TLC-EI测定杀虫烟剂残留量的研究

应用TLC-EI(薄层-酶抑制)技术并采用CS-910型仪,对有机磷类及氨基甲酸酯类某些农药混合组成的杀虫烟剂燃烧后的残留量进行测定,结果一般可达ng级.经测定,能把Ⅲ-SMD烟剂中的西维因、马拉硫磷、敌敌畏三种农药分开.色斑可长期保留,Rf值分别为0.710、0.875、0.538.在大气烟雾中的有效烟率分别为4.16％、2.13％、0.76％.3h内松针上最高残留量分别为102.715、19.332、6.701ppm.12h后残渣中农药残留量分别为76、13.42、4.56ppm.用大白鼠肝酯酶测定农药的最小检出量分别为1.21、7.45、0.112ng.     

Diploid males, diploid sperm production, and triploid females in the ant Tapinoma erraticum

Under complementary sex determination (CSD), females of Hymenoptera arise from diploid, fertilized eggs and males from haploid, unfertilized eggs. Incidentally, fertilized eggs that inherit two identical alleles at the CSD locus will develop into diploid males. Diploid males are usually unviable or sterile. In a few species, however, they produce diploid sperm and father a triploid female progeny. Diploid males have been reported in a number of social Hymenoptera, but the occurrence of triploid females has hardly ever been documented. Here, we report the presence of triploid females, diploid males, and diploid sperm (produced by diploid males and stored in queen spermathecae) in the ant Tapinoma erraticum. Moreover, we show variations in the frequency of triploids among female castes: Triploid females are more frequent among workers than virgin queens; they are absent among mated, reproductive queens. The frequency of triploid workers also varies between populations and between nests within populations.     

利用截留数定量表征流速变化时DANPL驱替运移行为

SEAR(Surfactant-enhanced aquifer remediation)技术被用于修复DANPL,其修复机制分为增溶作用和驱替作用,其中驱替作用对于DNAPL的修复更为有效.多孔介质中DNAPL的驱替运移过程中,定量评价DNAPL的修复行为极为重要.本文利用多相流数值模型UTCHEM探究了流速对DNAPL驱替运移行为的影响.通过截留数定量评价流速变化时DNAPL的驱替行为,结果表明流速变化时,截留数能较准确描述驱替运移行为及流速变化时DNAPL的驱替效率.以截留数的两个分量毛管数和邦德数的比值定义的角度τ能够较准确预测不同流速条件下驱替作用过程中残留DNAPL的运移路径.     

From IBM to IPM: Using individual-based models to design the spatial arrangement of traps and crops in integrated pest management strategies

The development of alternative pest-control strategies based on the spatial design of cropping systems requires a thorough understanding of the spatial links between the pest and its environment. Mechanistic models, especially individual-based models (IBMs), are powerful tools for integrating key behaviours, such as habitat selection and dispersal, with spatial heterogeneity. In this paper, we used an IBM calibrated and evaluated from real data to represent the spatial dynamics of the banana weevil in relation to the cropping system. We considered crop fragmentation and mass trapping as tools for suppressing pest numbers. Our simulation results showed that manipulating crop residues in the area surrounding each pheromone trap greatly improved trap efficiency. For an intensive banana plantation in fallow, traps were most effective when situated at the transition zone between banana area and fallow so as to maximize the trapping of weevils escaping the fallow. The model also showed that weevil numbers decreased when fragmentation of banana plantations was reduced.     

微量元素对白腐真菌的生长影响和抑制酵母菌效果的研究

采用振荡培养方式研究了微量元素对白腐真菌生长以及在非灭菌环境下对液体培养基抑制酵母菌的影响,结果表明,在灭菌环境培养方式下投加含有铁元素的微量元素液体培养基培养的菌丝球大小和数量均优于不含铁但含有其它微量元素液体培养基,而不含铁的液体培养基又优于不投加任何微量元素液体培养基;如果采用灭菌环境培养后在非灭菌环境降解染料方式,则不含微量元素和含其它微量元素但不含铁的液体培养基培养的白腐真菌在非灭菌环境对染料的脱色效果与灭菌环境得到的结果基本相当,而铁浓度为3.5 mg/L液体培养基培养的白腐真菌的脱色效果不如灭菌环境得到的结果,并且镜检发现铁浓度为3.5 mg/L液体培养基中感染的酵母菌的量要多于不含铁元素液体培养基和不投加任何微量元素培养体系.微量元素铁在抑制酵母菌生长方面具有很重要的作用,同时铁元素又是白腐真菌生长所必需的,只要在不影响白腐真菌生长的前提下,合理调控培养基中的铁浓度,就有可能达到抑制酵母菌的目的.     

