超临界水氧化法水处理技术进展

介绍了超临界水的特性和超临界水氧化法水处理技术的原理与工艺流程;着重论述了催化剂在超临界水氧化法中的应用,以及在超临界状态下材料的腐蚀研究现状;展望了这一新型水处理技术的发展前景。     

多水源用水网络优化模型研究

为了解决含有多类供水水源的用水网络优化设计问题,研究了过程工业用水特点,将各用水单元看成水阱,各单元的排水看成潜在水源,从而将供水问题转化为水阱和水源的匹配问题,建立用于多水源用水网络优化的配水模型,并详细阐述该模型应用步骤及其特点。     

海南岛南渡江海口水域水质评价

采用等斜率灰色聚类法,以地面水环境质量标准ＧＢ３８３８－８８为评价标准,对海南岛南渡江海口水域１９９３年枯水水质进行了评价,得出结论：５个测不质全部为Ⅰ类水质。     

Mechanical Properties, Water Vapor Permeability and Water Affinity of Feather Keratin Films Plasticized with Sorbitol

In poultry industry chicken feathers are normally hydrolyzed and used to prepare animal feed. In this work the use of this material to prepare films was investigated. Keratins were extracted from chicken feathers with 2-mercaptoethanol in concentrated urea solution using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The effect of varying the amount of sorbitol on properties of chicken feather keratin (CFK) was investigated. As the concentration of plasticizer increased, the moisture content (MC) of these films increase, the monolayer MC increased from 0.060 (without plasticizer) to 0.482 g water/g dry matter (0.30 g sorbitol/g keratin). The water vapor permeability (WVP) varied between 0.096 g/m s Pa and 8.098 g/m s Pa for films without sorbitol and with 0.30 g sorbitol/g keratin, respectively. Film strength decreased from 5.13 MPa to 0.45 MPa and the elongation at break achieved the maximum value of 52.75% for samples with 0.02 g sorbitol/g keratin. The dry matter density didn’t change significantly, varying between 0.86–0.89 g/cm³ for all samples. Films with potential applications in food packaging can be obtained from CFKs. However, further researches are necessary to decrease film solubility and increase mechanical resistance.     

水夹点技术研究进展

水夹点技术是一种优化企业用水系统、以提高水的重复利用率为目标的过程集成技术。综述了水夹点技术的研究进展,重点介绍了浓度组合曲线法、用水和水源组合曲线法、D—S组合曲线法、新图解目标法、中水道技术、基因算法工具箱等方法,展望了水夹点技术的研究发展趋势。     

Remediation of MTBE-Contaminated Water and Soil

As the number of leaking underground fuel tank sites with methyl tertiary butyl ehter (MTBE) contamination continues to grow, there is a need to develop cost-effective solutions for treatment of soil and water contamination. MTBE poses special challenges because of its physicochemical properties, in particular high solubility and low Henry's constant, low affinity for sorption, and very slow rate of microbial degradation. Advanced oxidation processes tend to generate undesirable by-products. Based on laboratory studies with hollow fiber membranes (HFM), a field-scale unit was constructed and tested at a number of sites, to determine the effectiveness of this technology in dealing with MTBE contamination. In addition, to treat the soil contamination, the HFM unit was coupled with a Spray Aeration Vapor Extraction (SAVE) unit, which is based on an internal combustion engine. The engine provides the means to treat soil vapors, as well as organic vapors from the spray aeration and HFM units. The overall treatment objectives of 5μg/l for MTBE and 1 μg/l for benzene were achieved with a treatment train consisting of an ion exchange unit, a spray aeration system, a hollow fiber membrane module and two granular activated carbon (GAC) units, for flowrates ranging from 3.8 to 30 l/min (1 to 8 gal/min). The ion exchange unit sewed to reduce water hardness and avoid scaling in the subsequent treatment units, extending the run-time of the entire system. Overall removal efficiencies for the spray aeration system and hollow fiber membrane module ranged from 85 to over 99 percent. High removal efficiencies (> 97%) were obtained at elevated water temperatures (54°C) or lower flowrates (up to 11 l/min). The GAC units were used only to polish the effluent and meet the discharge requirements. Soil, water, and gas phases are treated with this system. Cost estimates are provided for similar treatment processes, for water flowrates up to 38 l/min (10 gal/min). © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

