垂直流人工湿地中基质组合对污水的处理效果及模型模拟

选择石砾、粗砂、细砂作为垂直流人工湿地的基质在实验室内研究不同粒径的基质在不同的水力负荷和对不同浓度污水对污染物的去除效果,根据实验结果选取基质应用于示范基地,利用人工湿地模型Subwet2.0对人工湿地示范基地进行模型模拟,为农村生活污水人工湿地系统的处理设计及模拟出水水质提供参考。研究结果表明:石砾、粗砂、细砂为基质对污染物去除率较好的水力负荷分别为小于0.9、0.6和0.3 m/d时;石砾基质对COD的最佳污染负荷为970 mg/L,粗砂、细砂基质为468~970 mg/L;粗砂和细砂基质对NH4+-N去除效果相似;在北方地区垂直流人工湿地主体基质建议使用粗砂或石砾以减少堵塞的风险;利用Subwet2.0模型模拟人工湿地示范基地的出水水质,根据当地条件在反应参数的取值范围内调整了相应的参数值,模拟的结果符合性很高。     

Nitrous oxide emission from polyculture constructed wetlands: effect of plant species

Loss of nitrogen from the soil-plant system has raised environmental concern. This study assessed the fluxes of nitrous oxide (N2O) in the subsurface flow constructed wetlands (CWs). To better understand the mechanism of N2O emission, spatial distribution of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in four kinds of wetlands soil were compared. N2O emission data showed large temporal and spatial variation ranging from -5.5 to 32.7 mg N2O m(-2) d(-1). The highest N2O emission occurred in the cell planted with Phragmites australis and Zizania latifolia. Whereas, the lower emission rate were obtained in the cell planted with P. australis and Typha latifolia. These revealed that Z. latifolia stimulated the N2O emission. Transportation of more organic matter and oxygen for AOB growth may be the reason. The study of AOB also supported this result, indicating that the root structure of Z. latifolia was favored by AOB for N2O formation.     

不同植物的表面流人工湿地系统对污染物的去除效果

通过对4种不同植物的表面流人工湿地系统处理新沂河河水的中试研究表明,在CODMn和NH 4-N进水浓度相同条件下,香蒲湿地系统出水CODMn平均浓度最低,仅为13.44 mg/L;美人蕉湿地系统出水NH 4-N平均浓度最低,仅为1.75 mg/L;香蒲和美人蕉湿地系统对CODMn的平均去除率都达到40%以上,而千屈菜和水葱湿地系统都低于30%;美人蕉、香蒲和千屈菜湿地系统对NH 4-N的平均去除率都达到65%以上,而水葱系统则低于60%.综合比较,香蒲和美人蕉湿地系统的净化能力较强.4种植物中水葱耐淹能力最强,完全淹水22 d以上依然生长良好;千屈菜耐淹能力最弱,完全淹水7 d后就开始枯萎,17 d后地上、地下部分全部死亡.     

Assessment of the ecological potential of mine-water treatment wetlands using a baseline survey of macroinvertebrate communities

A baseline survey of macroinvertebrate populations in two mine-water treatment wetlands, one treating a net acidic spoil heap discharge and one a net alkaline ferruginous pumped mine water, was undertaken to assess the potential of these systems to provide habitats for faunal communities. Both wetlands were found to be impoverished in comparison to natural wetlands but did sustain a macroinvertebrate community that could support higher organisms. Wetland size and water quality in terms of pH, conductivity and metal concentrations were found to be important factors in determining the quality of the populations supported. Direct toxicity to organisms was unlikely to be the main cause of lower diversity, but the smothering of organisms via the precipitation of iron hydroxides particularly in the early parts of the treatment systems affected macroinvertebrate communities. The presence of areas of open water within the planted systems was found to be important for providing habitats for macroinvertebrates and this should be both a future design and maintenance consideration for environmental managers.     

