西部大开发中完善水资源市场的法律思考

文章从西部大开发干旱缺水问题入手，提出完善水资源市场的建议，在深入分析完善水资源市场的必要性和存在的问题的基础上，并对完善的具体措施进行了探讨。     

我国水资源可持续利用中的经济刺激制度

本文在对完善我国水资源可持续利用中的经济刺激制度的必要性进行分析的基础上，从建立明确、可交易的水权和水市场制度，制定合理的水资源价格税费制度以及建立水资源可持续利用责任保险制度等几方面提出完善我国水资源可持续利用中的经济刺激法律制度的具体措施，为我国水资源法制建设进行了有益探索。     

取水权流转的若干问题研究

取水权及流转制度是水权制度体系的重要内容.取水权是指利用取水工具和设施,从江河、湖泊和地下取用水资源的权利,其流转能促进水资源的有效配置和合理利用.流转市场的不完善特性可从水资源的多重价值和流转发展历史予以说明,流转市场的实质是"总量+贸易"市场.在建构取水权流转市场中,进行主体取水权利保护是效率的要求,对利益相关第三人保护则体现了公平,流转的全过程应坚持生态环境保护.取水权流转应结合我国水资源的实际状况,利用物权方法进行取水权利保护,通过构建补偿机制等进行利益相关第三人的保护,在完善环境法规的同时探索借助私权手段保护环境利益.     

浅论南水北调工程中的水资源配置管理

水资源短缺以及不同类型用水的价格差别，使得水市场被作为改进水的分配，减少缺水对经济影响的手段。本文正是以此为例重点，从对现有水资源配置管理分析入手，阐明南水北调工程中的水资源合理配置的问题所在，并具体指出应在完善水权，水价及水市场基础上建立科学的水权体系，可以有效克服因调水使得水价单纯提高所带来的政治和社会压力，并且有利于新的水资源配置管理体制的确立，促进南水北调目标的实现。     

水资源多目标协同配置:全价值基础上的框架研究

从资源的视角而言,水资源具有的社会、经济、生态属性中,社会属性和生态属性所提供的生态功能和服务多是外部性和非市场的,其价值在纯粹的市场驱动下难以充分实现。从资源管理视角而言,水资源多目标协同配置的实质是水资源多重属性功能和服务的均衡。因此,将具有外部性的社会、生态功能和服务与具有经济价值的功能和服务同时纳入配置框架,是实现多目标协同配置实践的关键问题。本文在回顾水资源配置和水资源非市场价值评估的相关研究的基础上,围绕我国现行水资源配置存在的主要问题,通过水资源的全价值(市场价值和非市场价值)将其多属性功能和公众意愿纳入水资源多目标协同配置中,从水资源管理信息系统、全价值评估和配置管理的绩效评价三个方面构建了水资源配置的多目标协同框架,最后提出相关的保障政策建议。     

对建立黑河大通河湟水河源区水资源补偿机制的探讨

文章以黑河、大通河、湟水河源区水资源开发利用为基础,分析了当前水资源补偿现状和存在的问题,提出了建立完善水资源补偿机制的建议。     

水资源红线的理论阐释与制度实践

水资源红线是为了实现水资源的节约利用和提高水资源利用效率而设定的用水总量控制目标和水效率控制目标。资源红线是生态文明建设的核心内容,我国水资源现状决定了划定水资源红线的迫切性和重要性。水资源红线为水资源利用量设定最高限度,同时为生态安全设置最低限度。构建完备的水资源红线制度应当着力完善水量管理制度、水资源利用制度和水资源节约制度。     

塔里木河干流上游水资源现状探讨

只为了眼前的经济利益以及对水资源可持续利用、科学管理、优化配置认识不足,塔里木河干流上游大面积开荒等严重影响了水资源的合理调配及可持续利用。对塔里木河干流上游水资源利用现状进行分析,并提出了对现有水资源有效利用的对策,对进一步完善塔里木河流域综合治理、维护塔河干流水资源的可持续发展有一定的参考价值。     

南水北调西线工程的水资源补偿

基于生存需要的水资源开发利用权作为一种环境权,与权利人的生存息息相关,如果该权利受限,将危及权利人的生存,因此,限制该权利的主体就有义务补偿权利人的损失。这种补偿的最佳方式莫过于将水资源纳入市场配置的轨道,实行政府管理下的水资源市场配置机制。     