生物法处理油田采出水

用生物法处理石西油田采出水（简称采出水）,通过中试试验考察了采出水的处理效果。试验结果表明：处理水量为2．5m^3／h、进水中COD小于600mg／L时,出水中COD一般稳定在90～120mg／L,COD去除率一般在70％以上;出水中挥发酚、油质量浓度分别为0．007～0．219,0．1～1．8mg／L,达到GB8978--1996（污水综合排放标准》中的二级标准。对油去除效果较好的SYB,SYG,SYJ均为杆状单生鞭毛铜绿假单胞菌。     

Water vapor permeability of biodegradable polymers

The water vapor transmission rates (WVTR) of several biodegradable polymers were evaluated to determine their suitability as water-resistant coatings and to understand WVTR better in terms of polymer structure. Values of WVTR at 25‡C ranged from 13 to 2900 g/m² /day and increased in the order PHBV PLA (cryst.) PLA (amorph.) PCL Bionolle BAK 1095 CAP CA. Values of WVTR were positively correlated with higher polymer solubility parameters, lower crystallinities, and higher free volumes. Although the WVTR of biodegradable polymers are much higher than those of good barrier materials such as low-density polyethylene, they are sufficient for short-term (hours to days) protection of polysaccharide-based materials against water. Product names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by the USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable.     

Interactions between Sediment and Water: Perspectives on the 10th International Association for Sediment Water Science Symposium

The 10^th International Symposium on Interactions Between Sediment and Water was held in Lake Bled, Slovenia from August 28 to September 3, 2005. Approximately 155 delegates, attended the symposium where talks and posters addressed five themes incorporating the physical, chemical, biological, and/or management aspects of lacustrine, reverine, estuarine, and/or marine sediment were presented. A review of the symposium themes and plenary talks was provided. As well, this symposiums’ focus is put into context with respect to historical changes noted over the 29 years that the International Association for Sediment Water Science (IASWS) has been meeting.     

Water movement through an experimental soil liner

A field-scale soil liner was constructed to test whether compacted soil barriers in cover and liner systems could be built to meet the U.S. EPA saturated hydraulic conductivity requirement (⩽ 1 × 10⁻⁷ cm s⁻¹). The 8 × 15 × 0.9 m liner was constructed in 15 cm compacted lifts using a 20,037 kg pad-foot compactor and standard engineering practices. Water infiltration into the liner has been monitored for one year. Monitoring will continue until water break through at the base of the liner occurs. Estimated saturated hydraulic conductivities were 2.5 × 10⁻⁹, 4.0 × 10⁻⁸, and 5.0 × 10⁻⁸ cm s⁻¹ based on measurements of water infiltration into the liner by large- and small-ring infiltrometers and a water balance analysis, respectively.Also investigated in this research was the variability of the liner's hydraulic properties and estimates of the transit times for water and tracers. Small variances exhibited by small-ring flux data suggested that the liner was homogeneous with respect to infiltration fluxes. The predictions of water and tracer breakthrough at the base of the liner ranged from 2.4–12.6 y, depending on the method of calculation and assumptions made. The liner appeared to be saturated to a depth between 18 and 33 cm at the end of the first year of monitoring. Transit time calculations cannot be verified yet, since breakthrough has not occurred. The work conducted so far indicates that compacted soil barriers can be constructed to meet the saturated hydraulic conductivity requirement established by the U.S. EPA.     

Rheological Studies of Microfibrillar Cellulose Water Dispersions

The rheological behaviour of microfibrillar cellulose (MFC) water dispersions has been investigated. For the first time a detailed study of shear dependent viscosity at low and high shear rate is presented. A peculiar time dependent behaviour measured in the area between 0 and 1000 s⁻¹ was identified. The study shows a hysteresis loop in the shear rate–viscosity relationship at low shear rate. Additional time dependent shear rate measurements were performed, and a hypothesis for a mechanism of interaction and formation of a fibrils network was suggested. Higher temperature caused lower viscosity values, and this difference was increased at higher shear rate values. Oscillatory measurements showed how the closeness of the fibrils helps network creations. Data obtained from high shear measurements showed that 1% MFC water dispersions had a dilatant behaviour at ultra high shear rates with values increasing from 120 to 300 Pa s in the area between 180,000 and 330,000 s⁻¹ .     

