道路交通事故灾害的分析与对策

我国发生的交通事故次数、伤亡人数、经济损失一直呈现高速增长趋势.道路交通事故是一种人为灾害,本文分析了决定道路交通事故的人、车、路等关联因素,指出超载运输是当前及今后威胁我国道路交通安全的主要问题,减轻交通事故灾害的关键是提高人的素质和依靠法制进行科学管理.     

Mass casualty incident after the Taba terrorist attack: an organisational and medical challenge

Two suicide bombings in and around Taba, Egypt, on 7 October 2004 created a complex medical and organisational situation. Since most victims were Israeli tourists, the National Emergency and Disaster Management Division handled their evacuation and treatment. This paper describes the event chronologically, as well as the organisational and management challenges confronted and applied solutions. Forty-nine emergency personnel and physicians were flown early to the disaster area to reinforce scarce local medical resources. Two hundred casualties were recorded: 32 dead and 168 injured. Eilat hospital was transformed into a triage facility. Thirty-two seriously injured patients were flown to two remote trauma centres in central Israel. Management of mass casualty incidents is difficult when local resources are inadequate. An effective response should include: rapid transportation of experienced trauma teams to the disaster zone; conversion of local medical amenities into a triage centre; and rapid evacuation of the seriously injured to higher level medical facilities.     

自然灾害基本参数研究（一）

本文在大量查阅史料的基础上，系统整理了自公元１３６８年至１９４９年的旱灾、涝灾、风雹、冻害、潮灾、山崩、地震等自然灾害年死亡人数。     

A national system for disseminating information on victims during mass casualty incidents

Immediate provision of information to the public is vital during mass casualty incidents (MCIs). Failure to implement rapidly a communication response system may result in the public overwhelming hospitals. This paper shares Israel's experience in developing and maintaining a national system for supplying information on the location and identification of casualties. ADAM interfaces online with hospitals' patient registration systems, and allows for immediate electronic transfer of designated data. The system permits information centres to access information on which hospital has admitted identified and unidentified casualties. The latter are photographed at the entrance to the hospital and the picture is stored in ADAM. The system enables hospitals and municipalities to ensure immediate availability and accessibility of information and thus (in our belief) mitigate the concerns of family and friends. Use of such an interface system is recommended as an integral element of emergency preparedness.     

三峡库区武隆县地质灾害研究

武隆县是三峡库区地质灾害较为严重的城镇之一,滑坡、危岩、崩塌、泥石流等地质灾害分布广,危害程度大,严重地制约着地方经济和社会的可持续发展。在大量野外调查的基础上,分析了该地区地质灾害的主要类型及其分布特征,从地形地貌、岩土体性质、地下水、降雨、人类工程活动等方面总结了地质灾害成灾机理。在此基础上,进一步提出了该地区地质灾害的防治对策和措施,力求有效地预防和减少地质灾害的发生。     

1991年华南地区热带气旋灾害概况

本文介绍了1991年在我国登陆的6个热带气旋灾害的特点及其所造成的人员伤亡与经济损失。     

灾害现场救援大批伤员分类的方法

为及时准确地处理灾害现场的大批伤员,首先需要迅速实施伤员分类,因而各级参加灾害医学救援的救治机构,都应成立由受过分类训练的有经验的医疗技术人员和医疗管理人员组成的伤员分类组织,并配备必要的分类、急救器材。灾害医学救援应有统一的分类标准、规范的分类方法、统一的分类标志,才能使伤员分类工作进行得既快速又准确,使多数伤员能得到及时、合理的救治。     

以公交车为平台的应急医疗救援车辆快速改装研究

针对社会公共突发事件造成的创伤特点，以现有灾害和恐怖活动快速医学救援为侧重点，提出临时快速改装以公交车辆为平台的系列现场伤员救治与抢运装备的设想，并详细分析了建立公交车机动医院的必要性和可行性。公交车机动医院的实施将对未来我国处理公共突发事件提供新的应对措施。     

重庆市的洪涝灾害管理

洪涝灾害是重庆市主要自然灾害之一,每年带来巨大的经济损失和人员伤亡,严重制约着重庆市社会、经济的可持续发展.本文在大量研究的基础上,分析了重庆市洪涝灾害的特点,总结了历年来的洪涝灾害及造成的损失,最后针对洪涝灾害的特点提出建立重庆市洪涝灾害管理系统,并对该系统作了详细分析.     

云南相似大震人员伤亡差异因素分析

1976年云南龙陵、1988年云南澜沧-耿马地震发震时间、地点、震级相近,地震类型相近(双主震),极震区烈度相同,灾区社会经济状况基本相似,但人员伤亡相差10倍。通过对比分析找出云南两次相似大震人员伤亡的主要差异因素:预警型前震(或临震预报发布)是减少地震人员伤亡的最重要因素;高烈度区(Ⅸ)面积大小是影响人员伤亡的最重要因素。特定环境条件下次生灾害(震后火灾)对死亡人数有影响;集体行为的偶然因素对死亡人数也有影响。     

A multi-hospital system for disaster situations*

From a review of the literature, it can be concluded that it is always advantageous and usually necessary to distribute the casualties of a disaster to several hosp-hospitals rather than allowing 1 hospital, the nearest to the scene, to bear the whole load. The potential of these hospitals would be enhanced if their preparedness and planning included anticipation of their functioning as part of a framework of the entire capacity of the medical services of an entire small country, or a region of a larger one. For the smooth functioning of this framework, central co-ordination and control of the distribution of the load, the movements within it, the strengthening of its various component parts is necessary and services other than medical (transport, communications, etc.) are essential. The establishment of a multihospital system for disaster situations for a whole region is suggested. This would integrate all medical facilities and services of the region, as well as promoting additional services, first horizontally integrated and later vertically, and would have a central governing body with full authority to prepare the system for the calamity and to execute the implementation of the plan when disaster occurs. This body may find it useful to base some of its decision in the planning as well as the implementing stage, on an assumed population of casualties that is characteristic for the region and on implications that may be drawn from the population.     

