Managing crop residues, fertilizers and leaf litters to improve soil C, nutrient balances, and the grain yield of rice and wheat cropping systems in Thailand and Australia

This paper reports on the influence that residue and fertilizer management have on nutrient balances, soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics, and crop yields of a flooded rice system in northeast Thailand (1992–1997) and a wheat–forage legume rotation in eastern Australia (1992–1998). Both soils had been subject to at least 18 years of cultivation and had lost up to 90% of the original labile (C_L) and 85% of the total carbon (C_T).For the rainfed rice cropping systems of northeast Thailand, a system is described in which small applications of leaf litter from locally grown trees are applied annually to rice paddy soils prior to transplanting. Annual applications of 1500 kg ha⁻¹ of leaf litter from different locally grown shrubs for five seasons resulted in increases in rice grain yield in 1997 of between 20 and 26% above the no-leaf litter control. Nutrient balances, determined by the difference between the inputs (fertilizer and added leaf litters) and outputs (grain and straw), indicated net positive balances of up to 457 kg N ha⁻¹, and 60 kg P ha⁻¹, after five seasons of leaf litter applications. Sulfur and potassium balances resulted in net deficits of up to −13 kg S ha⁻¹ and −52 kg P ha⁻¹, where no leaf litter was applied and rice straw was removed following harvest. Soil carbon (C) concentrations increased significantly only where higher fertilizer rate and rice stubble retention were combined.The poor management of fertilizers and crop residues, and excessive cultivation has also resulted in large soil fertility losses in the grain growing areas of Eastern Australia. After five wheat and two legume/fallow crops, negative N balances of up to −303 kg ha⁻¹ were calculated for the treatments where wheat stubble was not retained and bare fallow leys were used. The balance of nutrients such as K, which are contained in larger proportions in stubble, were found to be up to −362 kg ha⁻¹ on the straw-removed treatments and up to +29 kg ha⁻¹ on the straw-retained treatments. Forage legume leys resulted in short term increases in C_L and the carbon management index (CMI).Sustainable farming systems require that crop yields are stable through the maintenance of soil fertility and the balance of nutrients in the system. Increases in soil C levels require sustained periods of balanced fertilization and residue retention.     

The effect of catch crops on sulphate leaching and availability of S in the succeeding crop on sandy loam soil in Denmark

Sulphate leaching losses may reduce the long-term possibility of maintaining the S supply of crops in low input farming systems. The ability of catch crops (Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam), winter rape (Brassica napus L.) and fodder radish (Raphanus sativus L.)) to reduce soil sulphate concentrations in autumn and make it available to a succeeding crop was investigated in 1996–1998 on sandy loam soil in Denmark. All catch crops reduced soil sulphate concentrations in the autumn compared to bare soil. Especially, the cruciferous catch crops had the ability to deplete efficiently soil sulphate levels and thus, reduce the sulphate leaching potential. The S uptake in aboveground catch crop was 8, 22 and 36 kg S per ha for ryegrass, winter rape and fodder radish, respectively. In the following spring, sulphate levels of the autumn bare soil were low in the top 0.5 m and a peak of sulphate was found at 0.75–1 m depth. In contrast, where a fodder radish catch crop had been grown, high sulphate levels were present in the top 0.5 m, but only small amounts of sulphate were found at 0.5–1.5 m depth. In spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), that followed catch crops, S concentrations at heading and maturity revealed that the availability of soil S increased following winter rape and fodder radish, whereas there were indications that following ryegrass, the S availability was reduced compared to bare soil. This initial study showed that catch crops have a high potential for reducing sulphate leaching and may be used to synchronise S availability with plant demand in a crop rotation.     

