变细的特征,北岸岸滩坡度略缓,南岸崇头至庙镇之间存在局部细颗粒物质沉积区;东部岸滩滩宽、坡缓,整体表现为"北细南粗"的沉积特征。岸滩沉积断面上,上细下粗,高潮滩处粘土组分含量相对较高,水下斜坡和河槽底部粉砂含量较高。南、北支河势演变形成了崇明岛"南坍北涨"沉积环境的分布格局;径、潮流作用对岸滩断面沉积物分布特征影响明显;风浪对崇明东滩浅滩沉积物具有强烈的分选作用;潮滩植被主要影响细颗粒沉积物在潮间带的分布;流域来沙减少对崇明东滩前沿沉积环境趋势影响显著。     

上海滩涂后备土地资源及其可持续开发途径

上海潮滩土地资源十分丰富,高程2m以上的滩涂面积为266km2,0m以上滩涂面积为896km2,-2m以上的滩涂面积为1513km2,-5m以上的滩涂面积达2699km2。这些淤积潮滩每年以20～350m的速度不断地向海淤涨。但以自然淤涨的速度与上海市建设需求的土地相比,仍然入不敷出。据统计,近50年来上海市圈围土地8.0×102km2,而城市建设占用农业耕地面积15×102km2。因此,必须通过人工促淤途径,加速中、低滩沼泽化和围涂造地的速度,扩大土地面积来满足上海城市建设和经济发展所需。但是,滩涂的开发要适度,要遵循自然演变的基本规律,同时需要与河口的综合开发治理和生态修复相结合。     

长江河口北槽浮泥消长过程的现场观测

2 0 0 0年 8月 2 1～ 2 4日 (小潮汛 )和 9月 3～ 6日 (派比安台风过后 ,寻常潮 )在长江河口北槽下段通海航槽中进行定点观测浮泥潮周期变化过程及影响要素 ,本文对这些现场观测资料进行了描述和综合分析。长江河口北槽浮泥由细颗粒粘粒泥沙组成 ,中值粒径为 7.2 3μm ,小于 4 μm极细颗粒泥沙占 32 .7% ;浮泥的发育和运动存在明显的大小潮和涨落潮周期和风暴潮变化规律 ,实测小潮落憩浮泥厚为 0 .96m ,涨憩为 0 .78m ,涨急为 0 .2 0m左右 ,寻常潮落憩浮泥厚为 0 .73m ,涨憩为0 .5 3m ,涨急为 0 .17m左右。若遇小潮汛大风 ,因水位低 ,流速小 ,风浪对潮滩冲刷强 ,带入河槽泥沙多 ,河槽浮泥发育良好 ,反之 (大潮 )浮泥发育差。可见 ,北槽浮泥形成、发育和消失与泥沙来源、水流速等因素有关 ,若遇盐水楔入侵 ,更有利于浮泥充分发育 ;北槽浮泥容重均较小 (γs <1.2 5t/m3) ,而且活动性较大 ,对适航水深没有明显影响作用     

明清苏浙沿海台风风暴潮灾害序列重建与特征分析

在系统搜集、整理明清苏浙沿海潮灾记录基础上,建立风暴潮频率辨识方法,复原台风风暴潮灾害750次,据此建立逐年风暴潮频率序列。分析显示,1460~1480年、1570~1595年、1715~1745年、1785~1810年、1880~1890年为风暴潮活跃期。明清苏浙沿海风暴潮存在45 a、25 a、14 a三种时间尺度周期,其中45 a周期最为显著。气候跃变分析表明,1402年、1457年、1566年、1624年、1652年、1711年、1846年、1880年风暴潮活动趋于活跃;1444年、1477年、1543年、1634年、1799年、1856年风暴潮趋于平静。与1470年以来温度距平曲线对比显示,气候冷暖与风暴潮发生频率有一定正相关性,全球变暖背景下苏浙沿海可能面临更为严重的风暴潮威胁。苏浙地区明清时期风暴潮灾害空间分布差异明显,大部分风暴潮记载集中于长三角、杭州湾地区,苏北地区风暴潮数量少但影响范围广,浙东地区受地形和经济发展程度影响,风暴潮记载数量少且集中于滨海。     