建设节水型社会,保障城市水资源可持续利用

随着我国社会经济的快速发展，城市水资源供需矛盾日益尖锐。与此同时，由于人们节水意识不强、水资源浪费严重以及城市供水价格不合理、水资源管理体制不完善等因素的存在，致使水环境恶化趋势日益严重。针对城市水资源现状与存在的问题，应加强对城市水资源有效管理和保护的措施：强化水资源统一管理，改革水资源管理体制；优化环境，保护水资源；利用价格机制应对水资源浪费问题衍4用科技手段，大力推进节水技术的发展；积极提高中国水环境发展的公众参与意识。     

污染水体生态恢复的市场运作

随着水污染的不断加剧，我国正面临着治理水污染和恢复水体的双重任务。水体生态恢复的实质就是恢复并维持水体生态系统功能为人类经济活动服务。因此，探讨其经济学原理，特别是市场运作机制的产生、发展和完善，对水体生态恢复的实施起着至关重要的作用。在论述水体生态恢复的价值的基础上，探讨了维系水体生态恢复的市场运作机制的要素：污染水体产权和交易市场的形成，建立有效的市场行为以及水体生态恢复的多元化投资，并提出了相应的建议和措施。     

ECONOMIC INCENTIVES FOR WATER CONSERVATION ON THE MONTEREY PENINSULA: THE MARKET PROPOSAL1

ABSTRACT: Literatures on price‐based urban water conservation and on market‐based mechanisms to manage natural resources suggest that market‐based management of urban/suburban water use may be feasible. A market‐based proposal that emerged from a water shortage on California's Monterey Peninsula is presented. In the proposal, conservation incentives arise both from an ability among end‐users of water to reduce consumption and sell use‐rights to water, and from a penalty price for consumption in excess of one's use rights. The amount of water associated with use rights is capped and varies according to hydrological, meteorological, ecological, and other criteria. Requirements for further study of the proposal are listed, and the role that similar market‐based mechanisms could play in urban water management is discussed.     

The Water Market for the Middle and Lower Portions of the Texas Rio Grande Basin1

Leidner, Andrew J., M. Edward Rister, Ronald D. Lacewell, and Allen W. Sturdivant, 2011. The Water Market for the Middle and Lower Portions of the Texas Rio Grande Basin. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(3):597‐610. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00527.x Abstract: Regional water management on the United States’ side of the middle and lower portions of the Rio Grande basin of Texas has been aided by a functioning water market since the early 1970s. The water market operates over a region that stretches from the Amistad Reservoir to the Rio Grande’s terminus into the Gulf of Mexico. This article provides an overview of the organizations, institutions, policies, and geographic particulars of the region’s water‐management system and its water market. In recent years, this region has experienced high population growth, periodic droughts, and a reallocation of water resources from the area’s agricultural sector to the municipal sector. Demand growth for potable water and a relatively fixed supply of raw water are reflected in increasing prices for domestic, municipal, and industrial water rights. Rising prices in the presence of scarcity and the transfer of water from lower‐value to higher‐value uses indicate that the market is operating as suggested by economic theory. Reasons for the market’s functionality are presented and discussed. Finally, suggestions are presented which might mitigate potential complications to market operations from aquifer depletion and aid the management of instream river flows.     

Managing Drought Through Water Markets: Farmer Preferences in the Rio Grande Basin1

Abstract: Managing drought in agriculture has taken on growing importance as population growth and environmental concerns place increasing pressures on agricultural water use. One alternative for agricultural water resource management in areas of recurrent drought is allocation through market mechanisms. While past research has aimed to explain why farmers are reluctant to participate in already established water markets, this research seeks to identify the appropriate market mechanism given farmers’ preexisting attitudes toward water markets. Statistical analysis of survey data from 166 farmer interviews in the Rio Grande Basin indicate that farmers are significantly more likely to participate in short‐term water mechanisms, such as spot water markets and water banks than in permanent transfer mechanisms, particularly those that fully separate water rights from land. In sharp contrast to expectations, the choice of market mechanism did not differ significantly between farmers based on their a priori intention to buy, sell or both buy and sell in these markets. Choice of market mechanism also did not differ among farmer types although small, lifestyle or hobby farmers clearly preferred spot water markets to other types of short‐term mechanisms. Evaluating these attitudes a priori may help to design more suitable water market mechanisms for the basin.     

