双重抑制下亚硝化系统的启动及运行特性

采用连续进水（feed-batch）方式的SBR,在高氨氮负荷（1 kg·（m3·d）-1）和双重抑制下实现了亚硝化系统的启动及稳定运行。采用荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）对活性污泥中氨氧化菌（AOB）和亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）种群及数量变化进行测定。结果表明,在温度（35±1）℃,进水氨氮浓度为1 000 mg·L-1的条件下,对NOB的抑制由游离亚硝酸（FNA）和DO的双重抑制转变为游离氨（FA）和DO的双重抑制,污泥亚硝酸盐氧化速率由28.16 mg·（g·h）-1（以MLVSS计）降到0.3 mg·（g·h）-1（以MLVSS计）以下,成功实现了高氨氮废水的稳定亚硝化。反应器出水NO2--N平均浓度为466.45 mg·L-1,NO2--N/NH4+-N接近1,NO3--N浓度低于20 mg·L-1,满足厌氧氨氧化（ANAMMOX）的进水基质要求。FISH结果表明,富集培养阶段AOB、NOB的优势种属由亚硝化单胞菌属（Nitrosomonas）及硝化螺旋菌属（Nitrospira）转变为Nitrosomonas及硝化杆菌属（Nitrobacter）,抑制过程中NOB逐渐被淘汰,最终硝化菌以Nitrosomonas为主,从微生物学角度佐证了亚硝化的稳定运行。     

饮食业后堂噪声综合控制技术研究

分析了饮食业后堂噪声的频率特性,采取隔声、吸声、消声控制技术和防油雾措施,并独创设计了一种排油烟通风复合消声器,解决了同时排油烟和降噪的难题,得出了饮食业后堂噪声综合控制的有效工艺。经2年的实际应用证明,降噪能力强,可满足60dB(A)的区域环境标准的要求,效果稳定,是一项值得推广的技术。特别是排油烟通风复合消声器、通风消声窗及“声闸”的设计参数,可在同类噪声控制中推广应用。     

短程硝化过程中NO-2-N高效富集的工艺条件实验研究

针对厌氧氨氧化工艺需要提供充足的亚硝酸盐氮为电子受体的问题,利用培养基对SBR中具有一定短程硝化功能的污泥进行富集培养,得到氨氧化菌和亚硝酸盐氧化菌的数量之比为104︰1,并研究了工艺条件对短程硝化的影响,结果表明,适合氨氧化菌生长的最佳温度为30℃、pH为7.5、nHCO^-₃/nNH⁺₄-N值为1。以适合氨氧化菌生长的最佳环境条件优化SBR,在进水氨氮浓度为250 mg/L时,氨氮的转化率达到90％以上,亚硝酸盐氮积累率维持在85％以上,反应器中氨氧化菌与亚硝酸盐氧化菌的数量之比为10³∶1,亚硝酸盐的高效积累为厌氧氨氧化工艺处理高氨废水的过程提供了稳定的电子受体。     

西部可持续发展与人力资本开发

从可持续发展角度出发，讨论了西部开发面临着人口、资源与环境等方面的巨大压力，指出随着科学技术发展，传统的自然资本和物质资本的竞争将被人力资本所替代，人力资本在可持续发展中发挥着重要作用，开发人力资本才是实现西部可持续发展的战略选择。     

Influence of operating conditions on nitrous oxide formation during nitritation and nitrification

Nitrous oxide (N₂O), a strong greenhouse gas, can be produced by ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) as a by-product of ammonium oxidation and can potentially be formed in all types of nitrification processes. However, partial nitritation has been reported to cause significantly higher N₂O emissions than complete nitrification. In the study presented here, the mechanisms and factors that drive N₂O formation by AOB were investigated with respect to different operational strategies to achieve nitrite accumulation base on combined evaluation of oxygen uptake rate (OUR) and N₂O formation rate. On the one hand, N₂O formation during partial nitritation and nitrification in a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with continuous aerobic conditions was observed. On the other hand, the effect of intermittent aeration on N₂O formation during nitrification was investigated. The presence of nitrite, the extend of sludge-specific ammonium loading, low oxygen concentration, and transition from aerobic to anoxic conditions significantly increased N₂O formation in this reactor independently from each other, indicating that different formation pathways, supposedly via nitrite or hydroxylamine, were active.     