210Pb and 137Cs as chronometers for salt marsh accretion in the Venice Lagoon - links to flooding frequency and climate change

Five salt marsh sediment cores from different parts of the Venice Lagoon were studied to determine their depositional history and its relationship with the environmental changes occurred during the past approximately 100 years. X-radiographs of the cores show no disturbance related to particle mixing. Accretion rates were calculated using a constant flux model applied to excess (210)Pb distributions in the cores. The record of (137)Cs fluxes to the sites, determined from (137)Cs profiles and the (210)Pb chronologies, shows inputs from the global fallout of (137)Cs in the late 1950s to early 1960s and the Chernobyl accident in 1986. Average accretion rates in the cores are comparable to the long-term average rate of mean sea level rise in the Venice Lagoon ( approximately 0.25 cm y(-1)) except for a core collected in a marsh presumably affected by inputs from the Dese River. Short-term variations in accretion rate are correlated with the cumulative frequency of flooding, as determined by records of Acqua Alta, in four of the five cores, suggesting that variations in the phenomena causing flooding (such as wind patterns, storm frequency and NAO) are short-term driving forces for variations in marsh accretion rate.     

Socio-economic vulnerability of the megacity of Shanghai (China) to sea-level rise and associated storm surges

Sea-level rise (SLR) poses a significant threat to many coastal areas and will likely have important impacts on socio-economic development in those regions. Located on the eastern coast in China, the megacity of Shanghai is particularly vulnerable to SLR and associated storm surge risks. Using the municipality of Shanghai as a case study, the possible impacts of flooding risks caused by SLR and associated storm surges on socio-economic development in the region were analysed by a Source–Pathway–Receptor–Consequence (SPRC) conceptual model. The projections of flooding risk in the study area were simulated by MIKE21 (a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model) for the three time periods of 2030, 2050 and 2100. An index system for vulnerability assessment was devised, in which flooding depth, density of population, GDP per capita, GDP per unit land, loss rate under flooding and fiscal revenue were selected as the key indicators. A quantitative spatial assessment method based on a GIS platform was established by quantifying each indicator, calculating and then grading the vulnerability index. The results showed that in the 2030 projection, 99.3 % of the areas show no vulnerability to SLR and associated storm surges under the present infrastructure. By 2050, the areas with low, moderate and high vulnerabilities change significantly to 5.3, 8.0 and 23.9 %, respectively, while by 2100, the equivalent figures are 12.9, 6.3 and 30.7 %. The application of the SPRC model, the methodology and the results from this study could assist with the objective and quantitative assessment of the socio-economic vulnerability of other similar coastal regions undergoing the impacts of SLR and associated storm surges. Based on the results of this study, mitigation and adaptation measures should be considered, which include the controlling the rate of land subsidence, the reinforcement of coastal defence systems and the introduction of adaptation in long-term urban planning.     

泥石流堆积扇发育演化特征观测研究

李子凹沟和滑脚坡沟是著名高频泥石流沟蒋家沟中游流通段的两条支沟,流域条件极为相似,泥石流暴发频率高,堆积扇发育快。以这两条沟为对象,观察泥石流在堆积扇上的运动和停积过程,对不同特征的泥石流堆积体进行采样分析,并在每年雨季前后测量堆积扇地形及其纵横断面。对这两条支沟泥石流堆积扇2006~2008年的发育过程、平面形态、纵横剖面、堆积速度等进行分析,得出如下结论：（1）滑脚坡沟泥石流体颗粒较粗,容重大,泥石流整体堆积,呈垄岗状。李子凹沟泥石流粗大颗粒少,容重小,在扇体上漫流,堆积呈舌状。堆积扇的进一步发育主要靠垄岗状堆积 改道完成。（2）主沟堆积条件下,支沟泥石流堆积扇以淤高为主,且淤高幅度在扇体上下部分布均匀。（3）泥石流堆积扇发展到一定程度后,纵比降基本稳定,表现为剖面上发生持续且较为均衡的堆积。横剖面在主沟上游方向的坡度较小。〖     