巢湖流域和太湖流域沉积物中苄氯菊酯和高效氰戊菊酯的生态风险评价

分析了巢湖流域和太湖流域表层沉积物中苄氯菊酯和高效氰戊菊酯,并结合毒性单元法(Toxic Unit,TU)和物种敏感性分布法(Species Sensitivity Distributions,SSD)评价了两种拟除虫菊酯的生态风险.结果显示,两大流域沉积物中均广泛检测出两类污染物.总体而言,巢湖流域苄氯菊酯含量较高,而太湖流域高效氰戊菊酯含量较高.同时,两种污染物在巢湖流域呈现显著的正相关,但太湖流域二者之间没有相关关系.3种风险评价方法(TU法、沉积物SSD法、水体SSD法)均揭示苄氯菊酯对巢湖流域水生环境影响较大,而高效氰戊菊酯对两个流域影响均较大.因此,需要加强对流域高效氰戊菊酯污染的关注.其中,TU法预测的风险最小,沉积物SSD法预测的风险最大,主要原因在于TU法采用的毒性数据为LC50,而SSD法则选用了NOEC/LOEC,同时沉积物SSD法是出于保护大部分底栖生物为目的的方法.各种方法对于评价沉积物毒害污染物的生态风险均存在不足,尽管沉积物SSD法最为合理,但由于其毒性数据较少,最终预测结果存在一定的不确定性.因此,需要进一步加强对底栖生物毒性的研究和数据积累.     

Biodegradation of imazapyr in typical soils in Zhejiang Province, China

The degradation of imazapyr in non-sterile and sterile soils from four sampling sites in Zhejiang, China was studied. The results showed that the half-lives of imazapyr in non-sterile soils were in the range of 30 to 45 d, while 81 to 133 d in sterile( by autoclaving) soils. It means the rate constants of imazapyr under non-sterile conditions were 2.3--4.4 times faster than that under sterile(by autoclaving)conditions, evidently indicating that the indigenous microorganisms in soil play an important role in the degradation of imazapyr. The different sterilization methods could result in different degradation rates of imazapyr. The heat of sterilization of soil largely decreased the degradation. However, the sterile treatment of soil by sodium azide had a different effect from that by autoclaving. Further more, the mechanism was also discussed. Biodegradation in four non-sterile soils accounted for 62% to 78% of imazapyr degradation. In contrast, less than 39% of imazapyr degradation was associated with chemical mechanisms. Therefore, the degradation mechanism was predominantly involved in biology including organisms and microorganisms in soil. Two imazapyr-degrading bacterial strains were isolated in enrichment culture technique and they were identified as Pseudomonas fluorescenes biotype [[ ( ZJX-5 ) and Bacillus cereus (ZJX-9),respectively. When added at a concentration of 50μg/g in mineral salts medium(MSM), ZJX-5 and ZJX-9 could degrade 81% and 87% imazapyr after 48h of incubation. For the treatment of incorporation of ZJX-5 or ZJX-9 into soil, the degradation rate enhanced 3-4 fold faster than that for control samples, which showed an important value in quick decontamination of imazapyr in soil.     

过滤捕集法去除盐酸雾中试研究

含HCl浓度小于350mg／Nm^3的盐酸雾气体，经洗涤水洗涤后再进行过滤捕集处理，出口气体中HCl浓度不大于6．40mg／m^3，去除率大于95％。     

云南省部分农村冬春季蔬菜施用农药情况调查

调查云南农民在冬春季蔬菜种植过程中的农药施用状况。随机抽取668名农户进行问卷调查,内容涉及施用农药的种类、频次、施药安全间隔期等。从调查中发现云南农村施用于蔬菜的农药种类共计40余种,以有机磷类杀虫剂为主;国家明令禁止的农药违规施用还在发生;部分农药的安全间隔期违规现象同样比较严重。并分析原因提出减少农村蔬菜生产过程中农药污染的看法。     

Predicting the aquatic risk of realistic pesticide mixtures to species assemblages in Portuguese river basins

Although pesticide regulatory tools are mainly based on individual substances, aquatic ecosystems are usually exposed to multiple pesticides from their use on the variety of crops within the catchment of a river. This study estimated the impact of measured pesticide mixtures in surface waters from 2002 and 2008 within three important Portuguese river basins(‘Mondego', ‘Sado' and ‘Tejo') on primary producers, arthropods and fish by toxic pressure calculation. Species sensitivity distributions(SSDs), in combination with mixture toxicity models, were applied. Considering the differences in the responses of the taxonomic groups as well as in the pesticide exposures that these organisms experience, variable acute multi-substance potentially affected fractions(ms PAFs) were obtained. The median msP AF for primary producers and arthropods in surface waters of all river basins exceeded 5%, the cut-off value used in the prospective SSD approach for deriving individual environmental quality standards. A ranking procedure identified various photosystem II inhibiting herbicides, with oxadiazon having the relatively largest toxic effects on primary producers, while the organophosphorus insecticides, chlorfenvinphos and chlorpyrifos, and the organochloride endosulfan had the largest effects on arthropods and fish, respectively. These results ensure compliance with European legislation with regard to ecological risk assessment and management of pesticides in surface waters.     

