Bending of Titanium Sheet Using Laser Forming

Laser forming, a novel manufacturing method for bending sheet metal first reported in 1985, has been investigated as an alternative to hot brake forming (industry standard) of titanium sheet parts for the aircraft industry. Laser forming involves scanning a focused or partially defocused laser beam over the surface of a titanium workpiece to cause localized heating along the bend line and angular deflection toward the beam. The main advantage that laser forming has over conventional brake forming is increased process flexibility. An experimental investigation of this process (primarily designed experiments) met the following objectives: identified the response variables related to change in geometry (bend angle) and material microstructure; characterized the influence of process variables (scanning speed, beam diameter, laser power) on these response variables; determined the degree of controllability over the process variables; and evaluated the suitability of laser forming for the aircraft industry (most important), all with respect to titanium sheet. It has been determined that laser forming with an Nd:YAG laser is a controllable, flexible manufacturing process for titanium sheet bending. Unfortunately, these advantages over traditional hot brake forming are overshadowed by the fact that, with regard to forming with titanium, laser forming is significantly slower and more labor and energy intensive, and results in unacceptable material properties at the bend line according to aircraft industry standards. These findings cast doubt over the assertions of some researchers that laser forming may be a viable manufacturing process for parts made in small batches. Instead, it appears that it may be best suited for rapid prototyping of sheet metal parts.     

光热平面快速成形技术

在原有快速成形技术上进行改进,提出了一种新型快速原型制造技术———光热平面快速成形技术,对它的原理进行了系统的阐述,并分析了它在理论上的可行性以及实践上的难点所在。     

快速成形技术的优势及其前景展望

基于快速成形技术的基本原理,比较了传统加工制造过程与快速成形过程的差异;并就涉及产品生命周期的几个核心环节如设计、制造、销售和用户等分析了快速成形技术的优势,展示了快速成形技术的广泛应用前景。     

Modeling and validation of deformation process for incremental sheet forming

Incremental Sheet Forming (ISF) is an emerging sheet metal prototyping technology where a part is formed as one or more stylus tools are moving in a pre-determined path and deforming the sheet metal locally while the sheet blank is clamped along its periphery. A deformation analysis of incremental forming process is presented in this paper. The analysis includes the development of an analytical model for strain distributions based on part geometry and tool paths, numerical simulations of the forming process with LS-DYNA, and experimental validation of strain predictions using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) techniques. Three kinds of parts include hyperbolic cone, skew cone and elliptical cone are constructed and used as examples for the study. Analytical, numerical and experimental results are compared, and excellent correlations are found. It is demonstrated that the analytical model developed in this paper is reliable and efficient in the prediction of strain distributions for incremental forming process.     

Rapid Laminated Tooling by a Brazing and Soldering Process

Laminated tooling is a relatively fast and simple method to make metal tools directly for injection molding or resin transfer molding in the rapid prototyping field. Metal sheets are usually cut, stacked, aligned, and joined. Joining of metal sheets is usually accomplished by brazing or soldering. In the joining process, all the metal sheet layers should be rigidly joined, and thus heat should be applied to the whole volume of the laminate. Therefore, furnace brazing or diffusion bonding processes are considered suitable in laminated tooling.In this study, a rapid laminated tooling system composed of a CO₂ laser, a furnace, and a high-speed milling machine was developed. From the three-dimensional information of a product, slicing into two-dimensional contours was performed and low-carbon steel sheets were cut with the CO₂ laser along the paths that were created from the slicing results. The metal sheets were joined by furnace brazing and by dip soldering. Furnace brazing was for relatively high-temperature tooling processes such as injection molding, and dip soldering was for low-temperature tooling processes such as reactive injection molding (RIM). Dip soldering was introduced as a new, simple, and fast joining process of steel laminates. In both joining methods, wetting experiments were performed to ensure the optimal values of the process parameters. Finally, laminate tools were machined with a high-speed milling machine to improve the surface quality.     

水污染环境损害鉴定评估的因果关系判定方法研究

因果关系判定包括环境暴露与环境损害间因果关系判定和环境污染物从源到受体的暴露路径的建立与验证两个部分.因果关系判定是环境损害鉴定评估的重点和难点,因果关系的判定对环境损害案例的结果起着十分重要的作用.在结合印染企业水环境污染事件案例实践基础上,对水环境污染事件环境损害鉴定评估的因果关系判定方法进行了探讨,为环境污染损害鉴定评估方法研究提供技术支持.     