210Pb geochronology and trace metal fluxes (Cd, Cu and Pb) in the Gulf of Tehuantepec, South Pacific of Mexico

Distributions of Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn and Pb were analyzed in a sediment core collected in the Gulf of Tehuantepec, an important fisheries region located in the South Pacific of Mexico, where data on metal accumulation and accretion rates were previously almost nonexistent. Depth profiles of metal concentrations were converted to time-based profiles by using a 210Pb-derived vertical accretion rate, estimated to be 0.05 cm year(-1) on the average. Sediments were dated up to 8 cm depth, corresponding to a layer of ca. 140 years old. The historical changes of metal accumulation along the sediment core have shown a moderate enrichment of Cd, Cu and Pb concentrations at present, of about threefold the corresponding background concentrations. Chronological trace metal records showed that metal fluxes have increased over the last 20 years, reaching the maximum values at present of 2.5, 22.5 and 45.8 (microg cm(-2) year(-1)) for Cd, Pb and Cu, respectively. These increments in metal fluxes are likely influenced by the development of anthropogenic land-based activities since over this period of time oil production activities in the region have had a significant development.     

海岸带典型盐沼植被消浪功能观测研究

河口海岸带盐沼植被的消浪护岸功能一直备受国内外学者关注。以长江河口地区海岸带盐沼植被为研究对象,在长江口崇明岛东滩、北八滧和东南部区域设置6条样带,每条样带布设3个测点,测点位置依据“光滩与盐沼交界-盐沼-盐沼”的模式布设,利用波潮仪、Trimble R8卫星接收机等仪器开展野外波浪数据、地形坡度、植被生长状况等综合测量,分析不同盐沼植被的消浪功能。研究结果表明：(1)自然状态下,典型盐沼植被,距海同等距离下的消浪强弱关系为互花米草＞芦苇＞海三棱藨草。波浪经过30 m宽的互花米草时,有效波高衰减80%,波能衰减90%;同样衰减80%的有效波高,则需要经过40 m宽的芦苇,或185 m的海三棱藨草区域。（2）植被消浪护岸功能受植被生长特征、空间分布、植被密度、坡度、土壤特性等多重要素影响,但植被密度是影响植被消浪护岸功能的主要因素,波浪在海三棱藨草区的衰减规律为多项式函数关系,在互花米草区域呈现为指数函数关系,在芦苇区呈现对数函数趋势。 关键词： 盐沼植被;生态功能;消浪护岸;波浪衰减;长江口     

农业分工有利于化肥减量施用吗?——基于江汉平原水稻种植户的实证

促进农户的化肥减量施用是改善农业面源污染、推动农业可持续发展的重要举措。已有研究重点关注农地流转及由此实现的农地规模经营对化肥减量化的影响,普遍忽视农业分工的减量贡献。本文通过构建“农业分工-内生技术进步-化肥减量施用”理论分析框架,阐明了农业横向分工与纵向分工促进化肥减量施用的作用机理,然后结合2017年对江汉平原983个水稻种植户调查数据,运用线性回归模型与分位数回归模型进行实证检验。结果表明:农业横向分工和纵向分工均能够显著降低水稻种植户的化肥施用量;对于化肥施用量处于低位分布的农户,纵向分工的减施效应相对较强;对于化肥施用量处于高位分布的农户,横向分工的减施效应更为明显。考虑宏观农业化肥减量化政策冲击和模型潜在的内生性等问题后,上述结论仍然稳健。进一步的影响机理挖掘发现,横向分工与纵向分工分别通过人力资本积累、迂回技术引进效应促进实现农户化肥减量施用。在农业家庭经营参与分工经济的过程中,横向分工及其区域专业连片化所表达的市场容量是纵向分工深化、知识外溢与人力资本积累的重要条件。由此,当微观农户开展横向专业化分工并演进为区域专业连片化生产时,横向分工的人力资本积累效应和纵向分工的迂回技术引进效应将得到强化,进而显著促进农户化肥减量施用。本文的政策含义是:优化作物生产布局,强化农业横向分工,特别是区域专业连片化、组织化生产,形成小农户与大农业生产格局;培育多样化农业生产委托代理市场,鼓励农业家庭经营卷入分工经济。     