Predicting the aquatic risk of realistic pesticide mixtures to species assemblages in Portuguese river basins

Although pesticide regulatory tools are mainly based on individual substances, aquatic ecosystems are usually exposed to multiple pesticides from their use on the variety of crops within the catchment of a river. This study estimated the impact of measured pesticide mixtures in surface waters from 2002 and 2008 within three important Portuguese river basins (‘Mondego’, ‘Sado’ and ‘Tejo’) on primary producers, arthropods and fish by toxic pressure calculation. Species sensitivity distributions (SSDs), in combination with mixture toxicity models, were applied. Considering the differences in the responses of the taxonomic groups as well as in the pesticide exposures that these organisms experience, variable acute multi-substance potentially affected fractions (msPAFs) were obtained. The median msPAF for primary producers and arthropods in surface waters of all river basins exceeded 5%, the cut-off value used in the prospective SSD approach for deriving individual environmental quality standards. A ranking procedure identified various photosystem II inhibiting herbicides, with oxadiazon having the relatively largest toxic effects on primary producers, while the organophosphorus insecticides, chlorfenvinphos and chlorpyrifos, and the organochloride endosulfan had the largest effects on arthropods and fish, respectively. These results ensure compliance with European legislation with regard to ecological risk assessment and management of pesticides in surface waters.     

拟除虫菊酯类农药的降解与代谢研究进展

拟除虫菊酯类农药残留引发各种环境污染和食品安全问题,文章主要综述了该农药的生物降解、光降解和生物代谢三个方面的国内外研究现状。生物降解是其分解代谢的重要环境过程之一,微生物、哺乳动物、水生生物、昆虫及植物等对拟除虫菊酯的代谢都具有不可替代的作用,其中微生物降解菌的分离、微生物的酶促降解及其衍生的基因工程菌技术迅速发展,为通过基因克隆高效表达拟除虫菊酯降解酶提供依据。合理利用光能可有效去除拟除虫菊酯,光敏化降解与光猝灭降解研究可有助于农药混配的效果分析。通过拟除虫菊酯在生物体内的代谢分析可为治疗人体农药中毒提供有效方法。文章还讨论了吸附作用、氧化作用对拟除虫菊酯的降解效果。     

Prioritising catchment management projects to improve marine water quality

Runoff from human land-uses is one of the most significant threats to some coastal marine environments. Initiatives to reduce that runoff usually set runoff reduction targets but do not give guidance on how to prioritize the different options that exist to achieve them. This paper demonstrates an easy to interpret economic framework to prioritise investment for conservation projects that aim to reduce pollution of marine ecosystems caused by runoff from agricultural land-uses. We demonstrate how to apply this framework using data on project cost, benefit and feasibility with a subset of projects that have been funded to reduce runoff from subcatchments adjacent to the Great Barrier Reef. Our analysis provides a graphical overview of the cost-effectiveness of the investment options, enables transparent planning for different budgets, assesses the existence of trends in the cost-effectiveness of different categories, and can test if the results are robust under uncertainty in one or more of the parameters. The framework provided solutions that were up to 4 times more efficient than when omitting information on cost or benefit. The presented framework can be used as a benchmark for evaluating results from a range of prioritisation processes against the best possible conservation outcomes.     

The ecoinvent database system: a comprehensive web-based LCA database

The paper describes the general structure of the ecoinvent database developed by the Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories. The database accommodates more than 2500 background processes often required in LCA case studies.Quality guidelines, established in order to ensure coherent data acquisition and reporting across the various institutes involved, are described. These include aspects such as the reporting of pollutants (e.g., heavy metals), or the nomenclature of processes and elementary flows.The data (exchange) format is also described. Processes are documented with the help of meta-information and flow data (including both unit process raw data and aggregated LCI results). The structure of the data format corresponds to the ISO/TS 14048 data documentation format. Data exchange between project partner institutes and between the database and its customers (database users) is based on XML-technology. Matrix inversion is used to calculate the cumulative LCA data using efficient algorithms and making use of the fact that LCA matrices are usually sparse.     