The effect of operational parameters on the photocatalytic degradation of pesticide

The photocatalytic degradation of Cartap Hydrochloride, a synthetic pesticide. has been investigated over coated TiO2 photocatalysts irradiated with a ultraviolet (UV) light. The effect of operational parameters, i.e., Cartap Hydrochloride concentration, reaction time, light intensity and additive on the degradation rate of aqueous solution of Cartap Hydrochloride has been examined. Results show that the employment of efficient photocatalysts and the selection of optimal operational parameters may lead to degradation of Cartap Hydrochloride solutions.     

基于颗粒能量耗散模型的多相网格质点法的旋风分离器模拟

提出一种配合网格质点法的能量耗散模型,考虑颗粒之间碰撞引起的能量耗散效应以描述颗粒的团聚行为。采用该模型模拟的旋风分离器颗粒流发现：较其他模型具有较高的预测精度,模拟结果与实验吻合较好,验证了耗散模型可行。旋风分离器的中心形成负压区域,而在靠近壁面处形成高压区域。气相场呈现以中心为轴同转向不同流向的双螺旋结构,大部分颗粒被夹带到壁面附近,聚集在一起,形成聚团并产生分离,模拟结果发现旋风分离器在模拟条件下的分离粒径为1×10-5 m。     

Characterizing kinetics of transport and transformation of selenium in water-sediment microcosm free from selenium contamination using a simple mathematical model

This study developed a seven-compartment model for predicting the fate of selenium (Se) in an aquatic environment containing a water-sediment boundary. Speciation of Se in water-sediment microcosms under microaerobic conditions was measured to evaluate first-order kinetics of Se transportation and transformation. The microcosm consisted of a 10-ml solution containing 1mM soluble Se as selenate (Se6+) or selenite (Se4+) and 8 g wet sediment that was free from Se contamination, sampled from the Senri, Yamato, or Yodo Rivers in Osaka, Japan. Stepwise reaction coefficients describing transportation and transformation were determined using an inverse method on this model which includes: selenate (Se(W)6+) and selenite (Se(W)4+) in ponded water; selenate (Se(S)6+) and selenite (Se(S)4+), elemental Se (Se0), organic Se (Se2-) in sediment; and gaseous Se (DMSe). During this 1-month experiment, soluble Se was transported from ponded water to the sediment and Se was transformed sequentially to other Se species through biochemical reactions. Experimental and kinetic analyses indicated quantitatively that the Yamato River microcosm, with its high organic matter content, had a high adsorption rate of soluble Se. The Yodo River microcosm had a low adsorption rate for Se6+ and a low Se reduction rate. The Senri River microcosm had an apparent high volatilization rate of DMSe. The model developed in this study is extremely useful for predicting fate of Se in aquatic environment in the field.     

The effect of initial concentration, co-application and repeated applications on pesticide degradation in a biobed mixture

A 180 d laboratory experiment was conducted to investigate the degradation rates of chlorpyrifos (10 and 50 mg kg(-1)) and metalaxyl (100 mg kg(-1)) separately and co-applied in a biomix constituted by topsoil, vine-branches and urban-waste-garden compost. The effect of repeated application of metalaxyl was also investigated. Microbial biomass-C (MBC) content and metabolic quotient (qCO(2)) were measured to evaluate changes in microbial biomass size and activity induced by the presence of the two pesticides. Degradation rate decreased with increasing concentration of chlorpyrifos in all treatments. Metalaxyl half-life was significantly reduced in co-application with chlorpyrifos indicating a synergic interaction between the two pesticides in favour of enhanced degradation rate for metalaxyl but not for chlorpyrifos. Furthermore, repeated application resulted in a sharp reduction of metalaxyl half-life from 37 d after first application to 4 d after third application. MBC content was negatively influenced by the addition of pesticides but it started to recover immediately, in both separate and co-applied treatments, reaching the control value when pesticide residues were about 50% of the initial concentration. The qCO(2) reached a steady-state after about 20 d in separately applied and 40 d in co-applied treatments, indicating a tendency to arrive at a new metabolic equilibrium. In conclusion, the biomix tested has been shown to degrade pesticides relatively fast and to have a microbial community that is varied enough to allow selection of those microorganisms able to degrade metalaxyl and chlorpyrifos.     