Death and injury in earthquakes

The assumption that the ratio of mortality to morbidity will approximate 1:3 in earthquake disasters is investigated. When it occurs, a 1:3 ratio is most likely to coincide with a Richter magnitude in the range 6.5–7.4, but many other ratios of death to injuries may instead be probable. For each individual disaster the pattern of casualties is likely to be very heterogeneous, but it would be easier to discover regularities if a more standardized definition of 'injury' could be found.     

重大自然灾害后遗体处置应急预案研究

重大自然灾害发生后一般都会伴随着大量人员的遇难,及时妥善处置灾后众多遇难者遗体,是许多国家面临的棘手问题。借鉴我国唐山7.8级地震和汶川8.0级地震中遗体应急处置的经验与教训,从遗体的搜集、存放、运输、消毒、防腐、保存、火化、掩埋等方面,探索遗体处理应急预案的程序与内容,从而提高政府应对重大自然灾害后大量遗体的应急处置能力,全面保障灾区群众的身心健康。     

门限自回归模型在海洋冰情预测中的应用

给出了建立门限自回归模型（ＴＡＲ） 的一套实用方法, 用作者提出的改进遗传算法可同时优化门限值和自回归系数,成功地解决了ＴＡＲ建模过程所涉及的大量复杂寻优工作这一难题。实例计算的结果说明了, 这套方法在海洋冰情预测中是可行的和有效的, 在各种自然灾害非线性时序动态预测中具有重要的理论意义和广泛的实用价值。     

1995—2020年青海省雷电灾害时空分布及其灾害特征分析

利用1995—2020年青海省雷电灾害资料,研究该区域雷电灾害时空分布特征。结果表明：1995—2006年青海省雷电灾害呈增加趋势;2007—2015年青海省雷电灾害呈下降趋势;2016—2020年青海省雷电灾害呈平稳略有上升趋势。青海省雷电灾害空间分布呈,东多西少、南多北少分布特征,其中,雷灾密集区位于西宁市辖区、大通县、河南县、湟中县和互助县区域。1995—2020年,雷电灾害造成青海省人员伤亡282人,平均11人/a,同时对办公设备,广电、电力系统、通讯系统和住宅等方面也造成了损失,其经济损失达1 247.12万元,平均47.97万元/a。     

A scenario-based study on information flow and collaboration patterns in disaster management

Disaster management (DM) is a continuous, highly collaborative process involving governments, DM organisations, responders, the construction sector, and the general public. Most research approaches to DM include the development of information and communication technologies (ICT) to support the collaboration process rather than the creation of a collaboration process to provide information flows and patterns. An Intelligent Disaster Collaboration System (IDCS) is introduced in this paper as a conceptual model to integrate ICT into DM and the mitigation process and to enhance collaboration. The framework is applicable to the collaboration process at the local, regional and national levels. Within this context, the deployment of ICT tools in DM is explored and scenario-based case studies on flooding and terrorism—examples of natural and human-induced disasters, respectively—are presented. Conclusions are drawn regarding the differences found in collaboration patterns and ICT used during natural and human-induced disasters and the differences between currently available ICT and proposed ICT.     

中山市城区避震疏散场所规划

当地震来临时,快速及时地将人员疏散到安全地带,能大大减少人员伤亡。因此,在地震频发、城市人口不断集中的今天,各城市应事先建设好避震疏散场所。通过对影响避震疏散场所选择的中山市城区地质构造背景与场地条件、以区为单位需安置人口数量、医疗救护点、易燃易爆危险源、避震疏散通道分布等要素的分析,并在野外勘查的基础上,参照关于建设避震疏散场所的规范和标准,对中山市城区避震疏散场所进行了规划。所规划的避震疏散场所安全可靠、布局合理,能够满足中山市城区的应急疏散需要。     

汕头市风灾减灾对策探讨——从"尤特"台风谈起

对风灾频繁的城市而言 ,有计划地确立合理的减灾对策是城市必须面对的课题。本文在简要分析城市风灾减灾研究现状的基础上 ,通过汕头市抗击“尤特”台风的实例 ,提出了跨入新世纪时汕头市在确立风灾的减灾对策中的思路。     

城市灾害学研究及科学建议

无论从哪个角度来看,２０世纪都是历史发展最快,发生事件最多的一个世纪。城市由于是对时代脉搏最敏感空间地域,所以,时时处处反映出时代的特点。城市灾害作为现代及未来灾害的集中反映,越来越成为严峻的话题。无论承认与否,城市化发展进程中将始终伴随着灾情。笔者认为,惟有直面灾情,全面关注城市灾害及其在中国减灾中的地位与作用,才有希望走向未来,并创造城市安全“时空”。