Subterranean clover living mulch: an alternative method of weed control

An alternative method to using herbicides in some crops may be the use of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) as a living mulch for weed control. Subterranean clover is a self-seeding winter annual legume with a geocarpic type of growth for which it is also known as ‘subclover’. From 1986 to 1990 subterranean clover was used in our research with success in several agronomic and vegetable crops.Our initial work was with field corn (Zea mays indentata L.). Included in this experiment were treatments of subterranean clover living mulch, rye (Seacale cereale L.) dead mulch, and no-mulch. Included also were several tillage treatments superimposed on the mulch treatments. These were conventional, minimum, and no-tillage.We later included soy beans [Glycine max (L.) Merr], sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata L.) and several vegetables such as summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.), spring cabbage (Brassica oleracea capitata L.), snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) in our research.We found that subterranean clover used as a living mulch in a no-tillage system provided excellent weed control in all experiments without the use of herbicides. All living mulch-tillage treatments reduced greatly weed biomass. Treatments without subterranean clover living mulch, including the conventional tillage-herbicide treated checks, had higher weed biomass. Yields of corn, sweet corn, cabbage, snap beans and tomato were not adversely affected by the subterranean clover living mulch.     

Soil characteristics under cash crop farming in upland areas of Sarawak,Malaysia

This study discusses soil fertility under perennial cash crop farming (para rubber, Hevea brasiliensis; black pepper, Piper nigrum; oil palm, Elaeis guineensis) conducted by local farmers and an oil palm estate in an upland area of Sarawak, Malaysia, in comparison with the surrounding secondary forests. In the farmlands of the local farmers, rubber farming was conducted without fertilizer application, while 2–5 t ha^?1 of NPK compounds were applied annually on pepper farms. Soils under rubber farming were acidic with poor nutrient contents, resembling soils in secondary forests. In pepper farms, soils were less acidic and showed high nutrient contents, especially with respect to available P and exchangeable Ca. This trend became stronger with increasing farming duration. Fertilizers applied around pepper vines appeared to migrate and spread across the fields. Bulk density and hardness of surface soils were higher in pepper farms than in secondary forests, indicating soil compaction due to field works. In the oil palm estate, annual fertilizer application rates were moderate at 0.4–0.8 t ha^?1 of NPK compound fertilizers. However, the soil properties in the oil palm estate were similar to those of the small-scale pepper farms. Close to the bases of the palms where fertilizers usually are applied, the contents of exchangeable Ca and available P were high. Nutrient uptake by the dense root systems of the palms seemed to prevent excessive loss of nutrients through leaching. Loss of soil organic matter and deterioration of soil physical properties were brought about by terrace bench construction, but the soils seemed to recover to some extent over time. In conclusion, technologies such as intercropping and the appropriate allocation of different crops to specific locations as well as the proper selection and dosage of fertilizers should be developed and adopted to improve fertilizer efficiency and prevent water pollution due to fertilizer wash-off from farmlands.     

Cover crop effects on nitrous oxide emission from a manure-treated Mollisol

Agriculture contributes 40–60% of the total annual N₂O emissions to the atmosphere. Development of management practices to reduce these emissions would have a significant impact on greenhouse gas levels. Non-leguminous cover crops are efficient scavengers of residual soil NO₃, thereby reducing leaching losses. However, the effect of a grass cover crop on N₂O emissions from soil receiving liquid swine manure has not been evaluated. This study investigated: (i) the temporal patterns of N₂O emissions following addition of swine manure slurry in a laboratory setting under fluctuating soil moisture regimes; (ii) assessed the potential of a rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop to decrease N₂O emissions under these conditions; and (iii) quantified field N₂O emissions in response to either spring applied urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) or different rates of fall-applied liquid swine manure, in the presence or absence of a rye/oat winter cover crop. Laboratory experiments investigating cover crop effects N₂O emissions were performed in a controlled environment chamber programmed for a 14 h light period, 18 °C day temperature, and 15 °C night temperature. Treatments with or without a living rye cover crop were treated with either: (i) no manure; (ii) a phosphorus-based manure application rate (low manure): or (iii) a nitrogen-based manure application rate (high manure). We observed a significant reduction in N₂O emissions in the presence of the rye cover crop. Field experiments were performed on a fine-loamy soil in Central Iowa from October 12, 2005 to October 2, 2006. We observed no significant effect of the cover crop on cumulative N₂O emissions in the field. The primary factor influencing N₂O emission was N application rate, regardless of form or timing. The response of N₂O emission to N additions was non-linear, with progressively more N₂O emitted with increasing N application. These results indicate that while cover crops have the potential to reduce N₂O emissions, N application rate may be the overriding factor.     