A prototype printer for laser driven micro-transfer printing

This paper demonstrates a new mode of automated micro transfer printing called laser micro transfer printing (LμTP). As a process, micro-transfer printing provides a unique and critical manufacturing route to extracting active microstructures from growth substrates and deterministically assembling them into a variety of functional substrates ranging from polymers to glasses and ceramics and to metallic foils to support applications such as flexible, large-area electronics, concentrating photovoltaics and displays. Laser transfer printing extends micro-transfer printing technology by providing a non-contact approach that is insensitive to the preparation and properties of the receiving substrate. It does so by exploiting the difference in the thermo-mechanical responses of the microstructure and transfer printing stamp materials to drive the release of the microstructure or ‘ink’ from the stamp and its transfer to substrate. This paper describes the process and the physical phenomena that drive it. It focuses on the use of this knowledge to design and test a print head for the process. The print head is used to demonstrate the new printing capabilities that LμTP enables.     

复合式厌氧折流板反应器处理印染废水试验研究

通过在ABR反应格室上部增设组合填料,下部投加粒状惰性载体填料形成复合式厌氧折流板反应器(HABR),并用以处理印染废水,研究了反应器的启动特点,水力停留时间(HRT)、污泥回流比对HABR处理印染废水的的影响以及反应器各格室的运行情况。结果表明:复合式厌氧折流板反应器(HABR)对印染废水具有更高的处理效率,当HRT为11～12 h,污泥回流比为0.3时,HABR对印染废水COD、色度的去除率可达47%和56%,且生物相呈现明显的种群配合和良好的沿程分布。     

基于激光快速成形技术的快速工/模具制造

概括了基于激光快速成形技术的快速工/模具制造的两种方法——间接法和直接法,对两种工/模具制造技术作了较具体的介绍,并分析了其特点.     

光固化3D打印废塑料来源、处置技术和环境影响

光固化技术因其在3D打印行业中具有打印精度高且技术成熟的优势,在工业应用和学术研究方面都受到国内外的广泛关注.随着光固化3D打印技术蓬勃发展,相应而来的废弃物（光固化3D打印废塑料）作为一种新型有机固废,其增长速度不可估量,对环境带来的影响难以预计.基于现有研究,对光固化3D打印废塑料来源、处置技术和环境影响的最新研究进展进行总结分析.结果表明,光固化3D打印废塑料为共价交联热固性塑料,具有较高的活化能,内部化学结构存在对光敏感的显色基团,其原料、形成过程和目前的处置方法均可能对环境或生物体等带来潜在危害.基于此,针对光固化3D打印废塑料未来处置方式的可能性,提出展望和建议,可为光固化3D打印产业清洁发展提供助力.     

LOM技术的比较优势及其应用前景

首先介绍了自然环境对装备的影响，提出了装备环境适应能力的问题，回顾了伊拉克战争中美军遇到的装备环境适应性问题并对美军采取的应对措施作了全面的介绍，最后对如何提高我军装备环境适应能力作了阐述。     

Process Planning for On-Line Consolidation in Tape Winding of Noncircular Thermoplastic Composites

On-line consolidation of thermoplastic composites proved feasible to fabricate high-quality precision parts using pre-impregnated tapes as the building material and lasers as the heat source (laser-assisted tape winding [LATW]). The narrow LATW operation windows for thermoplastic matrix materials of engineering interest necessitate careful process planning. Noncircular crosssection parts pose additional challenges. In this work, a general planning methodology was developed and implemented into process planning software to produce structurally sound thermoplastic composite parts with LATW. The methodology includes geometry definition, mandrel trajectory, winding speed prediction, and calculation of required laser power. Thin and thick-walled test cases were studied. Parametric studies assessed the variation of required laser power distribution vs. process parameters (mandrel rotation speed, winding speed, and part geometry). The software also assessed manufacturability with the positive, definite winding speed constraint. It was determined that the winding speed may become negative when producing high-aspect ratio (>2.0) elliptical rings on the current prototype configuration, resulting in unwinding and/or tape buckling.     

Geometry Regulation of Material Deposition in Near-Net Shape Manufacturing by Thermally Scanned Welding

This paper introduces a thermally scanned material deposition control method for near-net shape manufacturing of metal parts by welding. To eliminate thermal distortion and the required intermediate-layer milling steps, and to control the material structure, plasma arc scan welding under infrared pyrometry sensing regulates the temperature field by providing in-process heat treatment of the part. In laboratory tests, the material is simultaneously deposited by a gas metal arc welding torch, with monitoring of the weld profile by two laser stripe profilometers. These sensors provide measurements of the bead width for its feedback control by modulation of the wire feed. To compensate for measurement delays, real-time prediction by a deposition model is employed, with its parameters identified during the process. Preview of the geometric surface irregularities in front of the deposition is used as feedforward to ensure the desired layer deposition patterns in adjacent beads. The performance of this bead-size control scheme is assessed experimentally on a robotic laboratory station, and applications of the thermally scanned material deposition technique are explored in rapid manufacturing of customized metal products.     

