SCR系统中烟气组分对零价汞氧化效率的影响研究

通过模拟选择性催化还原(SCR)系统,研究烟气组分中HCl、SO2、NO以及O2对于烟气中零价汞(Hg0)氧化效率的影响。实验结果表明:HCl会明显促进Hg0的氧化效率,随着HCl浓度的增大,Hg0的氧化效率呈大幅度上升的趋势,但会逐渐趋于一个常量;SO2的存在会明显抑制Hg0的氧化,当SO2的浓度由105.0 mg/m3升高到525.0 mg/m3时,Hg0的氧化率由93.3%下降到86.7%;NO对于Hg0的氧化有一定的促进作用,当NO浓度由149.2 mg/m3升高到298.4 mg/m3时,Hg0的氧化率由86.7%升高到93.3%;O2是提高Hg0氧化率必不可少的条件,O2含量的增加可以明显促进Hg0的氧化。正交实验表明:4种主要烟气成分对Hg0氧化效率的影响作用排序为:HClO2SO2NO,获得汞的最大氧化效率实验方案为:HCl、O2、SO2、NO的浓度分别为4.8 mg/m3、5%、105.0 mg/m3和186.5 mg/m3。     

气相组分对非热等离子体氧化气相元素汞的影响

采用线串齿轮-管式正极性流光放电反应器产生非热等离子体,考察了放电等离子体参与下烟气中各组分对元素汞氧化的影响.结果表明, CO2的加入和高浓度的NO导致作用于汞的活性粒子减少,从而阻碍元素汞的氧化.在等离子体作用下,部分CO2会与活性粒子作用而转化为CO.加入NO浓度为670mg/m3,电压升高到9.5kV时,仅有37%的元素汞被氧化. SO2的加入能促进元素汞的氧化,而且伴随SO2的氧化和白色HgSO4和Hg2SO4的生成,电压升高到10kV时,反应器出口基本检测不到元素汞. H2O和HCI也具有促进元素汞氧化的作用,这可能是因为氧化性· OH形成得到促进和反应气氛中存在C1-离子.部分元素汞和氧化态汞在荷电后会被等离子体反应器捕集,因此等离子体作用后,气相总汞浓度显著降低.     

电晕放电与络合催化联合同时去除烟气中SO_2、NO实验研究

采用电晕放电与液相络合催化协同同时去除烟气中SO2和NO,电压、水流量、乙二胺合钴浓度、pH、SO2和NO初始浓度以及气流量对同时去除SO2和NO效率的影响进行了实验研究.结果表明:NO去除率随着放电电压、水流量、乙二胺合钴浓度、pH的增加而增加,而随SO2和NO初始浓度、烟气流量的增大而减小;SO2去除率也随放电电压,水流量的增加而增加,随烟气流量的增加而下降,但溶液pH,SO2和NO初始浓度和乙二胺合钴浓度对其影响很小.溶液中加入Mn2+和尿素能分别增强SO2和NO的去除效果.最佳条件为:电压25 kV、水流量80 L·h-1,乙二胺合钴浓度0.02 mol·L-1,烟气流量1.0 m3·h-1、尿素浓度0.02 mol·L-1,Mn2+浓度为0.02 mol·L-1时,NO和SO2去除率分别可达68%和94%,对应能量消耗分别为22.2 g·k Wh-1和75.2 g·k Wh-1.     

脉冲电晕放电协同烟气脱硫脱硝试验研究

脉冲电晕放电对PM2.5具有一定的凝并作用,与直流静电除尘器相结合可以提高燃煤电厂烟气中粉尘的脱除效率.基于脉冲电晕放电还可以将烟气中的NO、SO2氧化成NO2、SO3等易吸收的物质成分,与传统的液相吸收洗涤技术相结合可提高NO、SO2的脱除效率.文中进行了脉冲电晕放电协同烟气脱硫脱硝的试验研究,研究了影响NO、SO2转化效率的主要因素.实验结果表明,提高脉冲峰值电压、脉冲频率、脉冲放电电极数目.延长停留时间.降低气体初始浓度有助于提高NO、SO2的转化效率;增加空气湿度可以显著提高SO2的转化效率.在本试验中,当NO、SO2初始浓度为150×10-6左右时,其相应的转化效率可以分别达到70%、90%.     

酸-碘改性壳聚糖-膨润土脱除单质汞特性及机理分析

为探明烟气中酸性气体(SO2,NO,HCl)和H2O对酸-碘改性壳聚糖-膨润土吸附剂脱除单质汞(Hg0)的影响和脱除机理,在小型固定床试验台架上开展了Hg0脱除的实验研究.结果表明:由于SO2与Hg0在吸附剂表面活性位上存在竞争吸附,SO2抑制吸附剂对Hg0的脱除.H2O和较高浓度(1000μg/m3)的NO对脱汞具有明显地促进作用.由于低温下HCl与Hg0较高的反应能垒,HCl对脱汞没有影响.与单一烟气成分影响相比,在SO2、NO、HCl和H2O的联合作用下,吸附剂的长时间脱汞性能得到大幅提高.机理分析表明壳聚糖首先被酸中的H+质子化,之后再吸附酸与KI反应生成的I2,进而有效地吸附Hg0.量子化学计算表明壳聚糖在酸性条件下对I2具有良好的吸附特性,改性壳聚糖吸附剂对Hg0具有较好的吸附能力,其吸附能约为127kJ/mol.     