餐厨垃圾厌养发酵沼液制备的液态菌肥对农田土壤理化性质的影响

为研究施用餐厨垃圾厌氧消化沼液制备的液态菌肥对农田土壤的影响,以中国北方典型作物冬小麦和水稻土壤为研究对象,分析在农作物整个生长周期中土壤理化性质的变化规律。结果表明:施用餐厨垃圾厌氧消化沼液制备的液态菌肥可显著提高冬小麦和水稻土壤中有效氮磷含量。冬小麦土壤液态菌肥最适宜施加量为500 L/亩（1亩=666.67 m2,下同）,此时土壤中有效磷含量最高增长到94.00 mg/kg,最大增幅为81.12%;速效氮含量最高增长到1673.00 mg/kg,最大增幅为84.88%。水稻土壤液态菌肥最适宜施加量为400 L/亩,土壤中有效磷含量最高增长到220.80 mg/kg,最大增幅为137.22%;速效氮含量最高增长到1140.00 mg/kg,最大增幅为127.07%。冬小麦和水稻土壤中可溶性全盐和Cl-含量均有轻微的积累现象。通过RDA分析,冬小麦与水稻种植土壤中总磷、总氮、Cl-等与液态菌肥施加量均呈正相关,表明液态菌肥对养分的增加起到促进作用。施用餐厨垃圾厌氧消化沼液制备的液态菌肥对提高农作物土壤有机组分、改善土壤肥力具有重要意义。     

Above- and below-ground carbon inputs in 19-, 10- and 4-year-old Costa Rican Alley cropping systems

Carbon (C) input from tree prunings and crop residues help to maintain the soil organic C pool in tropical agroforestry systems. This study quantified the C stock of tree roots and C input from tree prunings and crop residues in 19-, 10- and 4-year-old Erythrina poeppigiana and Gliricidia sepium alley cropping systems in Costa Rica. The 19-year-old alley cropping system was studied at two fertilizer levels (tree prunings only [−N], and tree prunings plus chicken manure [+N]), and was compared to a sole crop. The 10- and 4-year-old systems were also studied at two fertilizer levels (tree prunings only [−A], and tree prunings plus Arachis pintoi as a groundcover [+A]), and compared to a sole crop. In the 19-year-old system C input from G. sepium was significantly greater (P < 0.05) compared to E. peoppigiana, but for both tree species there was no significant difference between +N and −N treatments. For the 10- and 4-year-old systems, E. poeppigiana had a significantly higher (P < 0.05) C input from prunings compared to G. sepium, and the presence of A. pintoi increased pruning biomass productivity significantly in these systems. Tree roots of 10- (4527 kg C ha⁻¹) and 4-year-old (3667 kg C ha⁻¹) E. poeppigiana represented 16 and 28% of the total C allocation. Carbon input from maize (Zea mays L.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) residues were not significantly different (P < 0.05) between alley crops and sole crops in the 19-year-old system per unit of cropped land. In this system, +N treatments had a significantly greater (P < 0.05) C input from bean residue than in −N treatments, but no such trend was observed for maize residues. Carbon input from maize and bean residues were significantly greater (P < 0.05) in alley crops than the sole crops, but not significantly different (P < 0.05) between +A and −A treatments in the younger system. The greatest input of organic material occurred in the 19-year-old alley crop followed by the 10- and 4-year-old alley crops. This additional input of organic material in alley crops, mostly derived from tree prunings, will help to maintain or increase the level of the soil organic carbon pool.     

