碱性土壤锌镉比对小麦籽粒镉积累的影响

我国北方地区小麦镉(Cd)污染形势严峻.土壤锌(Zn)与Cd存在显著的交互作用,但两者关系尚不明确.本研究通过区域调查及大田实验,探究了北方碱性小麦土壤锌镉比(Zn/Cd)与小麦籽粒Cd含量的相关关系.结果表明,土壤Zn/Cd与小麦籽粒Cd含量显著负相关.施加硫酸锌(增Zn)及深翻耕措施(降Zn)均能显著提高土壤Zn/Cd,并降低小麦籽粒Cd含量.其中,增施100 mg·kg^-1的Zn²⁺,可将土壤Zn/Cd增加61.2%,并使小麦籽粒Cd含量降低9.28%;将土壤0~30 cm及30~60 cm土层互换的深翻耕措施,可将土壤Zn/Cd增加45.8%,并使小麦籽粒Cd含量降低13.5%.综合区域调查及大田实验数据,发现当土壤Zn/Cd小于50时,小麦籽粒Cd含量全部超标且有98.4%的样品超标1倍以上;而当土壤Zn/Cd大于100时,小麦籽粒Cd含量超标风险显著降低至11.9%.该阈值的确定对于小麦Cd污染防治具有指导意义.     

黄河流域土壤侵蚀潜在风险及其转化分析

作者在前期研究中,基于流域最小图斑的划分,提出了土壤侵蚀快速评估方法,并在黄河流域的应用中取得了较满意的效果。论文以黄河流域土壤侵蚀强度的评估结果为基础,评估了流域土壤侵蚀的脆弱性。以抗侵蚀年限表征流域土壤侵蚀潜在危险度,结合土壤侵蚀脆弱性分析了流域土壤侵蚀潜在风险。通过与土壤侵蚀强度的对比,指出在流域水土保持和生态保护中,同时考虑土壤侵蚀强度和水土流失潜在风险才能作出更合理的决策。最后,分析了黄河流域中游土壤侵蚀风险向下游洪水风险的转化关系,指出黄河中游高产沙区土壤侵蚀风险转化为下游更高的洪水风险,在泥沙灾害研究中应关注灾害的链式反应。     

Testing the Norwegian phosphorus index at the field and subcatchment scale

Simple risk assessment tools for agricultural phosphorus (P) losses, like the P index, have been developed in the U.S.A. and in some European countries. Despite its popularity, there have been surprisingly few studies, which try to test the index close to the field scale. For Norway, the P index approach comprises the risk related to both the source of P (soil P status, amount of fertilizer and manure as well as method of application, plant P release by freezing and P balance) and the risk related to transport of P (erosion, flooding, surface runoff, contributing distance, modified connectivity, soil profile, subsurface drainage). In this paper, we have applied the Norwegian P index to farmer fields within a small agricultural catchment, the Skuterud catchment (450 ha), in southeastern Norway. The Norwegian P index was tested for two agricultural fields (0.3–0.4 ha) and nine subcatchments (6–65 ha). Total P concentrations in runoff from the 11 study areas were measured during the year from May 2001 to April 2002. Results from the testing showed that the Norwegian P index described 66% of the variation in measured relative total P concentration for fields and subcatchments included in this study. Additionally, the P index was able to detect fields and subcatchments with the highest measured P concentrations. Results also showed that the source factor contributed most to the variation between fields and hence were important for the identification of high-risk areas in Skuterud catchment. It was found that the soil P status described 66% of the variation in the source factor. Among the transport variables, it was found that both erosion risk and contributing distance had an important influence on the transport factor. Overall, the study illustrated the potential of the P index to detect areas with the highest risk of P loss.     

