基于不同酸体系的三种消解方法结合石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定近海沉积物与生物体中的铅

以近海海洋沉积物及生物体标准物质为样品,采用王木、逆王水及混合酸体系结合湿式消解、高压微波消解、常压微波消解等三种方法消解样品,以石墨炉原子吸收法测定样品中的Pb.样品经三种方法消解后,pb元素的回收率分别为98%～105%、92%～106%和11%～42.4%.湿式消解法被用于大亚湾沉积物和牡蛎样品的处理,有较好的测定结果.     

对比不同消解方法测定土壤中重金属

分别用微波消解,密封容器消解和电热板消解3种方法预处理待测土壤,然后以原子吸收分光光度法测定其中铜、锌、铅、镉、镍、铬。结果表明:微波消解能将土壤样品完全消解,且简单快捷,优于其他两种方法。同时通过实验,进一步选择微波消解的最佳条件。     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定土壤中痕量钻

建立了硝酸－氢氟酸－盐酸混酸体系微波消解土壤样品,石墨炉原子吸收分光光谱法测定土壤中痕量钴的方法。通过对标准土样的测定结果表明,该方法容易操作、准确、可靠。     

微波消解—火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定土壤中的钴、钼

土壤样品的传统消解方法是用电热板硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸体系,消解时间长,试剂用量大,对操作人员身体危害大,并且测定结果也不准确。本文阐述了微波消解——原子吸收分光光度法测定土壤中的钴、钼。通过硝酸-盐酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸消解体系,选择出微波消解的最佳消解条件,通过对微波消解体系和传统消解体系进行对比试验,微波消解体系具有赶酸时间短,准确度高,对人体危害小,是一种值得推广的土壤消解方法。     

原子吸收法测定土壤中铜和锌的不同消解方法比较

用原子吸收法测定土壤中铜和锌，通过对3种消解方法进行消解对比试验，发现硝酸—氢氟酸—高氯酸体系电热板消解能将土壤消解完全，且准确度和精密度较高，硝酸—氢氟酸—过氧化氢体系电热板消解不能将土壤样品完全消解，准确度较低，而硝酸—氢氟酸—过氧化氢体系微波消解的精密度较低。     

浓缩法测定水中痕量汞

采用浓缩消解、冷原子吸收的方法 ,测定水中的痕量汞 ,通过多次实验 ,测定方法的准确性和精密度都较高     

自动消解仪-火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定土壤中的总铬

本文研究了自动消解仪在土壤前处理时的条件,成功地将该方法应用于火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定标准样品及土壤样品中的总铬。     

浅谈土壤湿法消解测试重金属含量

土壤的成分以及结构比较复杂,测试土壤中的重金属含量必须对土壤进行消解,常规的消解方法有湿法消解、高压消解、微波消解、干灰化法等。这些方法各有优缺点,国家标准(GB/T17138¹7141-1997)使用的是湿法消解对样品进行前处理,原子吸收分光光度法测试消解液中的金属元素。本文就湿法消解以及测试仪器提出个人看法。     

土壤和沉积物中铬测定常压消解方法优化

本文用常压消解方法处理土壤样品,采用硝酸-盐酸消解体系,通过减少酸种类,调整酸用量及消解温度,降低赶酸难度,减少测试干扰,并用火焰原子吸收测试土壤和沉积物中铬含量,计算精密度及准确度,验证优化消解条件后,取得满意测试结果。     

微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收法测定海洋生物中Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr

研究采用微波消解技术,作为海洋生物的前处理手段,与石墨炉原子吸收分光光度计联用,分析测试海洋生物中Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr含量.与传统的湿法消解相比,微波消解技术使海洋生物重金属分析,变得简便、快速,测试结果的精密度和准确度较高,同时避免了沾污,极大的提高了工作效率,微波消解将会成为海洋环境样品前处理的重要手段.     

青春 责任 梦想 行动 2015年千名青年环境友好使者夏令营侧记

<正>"我们处在世界正在发生重大变革的时代,中国也正在实现着民族伟大复兴的关键时刻。青年人要承担什么责任?""我们应该团结更多的青年人,向全社会积极宣传环保理念,保护我们共同生存的家园。"一名青年使者刚刚回答完贾峰主任的问题,全场响起的是掌声——雷鸣般的掌声!8月17日,2015年"千名青年环境友好使者夏令营"在成都市温江区正式开营。环境保护部宣传教育中心主任贾峰亲临现场,并为青年学子们讲授了热情     

Asbeste Arten,Entstehung, Bedeutung,Problematik

Types of asbestos are distinguished not only by structure, chemical compositon, shape of aggregates, and length and quality of fibers, but also by its formation. Though consisting of quite common elements, deposits are formed only under very special conditions. Its unique combination of properties has created over 3000 fields of application (about 70% in asbestos cement). Great efforts have been made to substitute all types of asbestos by harmless, similarly cheap and versatile synthetic fibers, owing to the unquestioned carcinogenic properties of all asbestos dusts. However, development of such fibers has not made any remarkable progress until recently. Consequently risk to workers in mining and manufactoring, consumers, outsiders, and the environment should be kept as low as possible by intensifying precautions and diminishing emissions.     