我国尖音库蚊种团抗药性现状——兼论半数致死剂量与区分剂量的关系

本文报告我国尖音库蚊种团幼虫对六种杀虫剂近年发生抗性情况,共调查16省市的32个地区。结果多数地区对有机磷酯类的敌百虫发生抗性,对马拉硫磷和杀螟硫磷抗性区较小,程度亦较低。对二二三抗药也较普遍。结果都用LC_(50)和WHO的抗性等级表示。     

转解毒酶基因工程菌的解毒作用研究

用已构建的可降解有机磷酸酯等杀虫药剂的转解毒酶基因工程菌,测定了对特异性底物--乙酸萘酯---NA-和--乙酸萘酯---NA-的分解作用,证明该工程菌高效地表达了解毒酶基因.将该工程菌细胞固定化后,通过对--NA和--NA的降解实验,测定了固定化细胞的酶活.用固定化细胞降解有机氯酸酯类的三氯杀虫酯-7504-、拟除虫菊酯类的溴氰菊酯和有机磷酸酯类的毒死蜱,结果表明,固定化细胞对该3类杀虫剂均具有一定的降解效果.用转解毒酶基因工程菌喂有机磷中毒的鸡,表明该转解毒酶基因工程菌对有机磷中毒的鸡,无论是急性中毒还是慢性中毒都有较明显的解毒作用.     

快速城市化区域表层土壤中杀虫剂的空间分布及风险评估

为探讨快速城市化区域杀虫剂的分布特征,19种被忽视的杀虫剂,即苯基吡唑类(氟虫腈)、氯丹、硫丹、九氯、六氯苯、七氯、狄氏剂、艾氏剂、异狄氏剂、甲氧滴滴涕及其代谢产物被用来分析在珠江三角洲(珠三角)及其周边区域229个土壤样品中的浓度水平和空间分布.结果表明,高浓度的杀虫剂主要集中在珠三角中心地区,而低浓度的杀虫剂则分布在珠三角周边区域,这个分布模式与国民生产总值和人口密度的分布相似,表明社会经济因素对杀虫剂的分布有一定的影响.此外,在城市化发展进程中,土地使用类型的转变也可能会导致原城镇农耕地变成现城市居民区,从而使得禁用农药在珠三角中心区域浓度高.来源分析表明在珠三角及其周边区域土壤存在工业氯丹的新输入源.氟虫腈由于半衰期比较短,在很大部分的土壤样品中转化成了氟虫腈砜和氟虫腈硫醚.对土壤中19种杀虫剂进行人体风险评估发现,6个在高人口密度区域收集的样品对人体有潜在的致癌或非致癌风险.因此这些被忽视的杀虫剂在将来环境研究中需要引起关注.     

黄河水体沉积物对水胺硫磷和辛硫磷的吸附

以黄河水及沉积物为研究对象 ,探讨了有机磷农药水胺硫磷和辛硫磷在黄河水体中的迁移规律 ,同时还研究了 pH值和离子强度等因素对迁移规律的影响。结果表明 ,沉积物对水胺硫磷和辛硫磷均有一定程度的吸附 ,且对辛硫磷的吸附量大于水胺硫磷 ,即辛硫磷在黄河水体中的迁移性小于水胺硫磷 ;其吸附等温线呈线性 ,是分配作用的结果。降低pH值和增加离子强度均使沉积物对水胺硫磷和辛硫磷吸附量减小。     

基于替代模型的地下水DNAPLs污染源反演识别

应用基于核极限学习机替代模型的模拟-优化理论和方法研究解决了地下水DNAPLs污染源及含水层参数的同步反演识别问题.结果表明：1）核极限学习机替代模型对模拟模型有较高的逼近精度,能够识别并模仿模拟模型的输入-输出关系,绝大部分相对误差小于5%,平均相对误差仅有2.98%;2）以替代模型代替模拟模型,大幅度地减小了模拟-优化过程的计算负荷,将反演识别时间由传统方法的83天减少到3小时,并能够保持较高的计算精度;3）应用基于模拟退火的粒子群优化算法求解优化模型,能够以较快的速度搜寻到全局最优,同时避免搜索过程陷于局部极小解.     

面源模式反扩散参数研究

笔者对我国大气环境界普遍采用的面源模式计算方法进行了分析,提出了一种全新的概念--面源反扩散参数.采用反扩散参数的方法可以解决各种不同的扩散参数反演,准确模拟面源模式计算.文中给出了计算的范例和计算机程序.