Long-term efficiency of catalytic converters operating in Mexico City

A 1999 ordinance by the Government of Mexico City bans 1993 model-year vehicles from on-road operation if their catalytic converters are not replaced with new ones. To validate the benefits of this action, we examined three issues related to exhaust emissions of vehicles equipped with catalytic converters. After selecting representative fleets of in-use vehicles, a comparison between emissions and catalyst efficiency in cars with two categories of exhaust emission limits was carried out. For that purpose, two fleets were selected, each made up of 10 vehicles run under similar conditions. A third, larger fleet with emissions control systems was used to evaluate and simulate real-world conditions of vehicles in a controlled laboratory. Finally, the aging effect on the catalytic converter was studied on vehicles run for 100,000 km, replacing their old emission control devices for new ones. The 1991-1992 model-year vehicles showed a high percentage of compliance with the corresponding emissions standard (90%) in comparison with 1993 model-year and later vehicles (Tier 0). However, NOx emissions were higher for the newer vehicles. Fifty percent of the 1991-1992 model-year vehicles evaluated under the official inspection/maintenance (I/M) procedure did not meet the regulated emissions standard when the results were compared with those of the U.S. Federal Test Procedure FTP-75. Our results suggest that the replacement of old catalytic converters with new ones will have little effect on decreasing polluting emissions because these vehicles were in very bad mechanical condition. Results of catalytic activity as a function of mileage indicated inefficient catalyst performance for the fleets tested. All pollutant conversions were below 90% efficiency, and they deteriorated by an average of 30% after the vehicles were run for 100,000 km.     

Two-phase simulations of an off-nominally operating dissolved-air flotation tank

The flow patterns of the contaminated water and the air bubbles inside a large-scale Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) tank were examined using CFD modelling. The DAF tank was operating off-nominally in the sense that it was supplied with bubbles larger than originally designed for. Attention was drawn to the location for air injection and the effect of having more than one-size bubbles in the tank, regarding the good contact between phases and the subsequent bubble recovery at the tank free surface. The role of the inclination of the internal baffle of the tank and liquid flow rate was also examined.     

Capital and Operating Costs of Selected Air Pollution Control Systems-III

Pollution control systems will normally require some auxiliary equipment to capture and carry the gas stream to the control device. In general, this auxiliary equipment will consist of a hood or similar device to isolate and collect the pollutant-laden gas, ductwork to convey the gas stream to the control device, and dampers to control and modulate the flow. In this article, the equipment cost of canopy hoods, ducting, and dampers will be considered, together with their effect on the size, cost, and operation of the control device.     

低污泥产量印染废水处理工艺与运行条件

采用UASB反应器+三段好氧+混凝沉淀组合工艺处理印染工业园废水,对污泥减量化进行探索。结果表明,工程运行中,通过控制运行参数、以及运用UASB水解酸化反应器及生物捕食技术,在出水稳定在《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级A标准时,该系统处理每吨污水污泥产量为1 046 g。     

低能耗印染废水处理工艺与运行条件

采用UASB反应器+三段好氧+混凝沉淀组合工艺处理印染工业园废水。结果表明,工程运行中,通过导流墙的设置,UASB水解酸化反应器的运行以及运行工况的控制,在出水稳定在《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级A标准时,该系统处理每吨污水电费为0.36元。     

城镇污水处理厂用地、运行及建设费用研究

汇总收集了国内已建城镇污水处理厂的大量资料,分析探讨了污水处理厂厂区占地面积、运行及建设费用与处理规模之间的关系,为今后污水处理厂的设计规划、工艺选择、建设费用分析等提供参考依据。研究表明污水处理厂厂区占地面积与处理规模可用函数表示,且具有较高的相关性。城镇污水处理厂所选用的工艺和处理规模对其运行成本有较大的影响,分别对大中小规模的污水处理厂在不同工艺下的运行成本进行分析,得出大规模污水处理厂的工艺选择对其运行成本影响不大;中规模污水处理厂易采用氧化沟工艺;小规模的污水处理厂适合采用SBR工艺。建设费用与污水处理规模有密切关系,由于建设费用受多种因素影响,又以江浙地区为例,对其建设费用与污水处理规模之间关系进行具体分析,对以上结论给予一定的补充。     

Regulated and unregulated emissions from an internal combustion engine operating on ethanol-containing fuels

In the present work, the effect of ethanol addition to gasoline on regulated and unregulated emissions is studied. A 4-cylinder OPEL 1.6 L internal combustion engine equipped with a hydraulic brake dynamometer was used in all the experiments. For exhaust emissions treatment a typical three-way catalyst was used. Among the various compounds detected in exhaust emissions, the following ones were monitored at engine and catalyst outlet: methane, hexane, ethylene, acetaldehyde, acetone, benzene, 1,3-butadiene, toluene, acetic acid and ethanol. Addition of ethanol in the fuel up to 10% w/w had as a result an increase in the Reid vapour pressure of the fuel, which indicates indirectly increased evaporative emissions, while carbon monoxide tailpipe emissions were decreased. For ethanol-containing fuels, acetaldehyde emissions were appreciably increased (up to 100%), especially for fuel containing 3% w/w ethanol. In contrast, aromatics emissions were decreased by ethanol addition to gasoline. Methane and ethanol were the most resistant compounds to oxidation while ethylene was the most degradable compound over the catalyst. Ethylene, methane and acetaldehyde were the main compounds present at engine exhaust while methane, acetaldehyde and ethanol were the main compounds in tailpipe emissions for ethanol fuels after the catalyst operation.     

