基于支持向量机-小波神经网络的PM_(2.5)预测模型

近年来我国多地区雾霾天气频发,针对PM_(2.5)浓度变化的非线性、时变性等特点,建立了基于支持向量机-小波神经网络(SVM-WNN)的组合预测模型。采用网格搜索算法对SVM的参数进行优化,利用优化后的模型进行初始预测,并结合WNN强大的非线性拟合能力的特点对其预测残差进行修正。以石家庄市每小时监测的PM_(2.5)浓度数据为样本建立模型并进行预测,结果表明,组合模型预测的平均相对误差为7. 2%。对比单一模型,组合模型的预测的效果更好,这也为短时PM_(2.5)浓度预测提供一个新的方法。     

基于GM（1,1）模型的秦皇岛市大气污染物SO2预测

根据2004—2009年大气中SO2污染物的监测数据,通过灰色GM(1,1)模型预测了未来6年秦皇岛市大气中SO2的变化趋势。结果显示,灰色系统GM(1,1)模型合理,精度较高,相对误差为-1.875%～1.228%,与环保部门公布的数据吻合程度较好。     

基于Adaboost集成BP网络原煤生产成本预测研究

为了提高传统BP神经网络预测模型精度,避免BP网络容易陷入局部极值、收敛速度慢等问题,将BP神经网络与Ada-boost算法相结合,提出了一种Adaboost集成BP神经网络模型.结合磁县观台煤矿原煤生产成本相关数据,建立了原煤生产成本预测的Adaboost集成BP神经网络模型,将该模型用于实际的原煤成本预测.结果表明：该模型预测精度高于传统的BP神经网络,收敛速度快,具有较强的鲁棒性,预测精度能满足实际预测需要,为原煤生产成本预测提供了一种新的途径,也为原煤生产成本控制提供了重要依据.     

基于BP-Adaboost强预测器的瓦斯涌出量预测

为了提高传统BP神经网络瓦斯涌出量预测模型精度,避免BP网络容易陷入局部极值、收敛速度慢等问题,将BP神经网络和Adaboost算法相结合,提出了一种BP-Adaboost强预测器模型.将该模型用于实际瓦斯涌出量预测,并进行了40次仿真实验.结果表明:该模型预测精度高于传统的BP神经网络,且收敛速度快,具有较强的鲁棒性,预测精度能满足实际工程需要,为瓦斯涌出量预测提供了一种新的途径.     

基于多元回归分析的我国能源消费量预测研究

针对目前我国能源消费量预测中变量选取单一、预测误差较大等问题,结合我国能源消费实际情况,引入GDP、人口、煤炭消费量、通货膨胀率建立了我国能源消费量预测的多元回归模型.利用该模型对1985-2010年能源消费量进行拟合,拟合效果较好;利用该模型对2011-2013年能源消费量进行实际预测,最大误差为1.708％,平均误差为1.3269％,最小误差仅为0.6748％,预测精度较高,为我国能源消费量预测提供一种新的途径.     

车辆排气噪声品质的支持向量回归预测

通过比较法测试得到38种车辆噪声的满意度评价,考察并选取五个参数作为描述车辆排气噪声声音品质的客观心理声学参数,应用支持向量回归机建立了客观心理声学参量与车辆噪声声音品质之间的预测模型,对排气噪声的满意度进行了预测,在相同的训练与测试样本集下,与多元线性回归模型预测结果进行了对比。结果表明,支持向量回归的预测值更接近实验值,平均绝对百分误差(3.12%)和均方根误差(0.65)都比多元线性回归(8.83%)和(1.99)的都小,相关系数高达0.99,预测精度更高,误差在8%范围以内,能更好反应客观参数与主观满意度间的非线性关系,是一种预测车辆噪声声音品质的有效方法。     

修正的BP神经网络森林火灾成灾面积预测研究

以1997-2012年《中国林业统计年鉴》的全国森林火灾成灾面积为依据,应用BP神经网络模型对成灾面积进行了预测,对预测方法进行了检验.在此基础上,利用残差提出了修正的BP神经网络模型,并对预测方法进行了改进.研究结果表明,修正的BP神经网络预测精度高于BP神经网络,预测相对误差平均为7.2％,可应用于森林火灾成灾面积的预测.     

灰色理论模型在河北省大气环境质量预测中的应用

为将来更有针对性的治理河北省大气环境,根据河北省2003~2012年大气环境中主要污染物PM10、NO2、和SO2的监测结果,通过灰色系统GM(1,1)残差修正模型预测了河北省大气环境质量未来3年的变化趋势。结果表明,河北省大气环境中3种主要污染物在未来3年内均逐渐下降,且达到二级环境质量标准,其中,PM10仍为河北省大气环境的主要污染物。灰色系统GM(1,1)模型要求数据较少,计算量适中,精度较高,相对误差为0.014%~9.569%,预测结果与环保部门公布的数据吻合程度较好。     