Integrated nutrient management and waste recycling for restoring soil fertility and productivity in Japanese mint and mustard sequence in Uttar Pradesh, India

Supplementing the nutrient requirement of crops through organic manures plays a key role in sustaining soil fertility, and crop productivity and reducing use of fossil fuels. Field experiments were conducted for 2 years at two different locations (i.e. Lucknow and Pantnagar) in Uttar Pradesh, India. The objectives of the study were to assess the herb and essential oil yields of Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis cv. Hy 77), and its nutrient accumulation under single and combined applications of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers (NPK). Changes in physical and chemical characteristics of the soils (Fluvisols, Mollisols) were also determined. Eight treatments comprising different combinations of NPK through inorganic fertilizers and farm yard manure (FYM) were compared. The distilled waste of mint after extraction of essential oil was recycled to soils in the plots to supplement the nutritional requirement of the succeeding mustard crop (Brassica juncea cv. Pusa Bold). Herb and essential oil yield of mint were significantly higher with combined application of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients as compared to single applications. Accumulation of N and P was at par under full inorganic and combined supply whereas, K accumulation was higher with the former. Soil organic C and pH after harvest of mint did not significantly differ among the treatments, but the level of mineralizable N, Olsen-P and NH₄OAc extractable K were higher in soil with integrated supply of nutrients. Significant increase in soil water stable aggregates, organic C, available NPK and microbial biomass, and decrease in soil bulk density were observed with waste recycling over fertilizer application. These benefits were reflected in the seed and stubble yield of mustard which succeeded mint. This study indicates that combined application of inorganic fertilizers with organics helps in increasing the availability of nutrients and crop yield and provides a significant effect to the succeeding crop. Similarly, recycling crop residues reduces the need for fossil fuel based fertilizer, and helps in sustaining and restoring soil fertility in terms of available nutrients and major physical and chemical characteristics of the soil.     

小麦与不同作物多样化轮作对土壤真菌群落的影响

为明确华北平原冬小麦与不同作物多样化轮作下的土壤真菌群落差异,为生态可持续种植制度的构建和优化提供理论依据,采用实时荧光定量PCR和高通量测序技术研究了连续冬小麦-夏玉米M、冬小麦-夏花生(夏玉米)PM和冬小麦-夏大豆(夏玉米)SM轮作处理的土壤真菌群落丰度、组成和多样性.结果表明,与连续冬小麦-夏玉米处理相比,轮作花生PM2和大豆SM2处理显著降低了土壤真菌ITS序列拷贝数,轮作花生或大豆处理增加了土壤真菌群落丰富度和多样性.非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)结果显示,不同轮作茬口之间土壤真菌群落存在明显分离,轮作作物对土壤真菌群落结构的影响达显著水平.华北平原砂壤质潮土中不同作物轮作处理的土壤真菌群落均以Ascomycota为优势菌门,以Sordariomycetes和Eurotiomycetes为优势菌纲.不同轮作茬口土壤真菌群落组成存在差异显著的类群,Neocosmospora、Plectosphaerella和Gibellulopsis等潜在病原真菌在冬小麦-夏花生(夏玉米)轮作处理中显著富集,而Penicillium和Zopfiella等潜在有益真菌在冬小麦-夏大豆(夏玉米)轮...     

Elemental content of soil,sorghum and wheat on sludge-injected agricultural land

The objective of this research was to determine the uptake of heavy metals by plants grown on sludge-injected soil. The study took place at the sludge farm owned by the Manhattan, Kansas, sewage treatment plant, where sludge has been injected since 1976. Soil and two crops, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.), were sampled in 1980 after a total of 128 t ha^?1 of sludge (dry-weight basis) had been added to the soil (32 t ha^?1 year^?1). The control area, a farm next to the sludge farm, received only inorganic fertilizer. Four non-essential elements were analyzed (Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb), as well as nine essential elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn).Soil in sludge-fertilized fields had more N, P, K, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Cd, Cr and Ni than did soil from the control fields. In general, concentrations of essential elements in plants grown on sludge were similar to concentrations of essential elements in plants grown with inorganic fertilizer. Concentrations of non-essential elements were also similar, except for the following five exceptions, in which the sludge-treated plants had a higher concentration of the element than did the control plants: Cd in stems of sorghum; Cr in roots of wheat; Ni in roots and grain of wheat; and Pb in roots of wheat. Nickel in grain of wheat grown with sludge was within normal concentration ranges. Cadmium was at low levels in all plants, which indicated that, when sludge was layered below the surface of the soil, transfer of Cd from the soil to the plants was small. Sludge-injection appeared to be an effective method for fertilizing plants.     