Soil erosion in Denmark: processes and politics

Denmark has been dealing seriously with wind erosion problems for the past 125 years whereas water erosion did not come into focus until serious euthrophication appeared in the coastal waters in 1986. This paper describes the problems and processes of soil erosion in Denmark and how these are inter-linked with the political system through subsidies, production systems, etc. The dominant soil erosion processes in Denmark are wind, sheet, rill, tillage and bank erosion. Whereas wind erosion is predominant on sandy soils with low soil fertility, sheet, rill and tillage erosion are mainly on till from the last glaciation and is largely caused by snowmelt events and prolonged rain on saturated and/or partly frozen soil. Danish laws and subsidies have played a major role in managing soil erosion. This has for instance been manifested by the extensive planting of windbreaks and the establishment of buffer zones along water courses. On the other hand, the focus on reducing nitrate leaching has led to increased sheet and rill erosion resulting from a larger number of fields with winter crops. When it comes to reducing phosphorous transport to the aquatic environment, soil erosion has been recognized as an important process but a thorough understanding of the mechanisms are lacking. Finally, the case study of the Water Environmental Protection Plan I shows that both the media and NGOs can play an important role in pushing environmental problems associated with soil erosion onto the political agenda and with the NGOs having a great say in the actual shaping of the laws.     

An evaluation of adaptation options for climate change impacts on agriculture in Kazakhstan

Agriculture in Kazakhstan is sensitive to climate, and wheat yields could be reduced up to 70% under climate change. With the transition from a socialist economy to a free market economy, decisions are being made now that will affect Kazakhstan's ability to cope with climate change. A team of Kazakh and American researchers examined the cost-effectiveness and barriers to implementations of adaptation options for climate change. Twelve adaptation options that increase flexibility to respond to climate change were identified using a screening matrix. Four options, forecasting pest outbreaks, developing regional centers for preserving genetic diversity of seeds, supporting a transition to a free market, and reducing soil erosion through the use of changed farming practices, were examined. The Adaptation Decision Matrix (ADM) was then applied to estimate benefits using expert judgment (using an arbitrary numerical scale, not monetary values) and benefits estimates were compared to costs to determine cost-effectiveness. The ADM uses subjective measures of how well adaptation options meet policy objectives. Controlling soil erosion was estimated to have the highest benefits, but the high costs of implementation appears to make it relatively cost-ineffective. Supporting a transition to a free market was ranked as the most cost-effective measure, with regional centers second. However, use of different scales to quantify benefits or different weights can result in regional centers being more cost-effective than the transition to a free market. Regional centers was also judged to have fewer barriers to implementation than a transition to a free market. These results will be incorporated in Kazakhstan's National Action Plan. The ADM and other tools are relatively easy to apply, but are quite subjective and difficult to evaluate. The tools can be quite useful by decision makers to analyze advantages and disadvantages between different adaptation options, but should be supplemented with additional, particularly quantitative analysis.     

黄土高原坡耕地沟蚀土壤质量评价

黄土高原坡耕地沟蚀广泛而严重。科学评价沟蚀土壤质量是侵蚀环境下土壤保育和利用的重要基础。论文以沟间土壤为对照,分析了坡耕地沟蚀对土壤质量单因子的影响并建立了沟蚀土壤质量综合评价模型。利用加权和法对黄土高原坡耕地不同沟蚀深度下土壤质量进行综合评价。结果表明：①沟蚀对坡耕地不同土壤质量因子的影响有较大差异。沟蚀导致土壤硬化,pH值增加,而土壤团聚体和养分含量（除全磷）随着沟蚀深度增加表现出明显的层次性,近似呈＂W＂型变化规律。②沟蚀深度对土壤质量的影响可以用幂函数y=0.866 8 x-0.142（R2=0.877）较好地拟合。微度侵蚀（〈5 cm）、中度侵蚀（5～30 cm）和重度侵蚀（30～50 cm）的土壤质量指数较沟间土壤分别降低了10.6%、27.9%和36.5%。沟蚀深度5 cm和30 cm是土壤质量显著下降的两个关键点。③反映沟蚀土壤质量的指标可以归为肥力因子、质地因子和结构因子三类。土壤有机质、水稳性团聚体、土壤比表面积和容重4项指标能够很好地反映土壤质量状况,可作为坡耕地沟蚀土壤质量的表征指标。     