The Gathering Storm: managing adaptation to environmental change in coastal communities and small islands

Small island communities are inherently coastal communities, sharing many of the attributes and challenges faced by cities, towns and villages situated on the shores of larger islands and continents. In the context of rapidly changing climates, all coastal communities are challenged by their exposure to changing sea levels, to increasingly frequent and severe storms, and to the cumulative effects of higher storm surges. Across the globe, small island developing states, and small islands in larger states, are part of a distinctive set of stakeholders threatened, not only by climate change but also by shifting social, economic, and cultural conditions. C-Change is a collaborative International Community–University Research Alliance (ICURA) project whose goal is to assist participating coastal communities in Canada and the Caribbean region to share experiences and tools that aid adaptation to changes in their physical environment, including sea-level rise and the increasing frequency of extreme weather events associated with climate change. C-Change researchers have been working with eight partner communities to identify threats, vulnerabilities, and risks, to improve understanding of the ramifications of climate change to local conditions and local assets, and to increase capacity for planning for adaptation to their changing world. This paper reports on the knowledge gained and shared and the challenges to date in this ongoing collaboration between science and society.     

Spatiotemporal changes of geomorphic environment in the Muriganga–Saptamukhi estuarine interfluve of Indian Sundarban in the context of climate change: a case study

The surface of the earth has been continuously sculptured by the exogenetic processes primarily by the climatic hydrological attributes. Over the sequential phases of evolution of earth, the climatic attributes have altered. The alternative processes such as glaciation and declaciation, fluctuations of sea level and variability in rainfall pattern have changed the surface configuration through maneuvering the operations of the geographical processes. The issue of climate change has become a matter of scientific concern all over the world as the human communities are facing severe problems manifested in the form of flood, drought and submergence of low-lying coastal regions, estuaries and deltas. The present study is an attempt to understand the nature and extent of climate change (1890–2012) and related sea level rise (1970s–2010) in the deltaic Sundarban region of India since the last century and how far they are impacting the erosion–depositional processes (1925, 1926–2014). The changing trend of mean annual temperature, rainfall pattern and frequencies of tropical cyclones has been studied in detail, and spatiotemporal changes of geomorphic environment in different reaches of the study area have also been monitored with available multi-temporal geospatial data. The observation reveals that the flat sandy coastal belt and low-lying island in the extreme southern part have been severely affected by wave dash and seasonal storm surges which are mostly responsible for vigorous erosion. On the other hand, high tidal velocity is observed along the exposed concave bank in the upper–middle reaches of the Muriganga estuary and exposed outer bank in lower–middle reaches of Saptamukhi estuary. The thalweg line, which is very close to the river bank in those reaches of estuary, intensifies the hydraulic pressure along marginal parts of river bank which leads to erosion. Depositional activities are mostly observed along the sheltered inner reaches and convex river banks of the estuaries due to less effective tidal rushes, shallow channel depth, marginal flow velocity and gentle channel slope. Therefore, erosional and depositional processes cannot be explain by the relative mean sea level rise, because increasing mean sea level will affect the erosional processes uniformly in the entire estuary. In this present study area, both the erosional and depositional processes are simultaneously active depending on geographical exposure, sinuous channel pattern, channel depth and lithological compositions.