2006─2010年环保重点城市主要污染物浓度变化特征

利用2006─2010年全国环保重点城市的空气质量日报数据,分析了大气ρ(SO2)、ρ(NO2)和ρ(PM10)的变化特征. 结果表明:从年际变化看,ρ(SO2)和ρ(PM10)呈下降趋势,ρ(NO2)变化不显著.从季节变化看,ρ(SO2)、ρ(NO2)和ρ(PM10)均呈冬季高、夏季低的特征.从浓度谱分布看,全国大气中ρ(SO2)、ρ(NO2)和ρ(PM10)分别集中在0～0.150、0～0.100和0～0.250 mg/m3范围内,ρ(SO2)和ρ(PM10)谱峰区间逐渐向低浓度范围偏移,高浓度事件逐渐减少,表明SO2和PM10污染得到较明显的控制,而ρ(NO2)谱峰变化不大.从浓度变化看,山西ρ(SO2)、ρ(NO2)和ρ(PM10)下降最明显,年变化率分别为-11.2、-3.6和-14.2 μg/m3;青海ρ(SO2)、山东ρ(NO2)和ρ(PM10)的上升趋势最明显,年变化率分别为4.4、2.7和4.5 μg/m3.      

气相组分对氨吸收同步脱除模拟烟气SO2 和NOx 的影响

在pH值5.9～6.1,吸收液浓度≥1 mol·L-1的条件下,分析了模拟烟气的NOx氧化度、O2和SO2浓度,以及添加液相S(Ⅳ)氧化抑制剂Na2S2O3对SO2、NOx吸收脱除效率的影响.结果表明,氨可高效吸收脱除SO2和NO2,但对NO的吸收脱除效率几乎为0,因此,NO氧化是其吸收脱除NOx的前提.吸收液S(Ⅳ)浓度是影响NO2脱除效率的关键因素,气相O2浓度越高或SO2浓度越低,吸收液S(Ⅳ)浓度降低越快,继而使NO2吸收脱除效率降低越快.通过添加S(Ⅳ)氧化抑制剂S2O23-到吸收液,可在一定程度上抑制其氧化,从而延缓NO2吸收脱除效率的降低.     

燃煤烟气喷射废水协同氧化元素汞试验研究

在热态燃煤试验炉上,利用OHM法、氢化物发生-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(HG-ICP-AES)法,研究了原煤燃烧气态单质Hg(Hg0)、气态二价Hg(Hg2+)及颗粒态Hg(Hgp)分布特性,废水中Cl与Na浓度、烟气中SO2与NO对Hg0的氧化影响。结果表明,试验燃煤F、Cl浓度低,1#和2#燃煤烟气中Hg0占输入总Hg(HgT)比例分别为68.3%和80.6%,而Hg2+比例仅占22.2%和13.1%;在烟气中喷射丙烯酸钠和萘磺酸钠废水的液气比为0.028 Lm3时,1#和2#燃煤烟气Hg2+所占比例分别达到80%和75%以上,而HgP的比例变化不显著;当喷射废水液气比为0.028 Lm3时,1#和2#燃煤烟气的SO2浓度下降11.4%~15.7%和12.2%~17.7%,促进了Cl对Hg0的氧化;而NO对Hg0的氧化不显著。     

粉煤灰负载Fe2O3脱除气态单质汞的试验研究

在固定床反应器中研究了利用燃煤电厂固废粉煤灰(FA)负载Fe2O3所制备的Fe2O3/FA催化剂对气态Hg0的脱除情况,发现Fe2O3/FA具有较高的脱除Hg0的能力.同时,考察了Fe2O3负载量、温度、空速、Hg0浓度、烟气成分等对Fe2O3/FA脱除Hg0的影响.结果表明,Fe2O3/FA对Hg0的脱除能力随Fe2O3负载量(1%~10%)的增加和温度(120~200℃)的升高而增强;Fe2O3/FA在较低的空速和Hg0浓度条件下表现出了更高的脱除Hg0的活性;HCl和O2促进了Fe2O3/FA对Hg0的脱除,而SO2和H2O抑制了Fe2O3/FA对Hg0的脱除.逐级化学提取实验结果证实,Fe2O3将Hg0氧化为Hg2+的化合物并吸附在FA上,这是Fe2O3/FA具有较高的脱除Hg0能力的原因.     

多针-水膜电极电晕放电脱硫研究

采用不锈钢多针作为高压电极系统,水膜为低压电极.负直流高压电源供电,含二氧化硫(SO2)的污染气体从高压电极系统的轴向进入,沿着电晕放电电场从水膜上方通过,在电晕放电等离子体和水吸收共同作用下,生成硫酸使SO2得到脱除.主要研究了放电电压、气体中SO2初始浓度和气体在电极系统的停留时间对脱硫效果的影响,并测试了水中SO32-和SI42-离子浓度,分析SO2脱除机制.结果表明,电晕放电和水吸收对SO2脱除具有很好的协同作用,脱硫效果明显升高,SO2转变生成硫酸量的体积分数提高;脱硫效果随电压增加和停留时间的增加而增加,初始浓度对脱硫效果有影响.当SO2初始浓度(体积分数)为430×10-6,施加电压为14.5 kV,停留时间为7.5 s时,脱硫效率达90%以上.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.