黄土高原土壤侵蚀监测与预估──以长武沟壑区为例

应用不同时期的TM图像,分别解译编制两期土壤侵蚀类型图。在地理信息系统（GIS）支持下,建立空间数据库。获得长武县土壤侵蚀动态图和动态转移数据矩阵,可以定位、定性、定量地显示前后两期间土壤侵蚀动态演变格局,并用Markov链模型对未来土壤侵蚀演变趋势进行模拟和预测。结果表明,研究区同时存在着＂一边治理,一边破坏＂的双重现象。     

隆昌市土壤侵蚀敏感性定量分析研究

以降雨侵蚀力、地形起伏度、土壤质地、植被覆盖度等自然因素及土壤侵蚀敏感性综合指数作为评价指标,利用GIS与RS技术,对隆昌市土壤侵蚀敏感性进行定量分析,并研究其分布特征,为地区水土保持工作提供科学依据.研究表明:隆昌市土壤侵蚀敏感性整体以轻度敏感为主,降雨及土壤质地对土壤侵蚀影响较大,桂花井镇、金鹅镇、李市镇、圣灯镇、石燕桥镇、渔箭镇土壤侵蚀相对较为敏感,是今后水土保持的重点区域.     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区土壤侵蚀遥感定量与信息系统研究——以陕西米脂县为例

本文在调查了米脂县土壤侵蚀现状和土地利用现状的基础上,对目前由于不合理的土地利用结构和耕作方式而造成人为加速侵蚀的问题作了分析,并认为土壤侵蚀是制约黄土高原丘陵沟壑区农业经济发展的根本原因。构成黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的基本地貌组合单元是小流域,它几乎包括了该区域的所有土地类型、地貌要素以及土壤侵蚀类型。因此以小流域为侵蚀系统的研究边界,分别对峁边线以上的面蚀、细沟侵蚀区和峁边线以下的沟蚀、重力侵蚀区进行土壤侵蚀的遥感定量分析,建立相应的侵蚀定量模型。在此基础上,探讨了为土壤侵蚀动态监测、水土保持和土地资源合理利用决策服务的土壤侵蚀信息系统的设计思想。该系统以小流域为基本设计单元,侵蚀定量模型为专业接口,重点考虑了系统的地学分析和专业数学模型的建立与应用功能。     

黄土高原坡耕地沟蚀土壤质量评价

黄土高原坡耕地沟蚀广泛而严重。科学评价沟蚀土壤质量是侵蚀环境下土壤保育和利用的重要基础。论文以沟间土壤为对照,分析了坡耕地沟蚀对土壤质量单因子的影响并建立了沟蚀土壤质量综合评价模型。利用加权和法对黄土高原坡耕地不同沟蚀深度下土壤质量进行综合评价。结果表明:①沟蚀对坡耕地不同土壤质量因子的影响有较大差异。沟蚀导致土壤硬化,pH值增加,而土壤团聚体和养分含量(除全磷)随着沟蚀深度增加表现出明显的层次性,近似呈"W"型变化规律。②沟蚀深度对土壤质量的影响可以用幂函数y=0.866 8 x ^-0.142(R²=0.877)较好地拟合。微度侵蚀(<5 cm)、中度侵蚀(5~30 cm)和重度侵蚀(30~50 cm)的土壤质量指数较沟间土壤分别降低了10.6%、27.9%和36.5%。沟蚀深度5 cm和30 cm是土壤质量显著下降的两个关键点。③反映沟蚀土壤质量的指标可以归为肥力因子、质地因子和结构因子三类。土壤有机质、水稳性团聚体、土壤比表面积和容重4项指标能够很好地反映土壤质量状况,可作为坡耕地沟蚀土壤质量的表征指标。     