Soil quality response to long-term nutrient and crop management on a semi-arid Inceptisol

The soil quality concept provides a tool to help quantify the combined biological, chemical and physical response of soil to crop management practices. Our objective was to quantify effects of 10 fertilizer and farm yard manure (FYM) treatments applied for 31 years to a rotation that included maize (Zea mays), pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) on an Inceptisol at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute in New Delhi, India. A soil quality index (SQI) based on six soil functions (i.e. the soil's ability to: accommodate water entry, facilitate water movement and storage, resist surface degradation, resist biochemical degradation, supply plant nutrients and sustain crop productivity) was derived for each treatment using bulk density, water retention, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), plant-available nutrients, soil organic matter (SOM), microbial biomass, soil enzymes and crop yield. SQI ratings ranged from 0.552 (unfertilized control) to 0.838 for the combined NPK fertilizer plus manure treatment. Comparisons among treatments indicated that SQI increases associated with the combined (NPK + manure) treatment were distributed as follows: N (7.1% increase), P (7.8%), K (14.4%), Zn (4.8%) and manure (15%). The control (−11.4%) and N alone (−5.1%) resulted in degradation compared to a reference soil (no fertilizer/manure, no crop), and NP alone or sub-optimal rates of NPK were on the verge of degradation. Hand weeding and sulphur application had no measurable effect on SQI. High K fixing capacity was a limiting factor for these soils, even when FYM was applied. The lower SQI rating associated with N or NP-only treatments suggests that two of the most common fertilizer management practices in India may not be sustainable. The SQI was calculated without the weighting factors too, which revealed that the weighting factors did not affect the relative ranks of individual treatments.     

Eight years of annual no-till cropping in Washington's winter wheat-summer fallow region

The tillage-based winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-summer fallow (WW-SF) cropping system has dominated dryland farming in the Pacific Northwest USA for 125 years. We conducted a large-scale multidisciplinary 8-year study of annual (i.e., no summer fallow) no-till cropping systems as an alternative to WW-SF. Soft white and hard white classes of winter and spring wheat, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), yellow mustard (Brassica hirta Moench), and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) were grown in various rotation combinations. Annual precipitation was less than the long-term average of 301 mm in 7 out of 8 years. Rhizoctonia bare patch disease caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani AG-8 appeared in year 3 and continued through year 8 in all no-till plots. All crops were susceptible to rhizoctonia, but bare patch area in wheat was reduced, and grain yield increased, when wheat was grown in rotation with barley every other year. Remnant downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) weed seeds remained dormant for 6 years and longer to heavily infest recrop winter wheat. There were few quantifiable changes in soil quality due to crop rotation, but soil organic carbon (SOC) increased in the surface 0–5 cm depth with no-till during the 8 years to approach that found in undisturbed native soil. Annual no-till crop rotations experienced lower average profitability and greater income variability compared to WW-SF. Yellow mustard and safflower were not economically viable. Continuous annual cropping using no-till provides excellent protection against wind erosion and shows potential to increase soil quality, but the practice involves high economic risk compared to WW-SF. This paper provides the first comprehensive multidisciplinary report of long-term alternative annual no-till cropping systems research in the low-precipitation region of the Pacific Northwest.     

影响不同农作物镉富集系数的土壤因素

农作物的Cd富集系数（BCF）受多种因素影响.为明确田间条件下不同农作物的Cd富集系数特征差异及土壤性质对其影响,分别在我国水稻、小麦和玉米主产区不同污染程度的地块上作物收获期采集土壤和作物籽粒点对点样品,研究水稻、小麦、夏玉米和春玉米的Cd富集系数特征及土壤性质对不同农作物的Cd富集系数的影响,并通过多元回归方程建立以上农作物Cd富集系数与土壤性质的定量关系.结果表明,在田间土壤中Cd含量范围为0.15~2.66 mg·kg^-1条件下,水稻、小麦、夏玉米和春玉米Cd富集系数的均值分别为0.915、0.155、0.113和0.102,水稻明显高于小麦和玉米,春玉米的Cd富集系数最低.土壤中的Cd含量与小麦、夏玉米和春玉米的BCF呈极显著负相关;土壤有机质（SOM）与小麦、夏玉米BCF之间的关系呈极显著负相关;土壤pH和阳离子交换量（CEC）对作物BCF也有影响.引入土壤Cd含量、pH、SOM、CEC等因素,建立水稻、小麦、夏玉米和春玉米的Cd富集系数预测方程.水稻、小麦、夏玉米和春玉米的BCF预测方程相关系数分别为0.423^*、0.796^**、0.826^**和0.551^**,均达到显著或极显著水平,可以较好地预测不同土壤条件下不同农作物的BCF值.     