Effect of CaO on retention of S, Cl, Br, As, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, W and Pb in bottom ashes from fluidized-bed coal combustion power station

This work was conducted to evaluate whether Ca-bearing additives used during coal combustion can also help with the retention of some other elements. This work was focused on the evaluation of bottom ashes collected during four full-scale combustion tests at an operating thermal fluidized-bed power station. Bottom ashes were preferred to fly ashes for the study to avoid interference from condensation processes usually occurring in the post-combustion zone. This work focused on the behaviors of S, Cl, Br, As, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Cu,Zn, W, and Pb. Strong positive correlations with CaO content in bottom ashes were observed（for all four combustion tests） for S, As, Cl and Br（R = 0.917-0.999）. Strong inverse proportionality was calculated between the contents of Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr and Mn and CaO, so these elements showed association to materials other than Ca-bearing compounds（e.g., to aluminosilicates, organic matter, etc.）. Somewhat unclear behaviors were observed for W, Cu, and V. Their correlation coefficients were evaluated as statistically ＂not significant＂, i.e., these elements were not thought to be significantly associated with CaO. It was also discovered that major enrichment of CaO in the finest bottom ash fractions could be advantageously used for simple separation of elements strongly associated with these fractions, mainly S and As, but also Cl or Br. Removal of5% of the finest ash particles brings about a decrease in As concentration down to 77%-80% of its original bulk ash content, which can be conveniently used e.g., when high As content complicates further ash utilization.     

珊瑚钨锡矿硅质尾矿中Cd、As、Zn、F富集迁移及环境污染

硅质尾矿在释放中性矿山废水(NMD)时所伴生的多元素复合污染问题值得重视。本文以桂东北珊瑚矿尾矿作为研究对象,通过分析该尾矿的组构、元素富集及迁移特性,筛选出主要污染元素,并探讨尾矿胶结层对元素富集迁移的影响。结果表明:(1)该尾矿中Cd、As、Zn及F富集程度较高、可交换态含量(易迁移释放量)较大,是主要的污染元素,而Cu、Pb、Tl产生污染的可能性较小;(2)胶结层对重金属具有再富集作用,但其对可交换态Cd、As(Tl)再富集明显,而对可交换态Cu、Pb、Zn再富集则不明显。胶结层中次生伊利石、石膏等胶结物趋向于吸附富集活性可交换态Cd、As。这表明该尾矿可能迁移释放出含Cd、As浓度较高的NMD。研究表明,硅质尾矿风化释出NMD的同时,可能伴生Cd、As、Zn等重金属以及F的复合污染。     

Algorithmen,gehirne, computer

In order to say something substantial about the fundamental limits of machines (especially of computers) and of human calculations, we must explicate the concept of algorithm. Such an explication is provided by the Turing machine. Thus, problems have been discovered which cannot be solved algorithmically. For other problems there are problem-solving procedures, but no elegant algorithms. That men are fundamentally superior to machines has not been shown as yet.     

意大利的金枪鱼、箭鱼、鸬鹚以及家燕等体内的多氯萘、多氯联苯、多氯二苯-p-二恶英、多氯二苯并呋喃以及p,p''''-DDE

我们曾对从意大利收集的金枪鱼、箭鱼、普通鸬鹚以及家燕体内的p,p'-DDE、多氯联苯同类物(PCBs)、多氯二苯-p-二恶英(PCDDs)、多氯二苯并呋喃(PCDFs)以及多氯萘(PCNs)浓度进行过测量.     

The monitoring,Evaluation, reporting,verification, and certification of energy-efficiency projects

In this paper, we present an overview of guidelinesdeveloped for the monitoring, evaluation, reporting,verification, and certification (MERVC) ofenergy-efficiency projects for climate changemitigation. The monitoring and evaluation ofenergy-efficiency projects is needed to determine moreaccurately their impact on greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions and other attributes, and to ensure that theglobal climate is protected and that countryobligations are met. Reporting, verification andcertification will be needed for addressing therequirements of the Kyoto Protocol. While the cost ofmonitoring and evaluation of energy-efficiencyprojects is expected to be about 5–10% of a project'sbudget, the actual cost of monitoring and evaluationwill vary depending on many factors, including thelevel of precision required for measuring energy andGHG reductions, type of project, and amount of fundingavailable.