基于BP神经网络的三峡库区土壤侵蚀强度模拟

降雨侵蚀力变化是一复杂过程,其变化存在一定的随机波动性,土壤侵蚀是三峡库区生态环境脆弱最主要的影响因素之一,查明库区土壤侵蚀强度的演化过程及未来趋势是库区生态文明建设过程中急需解决的关键科学问题。论文基于三峡库区1990年侵蚀降雨特征,利用BP神经网络对2010年75个站点降雨侵蚀力进行模拟、验证,预测2030年75个站点降雨侵蚀力。选取2030年预测结果中位于库区周围的27个站点,结合2030年库区自然增长、生态保护情景下土地利用模拟数据,使用RUSLE计算2030年土壤侵蚀强度。结果表明：1）2010年库区降雨侵蚀力模拟相对误差为15%,测试样本数据相对误差为14.67%,预测相对误差为19.65%,NE系数为0.85,说明BP神经网络对库区降雨侵蚀力具有良好模拟效果;2）2010年库区土壤侵蚀强度的Kappa指数为0.75,计算结果能满足模拟与预测需求;3）在土地利用不变情况下,2030年库区轻度、中度侵蚀面积均有所增加,微度及强烈以上侵蚀面积均呈减少趋势,且侵蚀强度转变中的58%来源于相邻侵蚀强度,跨侵蚀等级区的较少;4）在降雨侵蚀力不变情况下,自然增长、生态保护情景下未来土地利用变化所导致的土壤侵蚀均呈下降趋势,后者下降的趋势更为明显;5）在降雨侵蚀力及土地利用均变化的情况下,自然增长、生态保护情景下土壤侵蚀均呈下降趋势。     

The new assessment of soil loss by water erosion in Europe. Panagos P. et al., 2015 Environmental Science & Policy 54, 438–447—A response

We respond to an article by Panagos et al.—‘The new assessment of soil loss by water erosion in Europe’ in Environ. Sci. Policy, 2015, 54, 438–447. It is aimed at helping policy makers make better decisions. The assessment uses a Geographical Information Systems approach based on the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation. RUSLE is based on data gained from plot experiments. The authors assume RUSLE is the only way to assess erosion and ignore critiques of erosion models and other ways of assessing erosion. A different way of assessing water erosion, based on collecting information on extent, frequency and rates, mainly from farmers’ fields but also grazed uplands, has been carried out over recent decades in Britain. The two ways of assessing erosion, one largely theoretical, the other based on reality, evolved in response to particular situations. However, they should relate well to each other. We show that the model is inappropriate to assess soil loss by water erosion in Britain, not only for agricultural land but also for uncultivated land. Predicted high rates of erosion do not relate well to where erosion actually occurs and are too high, and the model takes no account of the spatial extent of erosion on the ground. In other words, the model does not reflect reality. Policy decisions should not be taken based on such a model. Erosion must be assessed in a better way with a large field-based element.     

Modelling the effect of support practices (P-factor) on the reduction of soil erosion by water at European scale

The USLE/RUSLE support practice factor (P-factor) is rarely taken into account in soil erosion risk modelling at sub-continental scale, as it is difficult to estimate for large areas. This study attempts to model the P-factor in the European Union. For this, it considers the latest policy developments in the Common Agricultural Policy, and applies the rules set by Member States for contour farming over a certain slope. The impact of stone walls and grass margins is also modelled using the more than 226,000 observations from the Land use/cover area frame statistical survey (LUCAS) carried out in 2012 in the European Union.The mean P-factor considering contour farming, stone walls and grass margins in the European Union is estimated at 0.9702. The support practices accounted for in the P-factor reduce the risk of soil erosion by 3%, with grass margins having the largest impact (57% of the total erosion risk reduction) followed by stone walls (38%). Contour farming contributes very little to the P-factor given its limited application; it is only used as a support practice in eight countries and only on very steep slopes. Support practices have the highest impact in Malta, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece, Belgium, The Netherlands and United Kingdom where they reduce soil erosion risk by at least 5%. The P-factor modelling tool can potentially be used by policy makers to run soil-erosion risk scenarios for a wider application of contour farming in areas with slope gradients less than 10%, maintaining stone walls and increasing the number of grass margins under the forthcoming reform of the Common Agricultural Policy.     