微生物絮凝剂在水处理中的应用

系统介绍了微生物絮凝剂的特性、絮凝机理及影响絮凝效果的因素,列举并分析了微生物絮凝剂的应用实例。微生物絮凝剂具有安全、高效、不污染环境等特点。产生絮凝剂的微生物种类多,生长快,易于实现产业化,因而微生物絮凝剂正日益受到人们的重视。     

亚硫酸盐测定中水样的预处理

考察各物质在测定水中亚硫酸盐含量时产生的干扰。实验结果表明,亚硝酸、S^2-、COO^-均会对测定结果产生干扰,采用吹扫-酸化-水浴加热-吸收的预处理方法,可消除这些物质产生的干扰;本方法的适用范围为0~5mg/L（以SO₃^2-）,最低检出限为0.1mg/L;测定结果的相对标准偏差均在2%以内,加标回收率为98.1%~103.6%。     

Biodegradable Water Soluble Copolymer for Antimicrobial Applications

Synthesis and characterization of novel biodegradable, water soluble and optically active DL-malic acid (DMA) and citric acid (CA) copolymers were studied for possible use as antibacterial agents. The copolymers were synthesized by direct bulk melt condensation in the absence of a catalyst above 150 °C. Characterization of obtained copolymers was carried out with the help of infrared absorption spectra, differential scanning calorimetry and thermo gravimetric analysis. The antibacterial activity of copolymers against bacteria was investigated. The results obtained shows the above copolymers possess a broad wound dressing activity against different types of bacteria and may be useful as antibacterial agents.     

Water Vapour Transport in Biopolymeric Materials: Effects of Thickness and Water Vapour Pressure Gradient on Yeast Biomass-Based Films

Journal of Polymers and the Environment - Biopolymer-based films are hydrophilic biodegradable matrices that exhibit poor water vapour barrier. Ideally, water vapour permeability does not depend on...     

石油化工企业的节水减排

概述了石油化工行业的用水及节水减排现状,分析了目前条件下节水减排工作存在的主要问题,提出了采用清洁生产技术、节水技术、优化用水排水系统、废水资源化等节水减排的具体措施。     

Thorium(IV) Recovery from Water and Sea Water Using Surface Modified Nanocellulose/Nanobentonite Composite: Process Design

Thorium(Th) contamination in the ground water an emerging environmental issue and Th recovery from sea water and nuclear wastewater is of high significance, as it is a major player in the energy sector. For the adsorption and recovery of Th, polymer grafted bio materials are reported as most efficient materials. P(IA/MAA)-g-NC/NB was prepared and all the steps in the synthetic routes were monitored using FTIR, SEM–EDS, and XRD, TG. Efficiency in removal of Th(IV) by P(IA/MAA)-g-NC/NB was tested by batch adsorption technique. The pH dependent Th(IV) adsorption process, was optimized at 4.5 and adsorption equilibrium was achieved within 120 min. Experimental kinetic data correlates well with pseudo-second-order equation, indicates adsorption was chemical process via ion exchange followed by complexation reaction, also could explain the film diffusion process of adsorption. Sips isotherm proved to best fit for the adsorption of Th(IV) onto P(IA/MAA)-g-NC/NB with maximum adsorption capacity of 95.19 mg/g. Thermodynamic studies revealed the endothermic nature, feasibility and spontaneity of the adsorption process. ΔHx and ΔSx were decreased to a small extent from ?5.567 to ?3.439 kJ/mol and increased from 11.18 to 18.39 J/mol, respectively, with increase in surface loading from 50 to 70 mg/g, indicating that the surface of the onto P(IA/MAA)-g-NC/NB is having energetically heterogeneous surface and there may be some lateral interactions between the adsorbed Th(IV) ions Repeated adsorption–desorption study over six cycles, adsorption percentage decreases from 99.0 to 94.6 %, proved the efficiency of P(IA/MAA)-g-NC/NB as an effective adsorbent for the removal and recovery of Th(IV) from aqueous solutions. Complete removal of Th(IV) ions from seawater containing 10 mg/L with a dose of 0.25 g/L P(IA/MAA)-g-NC/NB achieved. Batch adsorption system as double stage reactor designed from the adsorption isotherm data of Th(IV) by constructing operational lines. From these could be concluded that P(IA/MAA)-g-NC/NB is a promising candidate for the effective removal and removal of Th(IV) from industrial effluents phase and sea water. The maximum adsorption capacity Qs for Ceralite IRC-50 calculated which was found to be 179.67 mg/g which are considerably lower than those for P(IA/MAA)-g-NC/NB.     

油田采出水回用技术研究进展

综述了离子交换技术、膜技术、冷冻技术和蒸馏技术等油田废水回用技术的研究进展,并对油田采出水回用技术的发展方向进行了展望。     

水膜除尘装置的技术改造

针对水膜除尘器在实际应用中存在的除尘效率低，风机带水，系统阻力大等问题，在分析原因的基础上，对文丘里洗涤器、除尘器等进行了技术改造。实践证明，改造后除尘器的除尘效率达到95％，烟尘质量浓度为72－93mg/m^3，低于国家排放标准。