实际工况下内河航行船舶NOx排放测试与分析

为获得NOx的排放特征,利用便携式排放测试系统（PEMS）对7艘京杭运河中航行的内河船舶进行了实际工况下的排放测试。测量结果表明：进、离港工况下NO和NO2的浓度波动明显,而在巡航工况下NO浓度保持稳定且处于较高的排放水平。巡航工况下NO的基于时间的平均排放因子分别是进港和离港工况排放因子的3.22倍和1.74倍。而NO2离港工况下的平均排放因子分别是巡航工况和进港工况下的平均排放因子1.18倍和1.96倍。受到航行距离的影响,进港工况下NO和NO2基于距离的平均排放因子高于其他2个工况下的排放因子。当发动机处于高转速时,NO的排放因子最高,而NO2则在中转速下的排放因子最高。     

中国城镇污水处理厂运行状况调查分析

根据问卷调查资料和抽样监测数据,分析了中国城镇污水处理厂的工艺水平、实际运行负荷、水质稳定性以及剩余污泥处理处置等方面的现状与问题.通过调查分析可知,近年来,中国的城镇污水处理事业得到了前所未有的发展,但城镇污水处理工作中也存在着一些明显不足,其主要表现为:(1)由于配套管网建设滞后和运行费用不足等问题,导致实际污水处理量未能与污水处理能力保持同步增长.近1/3数量的污水处理厂的运行负荷率低于70%,造成1/4以上的污水处理能力被闲置.(2)污水处理厂出水水质的稳定性普遍不高,一些传统的处理工艺则更差.(3)污泥不经脱水即随意外运、乱弃的现象已有很大改观,但绝大部分污泥都未经稳定化处理,更为严重的是仍有少部分污泥无任何处置措施.     

Simultaneous carbon and nitrogen removal by anaerobic ammonium oxidation and denitrification under different operating strategies

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Real domestic wastewater was treated initially in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR), with partial nitrification achieved before the effluent was used...     

超声波工作参数对污泥中磷释放的影响

若能有效释放与回收污泥中的磷,对缓解磷资源短缺有重要意义。为获得较好的磷释放效果,本研究以剩余污泥为研究对象,考察了超声波法处理污泥过程中超声波作用时间和声能密度对磷释放的影响。实验结果表明,在超声波作用60 min内,污泥中的磷释放量随超声波作用时间的延长而明显增加;磷释放随声能密度的提高呈现先快后慢的上升趋势,声能密度在0.2~1.2 W/mL范围时,其对磷释放的贡献度随超声波作用时间的提高而降低;污泥所释放的磷以PO43--P为主,占所释放TP的59.5%~87.2%;污泥中磷的释放量随超声能量增大而提高,上升趋势为先快后慢,在相同超声能量下,低声能密度长超声波作用时间下的磷释放效果优于高声能密度短时间下的释放效果。     

Motor vehicle emissions under reduced ambient temperature idle operating conditions

During winter months, motor vehicles are typically operated with extended preliminary idle periods. Total hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and formaldehyde emissions are examined under idle operation at 20,40 and 68°F with six gasoline fueled vehicles (including non-catalyst, early catalyst and late model catalyst) and a methanol-fueled prototype vehicle. The emissions were substantially reduced by the late model catalyst control technologies at all temperatures examined. Formaldehyde emissions were elevated with methanol fuel.     

The study of operating variables in soil washing with EDTA

This study discusses the operating variables for removal of metals from soils using EDTA, including the type of EDTA, reaction time, solution pH, dose, temperature, agitation, ultrasound and number of extractions. For As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn, the removal efficiency order was: H₄-EDTA > Na₂EDTA > (NH₄)₂EDTA. At low EDTA concentrations the removal increased progressively with increasing dose while above 0.4 mmol/g only small increases in extraction efficiency were observed. EDTA induced a two-step process including a rapid desorption within the first hour, and a gradual release in the following hours. The extraction efficiency of metals decreased with increasing pH in the range of 2-10. Consecutive extractions using low concentrations were more effective than a single extraction with concentrated EDTA if the same dose of EDTA was used.