‘Tolerable’ hillslope soil erosion rates in Australia: Linking science and policy

This paper reviews water-borne soil erosion in Australia in the context of current environmental policy needs. Sustainability has emerged as a central tenet of environmental policy in Australia and water-borne hillslope soil erosion rates are used as one of the indicators of agricultural sustainability in State of the Environment reporting. We review attempts to quantify hillslope erosion rates over Australia and we identify areas at risk of exceeding natural baseline rates. We also review historical definitions of sustainable, or ‘tolerable’ erosion rates, and how to set these rates. There are many ways to estimate hillslope erosion and these can create confusing results. Moreover their application for land management purposes requires nuanced interpretations that ultimately depend on the desired objective of decision-makers. Soil is the earth surficial material that serves as a medium for plant growth and the notion of tolerable soil erosion arose historically to assess the impact of soil loss on agricultural uses. However now that the impact of erosion on aquatic ecosystems been recognized as a major concern for Australia, the concept of tolerable erosion needs to be revised. Here we discuss three definitions of tolerable soil erosion, following recent literature. We derive estimates of long-term agricultural sustainability based on natural soil production rates and discuss this in relation to other defined land-management objectives such as aquatic ecosystem health. We conclude that the desired objectives of land managers must be clearly articulated before questions of ‘where to invest to control erosion’ and ‘how to assess return-on-investment’ can be answered.     

区域滑坡地质灾害危险性评价与风险管理

<正>随着社会经济的飞速发展,人类生存空间不断向山区扩展,使得近年滑坡等山地灾害的发生越来越频繁,人们越来越认识到防范和减轻滑坡等地质灾害对社会经济发展的重要性,迫切需要寻求对滑坡地质灾害进行更为有效地控制和管理的现实途径。而区域滑坡地质灾害危险性评价是滑坡地质灾害风险评价和风险管理的基础,本文在这一领域做了有益的探讨,取得了以下主要成果:     

南汀河流域生态环境特点及其保护

南汀河流域水土流失严重，洪涝灾害频繁，可耕地少，且上游植被稀少。应采取切实措施提高森林覆盖率，制止不合理人为活动对水土保持的破坏，推进清洁生产，提高环境意识，改善和保护流域的生态环境。     

场地复合污染的生态效应与风险评估研究进展和展望

我国已初步形成基于人体健康风险的污染场地土壤风险评估制度和技术标准体系,但基于保护生态受体的土壤污染风险评估技术方法和标准体系尚未构建. 本文从我国重点行业场地土壤复合污染现状出发,综述了典型行业场地土壤特征污染物复合情形下的生态效应,分析了产生不同联合效应的机理. 对目前常用的生态风险评估方法进行了分类阐述,并评述了复合污染生态效应和风险表征的研究进展,以期为我国构建全面系统的土壤污染风险管控体系提供支撑. 我国冶炼、焦化等重点行业场地通常呈现重金属-重金属复合、重金属-多环芳烃复合等污染特征,当这类污染物共存时,可通过影响彼此的生物吸收转运、降解转化、生物毒性等,产生协同、加和、拮抗等联合效应. 目前常用的生态风险评估方法包括指数法、商值法、概率法等,指数法基于污染源、暴露途径和生物受体的不同指标构建综合评估指数量化污染物的相对风险,商值法基于污染物暴露量和毒性参考值等量化污染物的绝对风险,概率法通过污染物和毒性数据的概率密度函数和累积分布概率函数等获得考虑污染分布和毒性效应变异性的绝对风险,复合污染情形下,可通过浓度加和、效应加和以及二者相结合的多层次方法进行综合表征. 本文针对目前生态风险评估方法体系构建存在的重点难点问题,建议从合理构建多维度多要素综合风险指数、分区分类构建本土化生物有效性和毒性参数、基于复合污染毒性效应机理科学构建概率风险表征方法等方面开展深入研究,推动生态风险评估规范化和精准化.      