A simple model for the dispersion of pollutants from a road tunnel portal

The dispersion of pollutants from a roadway tunnel portal is mainly determined by the interaction between the ambient wind and the jet stream from the tunnel portal. In principal, Eulerian microscale models by solving the conservation equations for mass, momentum, and energy, are thus able to simulate effects such as buoyancy etc. properly. However, for engineering applications such models need too much CPU time, and are not easy to handle by non-scientific personnel. Only a few dispersion models, applicable for regulatory purposes, have so far appeared in the literature. These models are either empirical models not always applicable for different sites, or they do not capture important physical effects like buoyancy phenomena. Here, a rather simple model is presented, which takes into account most of the important processes considered to govern the dispersion of a jet stream from portals. These are the exit velocity, the buoyancy, the influence of ambient wind direction fluctuations on the position of the jet stream, and traffic induced turbulence. Although the model contains some heuristic elements, it was successfully tested against tracer experiments taken near a motorway tunnel portal in Austria. The model requires relatively little CPU time. Current limitations of the model include the neglect of terrain, building, and vehicle effects on the dispersion, and the neglect of the horizontal dispersion arising from entrainment of ambient air in the jet stream. The latter could lead to an underestimation of plume spreads for higher wind speeds. The validation of the model will be the focus of future research. The experimental data set is also available for the scientific community.     

The effect of fluorescent tracers on droplet spectrum,viscosity, and density of pesticide formulations

The most important factor affecting efficacy and drift of pesticide applications is the droplet spectrum. To measure pesticide drift, researchers utilize fluorescent tracers to rapidly quantify spray deposition. Although fluorescent tracers have been used for more than 50 years, no experiments have been performed on the effect they have on the properties of pesticide formulations (density and viscosity) or droplet spectrum, which affect the drift of pesticides. Therefore, we examined the effect of an oil- and water-based tracer on the volume median diameter (VMD), viscosity, and density of oil- and water-based pesticide formulations. In addition, we experimentally fit and demonstrate the utility of using distributions to characterize pesticide droplet spectra. The addition of tracers to both water- and oil-based formulations did not significantly alter the VMD, viscosity, and density. Lognormal distributions provided the best fit for the water- and oil-based formulations with and without tracer. Our results demonstrated that the addition of oil- and water-based tracers do not significantly alter pesticide formulations properties and droplet spectrum, and most likely do not alter the movement of pesticide droplets in the environment.     

The weight method: a new screening method for estimating pesticide deposition from knapsack sprayers in developing countries

Investigations of occupational and environmental risk caused by the use of agrochemicals have received considerable interest over the last decades. And yet, in developing countries, the lack of staff and analytical equipment as well the costs of chemical analyses make it difficult, if not impossible, to monitor pesticide contamination and residues in humans, air, water, and soils. A new and simple method is presented here for estimation of pesticide deposition in humans and soil after application. The estimate is derived on the basis of water mass balance measured in a given number of high absorbent papers under low evaporative conditions and unsaturated atmosphere. The method is presented as a suitable, rapid, low cost screening tool, complementary to toxicological tests, to assess occupational and environmental exposure caused by knapsack sprayers, where there is a lack of analytical instruments. This new method, called the “weight method”, was tested to obtain drift deposition on the neighbouring field and the clothes of the applicator after spraying water with a knapsack sprayer in one of the largest areas of potato production in Colombia. The results were confirmed by experimental data using a tracer and the same set up used for the weight method. The weight method was able to explain 86% of the airborne drift and deposition variance.     