基于IHS-RELM的回采工作面瓦斯涌出量预测

针对回采工作面瓦斯涌出这样复杂的动态变化系统,提出了改进的和声搜索算法(IHS)与正则极速学习机(RELM)相结合的预测方法。对和声搜索算法的基本原理进行了研究,通过采用动态变化的PAR和BW值,优化和声搜索算法的全局搜索能力;利用IHS选取RELM中的输入层权值(IW)和隐含层阈值(B),以均方根误差为目标函数,提高了算法的预测精度。仿真实验结果表明,通过与已有的BP神经网络和SVM预测模型作对比,该方法具有更好的预测效果。     

海洋经济预警对策研究——以秦皇岛为例

分析了当前海洋经济现状,以秦皇岛为例建立了海洋经济预警模型宏观与微观指标体系,利用3S技术(全球定位系统GPS、地理信息系统GIS和遥感RS)在海洋资源调查、海洋经济预警、海洋灾害预测等可持续发展核心问题中的应用,提出海洋经济预警的系统模型及对策,以期为海洋经济的发展提供理论依据。     

Regression modeling of streamflow, baseflow, and runoff using geographic information systems

Regression models for predicting total streamflow (TSF), baseflow (TBF), and storm runoff (TRO) are needed for water resource planning and management. This study used 54 streams with >20 years of streamflow gaging station records during the period October 1971 to September 2001 in Pennsylvania and partitioned TSF into TBF and TRO. TBF was considered a surrogate of groundwater recharge for basins. Regression models for predicting basin-wide TSF, TBF, and TRO were developed under three scenarios that varied in regression variables used for model development. Regression variables representing basin geomorphological, geological, soil, and climatic characteristics were estimated using geographic information systems. All regression models for TSF, TBF, and TRO had R(2) values >0.94 and reasonable prediction errors. The two best TSF models developed under scenarios 1 and 2 had similar absolute prediction errors. The same was true for the two best TBF models. Therefore, any one of the two best TSF and TBF models could be used for respective flow prediction depending on variable availability. The TRO model developed under scenario 1 had smaller absolute prediction errors than that developed under scenario 2. Simplified Area-alone models developed under scenario 3 might be used when variables for using best models are not available, but had lower R(2) values and higher or more variable prediction errors than the best models.     

多元回归和BP人工神经网络模型对混合厌氧消化产气量的预测研究

在中温且控制pH值条件下,对脂肪类单基质和城市污水厂剩余污泥进行混合厌氧消化试验。基于多元回归原理和BP人工神经网络原理,对其建立产气量预测模型。由实验数据计算得出:两个阶段多元回归模型的预测平均准确率分别为75.69%和79.29%;BP神经网络模型的预测平均准确率为79.05%。通过对比两种模型的预测结果可知,两种模型都有较高的预测准确率,但BP模型的预测准确率更高,更适用于混合厌氧消化产气量预测。     

ON THE MISMATCH BETWEEN DATA AND MODELS OF HYDROLOGIC AND WATER RESOURCE SYSTEMS1

ABSTRACT: Many difficulties exist in the matching of models with data. This paper identifies elements of this problem and discusses considerations involved in model evaluation. The well known multivariate linear regression model is used to illustrate the distinctions between accuracy and precision and between estimation and prediction (because the model is commonly misused.) No amount of additional data will improve the accuracy of a poor model. A high R², while indicative of a good matching between the observed data and model estimates, is a poor criterion for judging adequacy of the model to make good predictions of future events. Model evaluation also includes the problem of introducing secondary data and proxy variables into a model. Secondary data frequently enter, for example, the mass, energy and water budget equations because of difficulties in measuring the primary variables. Proxy variables arise because of a desire to collapse a vector of incomparable values, say, of water quality into a single number. Review of the above issues indicates that model evaluation is a multi-criterion problem, often imbedded in a larger framework where models are intended to meet multiple objectives. The mismatch of models and data has increasing legal and social consequences.     

Optimization of thermal performance of the parabolic trough solar collector systems based on GA-BP neural network model

The aim of this paper is to optimize the thermal performance (system output energy, thermal efficiency, and heat loss of cavity absorber) of parabolic trough solar collector (PTC) systems in order to improve its thermal performance, based on the genetic algorithm-back propagation (GA-BP) neural network model. There are a number of undefined problems, fuzzy or incomplete information and a complex thermal performance of the PTC systems. Therefore, the thermal performance prediction of the PTC systems based on GA-BP neural network model was developed. Subsequently, the metrics performances have been adopted to comprehensively understand the algorithm and evaluate the prediction accuracy. Results revealed that the GA-BP neural network model can be successfully used to predict the complex nonlinear relationship between the input variables and thermal performance of the PTC systems. The cosine effect has a great influence on the thermal performance; thereby the geometrical structure of the PTC systems was optimized. It was found that the optimized geometrical structure was beneficial to improve the thermal performance of the PTC system. In conclusion, the GA-BP neural network model has higher prediction accuracy than the other algorithm and it can be feasible and reliable.     