Sustainability： A view from the wind-eroded field

This article explores the assessment of sustainability in fields subject to wind erosion. In the first part, simple sustainability audits are examined, as of soil depth and nutrients. Direct measurement of these characteristics has many problems, largely because of huge variability in space and time at all scales. Modelling still has its problems, but it may be possible to overcome many of them soon. It is true that wind erosion preferentially removes soil nutrients, but there are imponderables even here. The nutrient balance in many of these soils includes considerable input from dust. In West Africa, it has been shown that the amounts of calcium and potassium that are added in dust are sufficient to fertilize dispersed crops. In mildly acidic sandy soils, such as those found on the widespread palaeo- aeolian deposits, much of the phosphorus is fixed and unavailable to plants by the time it is removed by wind erosion, so that erosion has no added downside. Most of the nutrients carried by dust have been shown to travel close to the ground （even when they are attached to dust-sized particles）, and so are trapped in nearby fallow strips, and are thus not lost to the farming system. Second, the sustalnabillty of a whole semi-arid farming system is explored. Wind erosion in semi-arid areas （like China, the Sahel and Norflawestern Europe） generally takes place on aeolian deposits of the recent geological past. Most of these soils are deep enough to withstand centuries of wind erosion before they are totally lost to production, and some of these soils have greater fertility at greater depth （so that wind erosion may even improve the soil）. Finally some remarks are made about environmental change in relation to sustainability.     

定量遥感支持下的红壤丘陵区土壤侵蚀敏感性评价——以长沙市为例

定量遥感技术的发展为研究区域生态环境敏感性提供了有效的手段.针对红壤丘陵区这一典型的脆弱生态系统,在遥感和地理信息系统的支持下,建立了红壤丘陵区土壤侵蚀敏感性评价信息系统.根据RUSLE方程中的4个自然条件因子对土壤侵蚀敏感性的影响,建立红壤丘陵区土壤侵蚀敏感性定量评价指标体系,并对长沙这一典型红壤丘陵区的土壤侵蚀敏感性进行评价.通过解译Lan出at TM/ETM 影像数据获得长沙市土壤侵蚀敏感性评价的K因子、C因子分布图;利用ARCGIS数字化和空间分析得到R因子以及地形起伏度分布(LS因子).通过主成分分析法确定各评价因子的权重;最后通过加权叠加法获得长沙市土壤敏感性评价结果.研究结果表明,高度敏感以上面积2618km2,占全市面积的20.3%,中度敏感面积4404km2,占全市面积的37.2%,轻度以下敏感面积5073km2,占全市面积的42.5%,这说明长沙市土壤侵蚀敏感性较高.     

Soil loss and conservation in the black soil region of Northeast China: a retrospective study

The black soil region in Northeast China is an important region for cereal grain production in the country. However, several decades of overexploitation and unsustainable land use practices have caused substantial loss of soil and soil productivity. The dominant soil erosion processes in the black soil region are water, wind and meltwater erosion, of which water erosion on the slope farmland is the major contributor to soil erosion. According to landforms and characteristics of soil and water loss, the black soil region of Northeast China can be classified as the rolling hill area, the low mountain–hill ravine area, and the farming-pastoral area. As a result, land use strategies, including the Three Defense Lines control pattern, the Pyramid Style control pattern, and the control pattern of Minimum Exploiture and Maximal Protection, are proposed for the three respective areas. Moreover, conservation tillage and participatory management are the promising measures that have not been widely implemented in the black soil region until now.