秸秆还田与化肥减量配施对稻-菜轮作下土壤养分及酶活性的影响

以西南丘陵山区紫色土为研究对象,2013~2014年在重庆市江津区先锋镇布置田间试验,采用一年两熟,水稻-儿菜轮作制度,分析了秸秆还田与化肥减量配合施用对作物产量,土壤养分及酶活性的影响,为稻-菜轮作系统中养分资源优化管理的施肥方式提供科学依据,实现农业秸秆的循环利用.结果表明,秸秆还田与化肥减量配施处理能提高水稻和儿菜的产量,分别比常规施肥处理(F)增产3.0%~17.9%和12.2%~36.4%,经稻-菜轮作后,第二季(C3)的水稻产量比第一季(C1)水稻增加了820~1 240 kg·hm-2.与F处理相比,稻-菜轮作下连续秸秆覆盖与化肥减量配施的土壤pH提高了0.06~0.55个单位,特别是秸秆全量还田(AS)与70%~80%化肥(F)配施处理(70%~80%F+AS)对土壤pH的改善效果最佳,同时80%F+AS处理的土壤有机质最高,达到了41.01 g·kg-1.对土壤有效养分含量而言,80%F+AS处理的土壤碱解氮(110~178 mg·kg-1)和有效磷(31.3~64.0 mg·kg-1)含量最高,但过多的秸秆还田量反而不利于土壤有效磷累积.秸秆还田与化肥减量配施提高了土壤酶活性,其中80%F+AS和70%F+AS处理对脲酶活性提高效果较为显著;80%F+AS处理的过氧化氢酶在前两季度下活性均最高;随着耕种时间的增加,特别是C3季度下,70%F+AS和80%F+AS处理的磷酸酶活性较F处理显著提高了45.2%和48.2%.因此,西南丘陵山区紫色土在稻-菜轮作下,70%~80%F+AS处理即秸秆全量覆盖还田与化肥减量20%~30%的配施方式是该地区的最优施肥方式.     

控释掺混肥对麦玉轮作体系作物产量和温室气体排放的影响

为探究控释掺混肥一次性施肥对华北平原麦玉（冬小麦和夏玉米）轮作体系作物产量和温室气体排放的影响,于2020~2022年在德州市现代农业科技园区开展田间试验.冬小麦和夏玉米均设不施氮对照（CK）、农户习惯施氮（FFP）、优化施氮（OPT）、CRU1（包膜尿素与普通尿素在冬小麦和夏玉米上的掺混比例分别为5∶5和3∶7）、CRU2（包膜尿素与普通尿素在冬小麦和夏玉米上的掺混比例分别为7∶3和5∶5）共5个处理.对比分析了不同处理的作物产量、氮肥利用效率、施肥经济效益和温室气体排放的差异.结果表明,施氮可显著提高麦玉轮作系统单季和周年作物产量（P<0.05）.与FFP相比,CRU1和CRU2处理的夏玉米、冬小麦和周年产量分别提高了0.4%~5.6%、-5.4%~4.1%和-1.1%~3.9%（P>0.05）;氮肥吸收利用率、氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力分别提高了-8.6%~43.4%、2.05~6.24 kg·kg^-1和4.24~10.13 kg·kg^-1;周年净收益提高了0.2%~6.3%.施氮显著增加了麦玉轮作体系的土壤N₂O和CO₂的周年排放（P<0.05）,但对CH₄周年排放没有影响（第1年FFP处理除外）.CRU1和CRU2处理的土壤N₂O周年排放总量较FFP处理显著降低了23.4%~30.2%（P<0.05）.施氮显著增加了麦玉轮作体系的周年全球增温潜势（GWP）（P<0.05）,但各施氮处理通过提高作物产量降低了温室气体排放强度.与FFP相比,CRU1和CRU2处理的周年GWP降低了9.6%~11.5%（P<0.05）,周年温室气体排放强度（GHGI）降低了11.2%~13.8%（P>0.05）.综上所述,一次性减量施用控释掺混肥在减少氮肥和人工投入、提高作物产量、经济效益和降低温室气体排放方面具有积极作用,是促进华北平原粮食作物清洁生产的有效氮肥管理措施.     