IMPROVING IRRIGATION RETURN FLOW QUALITY WITH A WATER RENTAL MARKET1

ABSTRACT: Current policies for correcting the problem of irrigation return flow pollution tend to attack the symptoms of the problem, rather than its cause. The present institutional arrangement for allocating irrigation water is seen as the source of the problem. This paper examines the water quality benefits of altering the institutional arrangement to allow for irrigation water transfers through a rental market. It is conceptualized that by creating a water rental market an opportunity cost would be associated with the use of irrigation water such that profit maximizing farmers would be induced to use his water supply more efficiently and rent the surplus to other irrigators, thus reducing return flow pollution. It is shown that a water rental market could increase water quality in the Yakima River in southcentral Washington by 31 percent as well as increase farm incomes and crop production.     

ADMINISTRATIVE,INSTITUTIONAL, AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ACTIVE WATER MARKET1

ABSTRACT: Voluntary water transfers through markets have been advocated by many diverse groups as a means to reallocate scarce water supplies in the semi-arid western U.S. Although transfers of water rights have occurred almost since the creation of prior appropriation laws over a century ago, functioning water markets have been very slow to develop and are few in number. The structure, composition, administration and transactions of one of the most well established water markets, shares in the Bureau of Reclamation, Colorado-Big Thompson project, are examined to better understand the institutional and transfer conditions that sustain an active water market. Results from a detailed study of C-BT project records reveal that between 1970 and 1993 there were 2,698 transactions through which over one-third of the project water changed ownership or type of use. Further analysis shows that the transactions involved many individual sellers and categories of buyers with different uses, including agricultural buyers. The transfer activity and efficiency of the C-BT market has lead some to suggest that it be used as a model for other markets. However, because this market has fewer institutional restrictions, a well developed infrastructure and unique market conditions, it will be difficult to transfer this model to other areas without accompanying modifications in water right administration and institutions.     

The effect of Oja-titun market effluent on the chemical quality of receiving OPA reservoir in Ile-Ife, Nigeria

The effect of market effluent from the Oja-titun market in Ile-Ife, Nigeria on the chemical quality of the Opa Reservoir located 3.5 km downstream was investigated between February and November 2000. Water samples were collected in February, May, August and November from 16 sites, four along each of the market drainage channels (MDC), market stream, tributary stream and the Opa River and Reservoir. The peak level of each variable-biochemical oxygen demand, temperature, total alkalinity, Na(+), K(+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+), PO(4)(3+), SO(4)(2+), Cl(-), NO(3)(-), Pb and Zn-occurred at the MDC, and decreased significantly downstream, except pH, conductivity and dissolved oxygen, which increased. Seasonal fluctuation in most variables was pronounced. Generally, there were high values in the early dry and dry seasons and low values in the rainy and early rainy seasons. Comparison of the reservoir water with international limitation standards for drinking water supply showed that the quality of the reservoir water was very low and that treatment required to achieve minimum limitation standards for drinking water would be both intensive and expensive. The study concluded that the stream borne effluent from the market impacts significantly on the chemical quality of the reservoir water although other tributaries within the Reservoir's catchment are other possible sources of pollutants in the reservoir.     

中国西南地区的水资源管理

水资源是本世纪的危机资源.中国的水资源相对贫乏,而且空间分布极不平衡,南多北少,西南地区水资源量约占全国水资源总量的46%.加强该地区的水资源管理,对解决我国的水资源危机具有重大的战略意义.在市场经济条件下,只有将国家宏观调控与市场调节结合起来,充分发挥行政和经济两种手段的作用,才能实现对水资源的有效管理.     

INSTITUTIONAL BARRIERS TO WATER MARKETING IN THE WEST1

ABSTRACT: Water marketing has been proposed as one means of reallocating water supplies in the western United States. While markets for western water currently exist and may be expected to expand, the institutional constraints within which the markets must operate will limit the ultimate size and efficiency of those markets. Lack of articulation of public interests in the water resource itself leads to incomplete definition of the private rights to use the water, and it is those private rights which are sold or leased in the market. The increase in size and efficiency of any market in water rights will be dependent on the willingness of legislatures to specifically define the nature and extent of public interests in water supplies, and detailed definition is unlikely.     

Economic incentives to protect water quality in market and planned economies

This article describes the evolution since the late 1960s of economic incentives and regulatory measures used in water quality management in market and planned economies. Economic measures and instruments for water quality protection are classified and discussed, and examples are given. The problems of pricing natural resources and providing incentives to conserve resources are discussed. Differences in policies between market and planned economies are analysed.