A simple empirical model to predict forest insecticide ground-level deposition from a compendium of field data

Deposit data from 205 aerial forest insecticide applications conducted in field trials by the Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre over a 15-year period are summarized. Deposit measurements were taken under “worst case” scenarios in the sense that direct applications were made over water bodies, and ground samplers were intentionally placed in open or cleared areas of forest. The median % deposit on shoreline collectors (32 separate applications) was 5.7%, on mid-stream collectors (44 separate applications) was 6.2%, and on forest floor collectors (129 separate applications) was 4.9%. Forest floor deposit was most closely associated with application rate and droplet size (r = 0.624, p < 0.001 and r = 0.662, p = 0.011, respectively) but these variables combined only explained 44% of the variation in deposit. Data from all three collector types were grouped by 10% deposit increments and combined to provide a data set from all deposition scenarios. A negative exponential model was fitted to the proportion of these combined sites regressed on % deposit in 10% increments and plotted as a deposit probability distribution curve (p < 0.001, r² = 0.992). The probability distribution curve indicated that 5–10% deposit would be expected about 57–91% of the time, whereas 50% deposit or greater would be expected about 2% of the time or less. In a probabilistic risk assessment for aerially applied insecticides in a conifer-dominated forest environment, the probability distribution curve based on empirical data presented here can be used to refine the characterization of exposure scenarios from which effects estimates can be derived.     

A simple empirical model to predict forest insecticide ground-level deposition from a compendium of field data

Deposit data from 205 aerial forest insecticide applications conducted in field trials by the Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre over a 15-year period are summarized. Deposit measurements were taken under "worst case" scenarios in the sense that direct applications were made over water bodies, and ground samplers were intentionally placed in open or cleared areas of forest. The median % deposit on shoreline collectors (32 separate applications) was 5.7%, on mid-stream collectors (44 separate applications) was 6.2%, and on forest floor collectors (129 separate applications) was 4.9%. Forest floor deposit was most closely associated with application rate and droplet size (r = 0.624, p < 0.001 and r = 0.662, p = 0.011, respectively) but these variables combined only explained 44% of the variation in deposit. Data from all three collector types were grouped by 10% deposit increments and combined to provide a data set from all deposition scenarios. A negative exponential model was fitted to the proportion of these combined sites regressed on % deposit in 10% increments and plotted as a deposit probability distribution curve (p < 0.001, r2 = 0.992). The probability distribution curve indicated that 5-10% deposit would be expected about 57-91% of the time, whereas 50% deposit or greater would be expected about 2% of the time or less. In a probabilistic risk assessment for aerially applied insecticides in a conifer-dominated forest environment, the probability distribution curve based on empirical data presented here can be used to refine the characterization of exposure scenarios from which effects estimates can be derived.     

基于SWAT模型的观澜河流域城市面源污染负荷量化及影响效应评估

随着我国城市区域污水收集、截污系统的完善与水质净化厂出水标准的提高,点源污染逐步得到控制,城市面源污染对河流水质的影响越来越凸显。针对当前城市内河流集水区域城市面源污染负荷难以量化、对水体水质影响效应难以解析等问题,以深圳市观澜河流域为研究对象,通过对流域的现场勘察调研与地表累积物采样研究,来修正流域土地利用类型数据与SWAT模型的城镇数据库,构建流域城市面源污染评价模型。结果表明：SWAT模型城镇数据库中地表沉积物最大累积量(DIRTMX)、地表沉积物中总氮含量(TNCONC)、地表灰尘累积半饱和时长(TNALF)与地表灰尘总磷含量(TPCONC)对TN与TP负荷的模拟最为敏感;建立的SWAT模型对观澜河流域径流量、TP与TN模拟验证期的纳什效率系数(E_NS)分别为0.79、0.7、0.67,决定系数(R²)分别为0.81、0.77、0.81,模型拟合结果较好。应用SWAT模型分析了2018年观澜河流域TN和TP的城市面源污染时空分布特征：TN和TP输出最高值为13.31~14.91 t·km⁻²和1.69~1.86 t·km⁻²;8月份观澜河流域降雨径流污染最为严重,TN和TP负荷分别为2.15 t·km⁻²与0.24 t·km⁻²。上述评估结果可为区域城市面源污染的负荷量化与影响效应评估提供参考。     