东南沿海河流-水库系统藻类生长营养盐限制季节变动

选取厦漳泉三地市饮用水源地九龙江20条支流以及4个水库开展2013~2014年为期一年的逐月水质与生态调查与监测,并借助GIS、统计分析方法,识别了氮磷营养盐和浮游植物藻类丰度和群落的时空变异性,河流与水库氮磷营养盐限制的差异性以及其控制性的季节性变化特征.结果表明,九龙江支流和水库的营养盐、藻类丰度和群落都分别展示出明显的时空变异性.支流和水库均呈现营养盐氮素浓度冬春季节较高,夏秋季节较低;营养盐磷素浓度大体与之相反.水库藻类丰度于夏季最高,而支流藻类丰度呈现冬春季节较高,夏秋季节较低的趋势.其中,汀溪水库于秋冬春季节和夏季呈现硅藻,绿藻演替;江东库区于冬春,夏秋季节呈现绿藻-隐藻、绿藻-蓝藻演替;石兜-坂头水库以及支流均未出现季节演替现象,优势藻分别为蓝藻、绿藻.RDA排序图较好地显示了浮游植物藻类与环境因子之间的关系.水库叶绿素a与氮磷营养盐之间呈现显著相关性,相关关系较强,并且其相关关系在冬春季节呈现营养盐磷的限制性,夏秋季节呈现营养盐氮的限制性.相比于水库,支流叶绿素a与营养盐之间只有夏秋季节呈现显著相关性,且相关关系较弱.     

Simulating dairy liquid waste management options as a nitrogen source for crops

Large scale dairy operations are common. In many cases the manure is deposited on a paved surface and then removed with a flushing system, after which the solids are separated, the liquid stored in ponds, and eventually the liquid applied on adjacent crop land. Management of liquid manure to maximize the fertilizer value and minimize water quality degradation requires knowledge of the interactive effects of mineralization of organic N (ON) to NH₄⁺, crop uptake of mineral N, and leaching of NO₃⁻ on a temporal basis. The purpose of the research was to use the ENVIRO-GRO model to simulate how the amount of applied N, timing of N application, ON mineralization rates, chemical form of N applied, and irrigation uniformity affected (1) yields of corn (Zea mays) in summer and a forage grass in winter in a Mediterranean climate and (2) the amount of NO₃⁻ leached below the root zone. This management practice is typical for dairies in the San Joaquin Valley of California. The simulations were conducted for a 10-year period. Steady state conditions, whereby an equivalent amount of N applied in the organic form will be mineralized in a given year, are achieved more rapidly for materials with high mineralization rates. Both timing and total quantity of N application are important in affecting crop yield and potential N leaching. Major conclusions from the simulations are as follows. Frequent low applications are preferred to less frequent higher applications. Increasing the amount of N application increased both the crop yield and the amount of NO₃⁻ leached. Increasing irrigation uniformity increased crop yields but had variable effects on the amount of NO₃⁻ leached. A winter forage crop following a summer corn crop effectively reduced the leaching of residual soil N following the corn crop.     