反演同化技术在激光雷达中的应用研究

为增强模式预报准确性,提高激光雷达数据在化学模式中的应用水平,建立激光雷达同化系统,将激光雷达数据引入模式,利用WRF-Chem模拟2016年12月6日～10日一次污染过程,将激光雷达监测的气溶胶光学深度(AOD)反演成近地面PM2.5浓度,通过三维变分同化技术订正模式原始场,调整模式预报结果.实验对比发现,反演同化后...     

Evaluation of PCA and Gamma test techniques on ANN operation for weekly solid waste prediction

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are suitable for modeling solid waste generation. In the present study, four training functions, including resilient backpropagation (RP), scale conjugate gradient (SCG), one step secant (OSS), and Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) algorithms have been used. The main goal of this research is to develop an ANN model with a simple structure and ample accuracy. In the first step, an appropriate ANN model with 13 input variables is developed using the afore-mentioned algorithms to optimize the network parameters for weekly solid waste prediction in Mashhad, Iran. Subsequently, principal component analysis (PCA) and Gamma test (GT) techniques are used to reduce the number of input variables. Finally, comparison amongst the operation of ANN, PCA-ANN, and GT-ANN models is made. Findings indicated that the PCA-ANN and GT-ANN models have more effective results than the ANN model. These two models decrease the number of input variables from 13 to 7 and 5, respectively.     

GIS‐Based Predictive Models of Hillslope Runoff Generation Processes1

Abstract: Successful nonpoint source pollution control using best management practice placement is a complex process that requires in‐depth knowledge of the locations of runoff source areas in a watershed. Currently, very few simulation tools are capable of identifying critical runoff source areas on hillslopes and those available are not directly applicable under all runoff conditions. In this paper, a comparison of two geographic information system (GIS)‐based approaches: a topographic index model and a likelihood indicator model is presented, in predicting likely locations of saturation excess and infiltration excess runoff source areas in a hillslope of the Savoy Experimental Watershed located in northwest Arkansas. Based on intensive data collected from a two‐year field study, the spatial distributions of hydrologic variables were processed using GIS software to develop the models. The likelihood indicator model was used to produce probability surfaces that indicated the likelihood of location of both saturation and infiltration excess runoff mechanisms on the hillslope. Overall accuracies of the likelihood indicator model predictions varied between 81 and 87% for the infiltration excess and saturation excess runoff locations respectively. On the basis of accuracy of prediction, the likelihood indicator models were found to be superior (accuracy 81‐87%) to the predications made by the topographic index model (accuracy 69.5%). By combining statistics with GIS, runoff source areas on a hillslope can be identified by incorporating easily determined hydrologic measurements (such as bulk density, porosity, slope, depth to bed rock, depth to water table) and could serve as a watershed management tool for identifying critical runoff source areas in locations where the topographic index or other similar methods do not provide reliable results.     

Estimating Lag to Peak between Rainfall and Peak Streamflow with a Mixed‐Effects Model

We test the use of a mixed‐effects model for estimating lag to peak for small basins in Maine (drainage areas from 0.8 to 78 km²). Lag to peak is defined as the time between the center of volume of the excess rainfall during a storm event and the resulting peak streamflow. A mixed‐effects model allows for multiple observations at sites without violating model assumptions inherent in traditional ordinary least squares models, which assume each observation is independent. The mixed model includes basin drainage area and maximum 15‐min rainfall depth for individual storms as explanatory features. Based on a remove‐one‐site cross‐validation analysis, the prediction errors of this model ranged from ?42% to +73%. The mixed model substantially outperformed three published models for lag to peak and one published model for centroid lag for estimating lag to peak for small basins in Maine. Lag to peak estimates are a key input to rainfall–runoff models used to design hydraulic infrastructure. The improved accuracy and consistency with model assumptions indicates that mixed models may provide increased data utilization that could enhance models and estimates of lag to peak in other regions.     

Improving Predictive Models of In‐Stream Phosphorus Concentration Based on Nationally‐Available Spatial Data Coverages

Spatial data are playing an increasingly important role in watershed science and management. Large investments have been made by government agencies to provide nationally‐available spatial databases; however, their relevance and suitability for local watershed applications is largely unscrutinized. We investigated how goodness of fit and predictive accuracy of total phosphorus (TP) concentration models developed from nationally‐available spatial data could be improved by including local watershed‐specific data in the East Fork of the Little Miami River, Ohio, a 1,290 km² watershed. We also determined whether a spatial stream network (SSN) modeling approach improved on multiple linear regression (nonspatial) models. Goodness of fit and predictive accuracy were highest for the SSN model that included local covariates, and lowest for the nonspatial model developed from national data. Septic systems and point source TP loads were significant covariates in the local models. These local data not only improved the models but enabled a more explicit interpretation of the processes affecting TP concentrations than more generic national covariates. The results suggest SSN modeling greatly improves prediction and should be applied when using national covariates. Including local covariates further increases the accuracy of TP predictions throughout the studied watershed; such variables should be included in future national databases, particularly the locations of septic systems.