The use of a lacertid lizard as a model for reptile ecotoxicology studies: part 2--biomarkers of exposure and toxicity among pesticide exposed lizards

As part of a wider study examining the impacts of corn pesticides on lacertid lizards in north-western Portugal, we examined various physiological, biochemical, and histological biomarkers of exposure and effect among field populations of Podarcis bocagei. Biomarkers included body condition index, standard metabolic rate, locomotor performance, parasitization, glutathione oxidative pathways and related enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation and liver and testis histology. Few of the various biomarkers investigated provided statistically significant evidence of toxic effect. However, using a weight of evidence approach, we conclude that pesticides are affecting lizards living in the vicinity of pesticide exposed corn agriculture sites. Lizards from these locations present a profile of animals under metabolic stress with reduced condition indices, increased standard metabolic rate, lower incidence of hepatocyte vacuolation, altered iron metabolism, increased activation of GSH oxidation pathways, and even increased prevalence of hemoparasites.     

Purification of leachate from sludge treatment beds by subsurface flow constructed wetlands: effects of plants and hydraulic retention time

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Sludge treatment beds (STBs) have been used widely in many countries due to low energy consumption, low operating and maintenance costs, and better...     

Combined photo-Fenton and biological oxidation for pesticide degradation: effect of photo-treated intermediates on biodegradation kinetics

Biodegradability of a partially photo-oxidized pesticide mixture is demonstrated and the effect of photo-Fenton treatment time on growth and substrate consumption of the bacteria Pseudomonas putida CECT 324 is shown. Four commercial pesticides, laition, metasystox, sevnol and ultracid, usually employed in citric orchards in eastern Spain, were chosen for these experiments. The active ingredients are, respectively, dimethoate, oxydemeton-methyl, carbaryl and methidathion. Judging by biomass measurements, dissolved organic carbon measurements and biodegradation efficiency, it may be concluded that 90min相似文献   

Verification of a three-dimensional transport model using tetroon data from project state

During August 1978, The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) conducted a major field study at the Cumberland Steam Plant of the Tennessee Valley Authority. This study, known as the Tennessee Plume Study, was conducted as part of the EPA Sulfur Transport and Transformation in the Environment (STATE) Project. The field experiments included the release and tracking of tetroons from Cumberland during numerous intervals within the period of the study. On 15 August, 10 tetroons were released, traveling distances ranging from less than 25 km to in excess of 200 km. The tetroon position data were compared with three-dimensional (3-D) kinematic trajectory predictions from a 3-D regional-scale dynamic model. The average directional error was 7° where the maximum error was 14° and an error of less than 2° prevailed for 2 trajectories. The average displacement error was 9 % of the observed path of the tetroon, with the maximum being 30% and an error of 3% or less prevailing for 4 trajectories.     

催化湿式氧化吡虫啉农药废水催化剂的研究

通过共沉淀法制备了用于湿式氧化吡虫啉农药废水的Cu/Mn复合氧化物催化剂,研究了沉淀剂种类、沉淀温度、焙烧温度和活性组分配比等因素等对Cu/Mn复合氧化物催化剂的活性及稳定性的影响,确定了最佳制备条件,利用BET比表面积测定和XRD对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,优化条件制备的Cu/Mn复合氧化物催化剂催化湿式氧化处理吡虫啉农药废水时,具有较高的催化活性和稳定性.催化剂用量4 g/L,反应温度190℃,氧分压1.6 MPa,反应120 min,COD去除率为92.3%,活性组分溶出量较小.