Seasonal variations of soil bacterial communities in Suaeda wetland of Shuangtaizi River estuary, Northeast China

Estuarine wetland is the transitional interface linking terrestrial with marine ecosystems, and wetland microbes are crucial to the biogeochemical cycles of nutrients. The soil samples were collected in four seasons (spring, S1; summer, S2; autumn, S3; and winter, S4) from Suaeda wetland of Shuangtaizi River estuary, Northeast China, and the variations of bacterial community were evaluated by high-throughput sequencing. Soil properties presented a significant seasonal change, including pH, carbon (C) and total nitrogen (TN), and the microbial diversity, richness and structure also differed with seasons. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and Mantel tests implied that soil pH, C and TN were the key factors structuring the microbial community. Gillisia (belonging to Bacteroidetes) and Woeseia (affiliating with Gammaproteobacteria) were the two primary components in the rhizosphere soils, displaying opposite variations with seasons. Based on PICRUSt (Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States) prediction, the xenobiotics biodegradation related genes exhibited a seasonal decline, while the majority of biomarker genes involved in nitrogen cycle showed an ascending trend. These findings could advance the understanding of rhizosphere microbiota of Suaeda in estuarine wetland.     

Soil loss due to harvesting of various crop types in contrasting agro-ecological environments

Soil erosion studies on cropland usually only consider water, wind and tillage erosion. However, significant amounts of soil are also lost from the field during the harvest of crops such as sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), chicory roots (Cichorium intybus L.), cassava (Manihot spp.) and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam). During the harvest soil adhering to the crop, loose soil or soil clods and rock fragments are exported from the field together with these crops.This soil erosion process is referred to as ‘soil losses due to crop harvesting’ (SLCH). Most of the studies investigated SLCH variability and its controlling factors for one crop type in similar agro-ecological environments and for comparable harvesting techniques. In this study, a compilation of SLCH studies was made in order to investigate the effect of crop type, agricultural systems, ecological conditions and harvesting technique on SLCH variability. SLCH rates ranged from few to tens of Mg ha⁻¹ harvest⁻¹ and SLCH was highly variable both in space and time. Comparison of four studies on SLCH for sugar beet revealed that harvesting technique and soil moisture content at harvesting time can be equally important for SLCH variability. The occurrence of soil clods harvested with the crop explained why SLCH was significantly larger for mechanically harvested potato in Belgium compared to manually harvested potato in China. SLCH values for manually harvested sugar beet, potato, cassava and sweet potato in China and Uganda were in general smaller than SLCH values for mechanically harvested sugar beet, potato and witloof chicory roots measured in Belgium and France. However, SLCH may also vary significantly within Europe due to differences in harvesting techniques. Soil moisture content at harvesting time was besides harvesting technique one of the key factors controlling SLCH variability. There were no systematic differences in SLCH between crop types, although the soil–crop contact area–crop mass ratio could explain more than 40% of the means from several SLCH studies.     

基于氨挥发因子方法的中国农田氨排放量估算

农田是氨的主要排放源,估算农田的氨挥发量可以明确其潜在的生态环境风险,为制定农田氨减排策略提供科学依据.通过文献收集,建立了包含867对观测值的中国农田氨挥发数据库,然后以氮肥施用量为自变量,氮肥施用引起的氨排放量为因变量,计算得到体现农业区、作物类型、肥料类型、土壤pH差异的氨挥发因子,采用独立样本进行验证,发现计算得到的氨挥发因子可以无偏地、较为准确地估算中国农田的氨挥发.不同区域、作物和管理措施下的氨挥发因子有显著差异,整体上,由于南方地区年均温和年降雨量均高于北方,导致南方的氨挥发因子高于北方,而碱性土壤的氨挥发因子高于中性和酸性土壤;与单施化肥相比,多数情况下施用有机肥可降低氨挥发因子,使用缓释控释肥或抑制剂可显著降低氨挥发因子;以单施化肥为例,水稻种植的氨挥发因子为9.9%~37.0%,高于蔬菜（2.2%~13.0%）和其他作物（3.3%~8.0%）.2015年中国农田由无机氮肥使用引起的氨排放总量为3.21 Tg,95%置信区间为2.92~3.46 Tg,其中,粮食作物和蔬菜占比最高,分别为66%和20%,豆科作物占比最低（0.8%）.由于气候、土壤、作物类型的差异,氨挥发呈现明显的空间异质性,长江中下游区排放量最高,而青藏区排放量最低.