超声强化下多相催化臭氧体系处理印染尾水

随着我国对水环境质量要求逐步提高,对于纺织印染废水处理提出了更为严格的排放要求.臭氧(O₃)工艺已常用于纺织印染废水深度处理,但存在臭氧利用率低、氧化不彻底等问题.该研究通过自制陶粒催化剂,构建多相催化臭氧氧化体系,以期改善接触条件,提高处理效率,同时在此基础上引入超声波进一步强化体系处理效率.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)表征了陶粒催化剂,考察了催化剂投加量、超声波频率对印染尾水的COD_Cr去除率,并通过三维荧光光谱、GC/MS等分析了反应前后尾水中有机物的变化特征.结果表明:①自制陶粒催化剂表面较为粗糙,晶面尺寸在36~50 nm之间,投入后可提高臭氧(O₃)体系对印染尾水的COD_Cr去除率(提高了10%~15%),具有较好的催化效率.②引入超声波可进一步提升体系的氧化效率,当超声频率为200 kHz时,出水ρ(COD_Cr)可达到GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅴ类要求.③自制陶粒催化剂与超声波的引入主要促进了芳香性蛋白和溶解性微生物代谢产物的氧化分解,且有效地破坏了长链烷烃、环状烷烃、复杂苯系物等有机物,从而实现印染尾水中ρ(COD_Cr)的进一步降解.研究显示,自制陶粒催化剂协同超声波可提高O₃体系对印染尾水的矿化效率且绿色环保,可为我国水环境敏感区域内纺织印染企业或园区废水深度处理工艺的选择提供参考依据.      

Reuse of printing and dyeing wastewater in processess assessed by pilot-scale test using combined biological process and sub-filter technology

In this work, a pilot-scale (300 m³/d) wastewater reclamation system was tested for printing and dyeing wastewater treatment from a textile factory. The wastewater was first hydrolyzed under anoxic condition, and then was treated under aerobic condition. Biologically treated wastewater was filtered by sub-filter technology (Patent: CN1308024A). The results showed that the average concentration of CODcr, color and turbidity in the effluent were less than 50 mg/L, 10 times and 2 NTU, respectively. The average CODcr, color and turbidity removal efficiencies were 91%, 92.5% and 90.9%, respectively. The treated effluent quality satisfied the requirement of water quality for printing and dyeing process. The most attracting part of the work was its extremely low color, low turbidity, low concentration of Fe and Mn, which was always demanded in textile sectors for an improved finish and better quality dyeing.     

磁流体在印染废水处理中的应用研究

随着工业的迅速发展,大量工业废水的排放给人类生存造成了严重的威胁,尤其是印染废水,因此寻求有效的处理方法是亟待解决的问题。一种新的印染废水处理技术——应用磁流体来处理印染废水,分别研究了Fe3O4磁流体在不同条件（如pH值、表面活性剂的投加量、搅拌时间、温度等）下,对降低印染废水的COD和色度两个方面的影响。实验表明当pH=11,表面活性剂量是亚铁量的0.16倍,磁流体与废水的比大于1：10时COD降低最多,脱色效果最好。     

高铁酸钾预处理印染废水的可行性研究

研究了高铁酸钾对印染废水中有机物、色度及重金属的去除；氧化絮凝后对污泥的产生和处置及其分解产物对后续生物处理系统的影响。高铁酸钾对COD去除率不高；在20mg／l投量下色度去除率可达90％以上，其分解产物不会对后续生物处理系统产生影响，高铁酸钾预处理印染废水是可行的。     

Environmental comparison of MESO-CLAD® process and conventional machining implementing life cycle assessment

CLAD^® process (Direct additive laser manufacturing, Construction Laser Additive Directe in French) allows the direct manufacturing of small parts, and especially in case of complex shapes, giving equivalent properties with traditional processes such as conventional machining or casting techniques. Present environmental considerations are very important for updates in legislation or in order to make economic allowances. A specified mechanical Ti₆Al₄V part is used as a support and SimaPro software allows to perform Life Cycle Assessment. This study suggests that the absence of chips production, which represents up to 80% of the titanium consumption, provides to CLAD^® process an unquestionable advantage. This process requires longer times of execution, which increase additional energy consumptions, and the comparison of this process with conventional machining demonstrates that damages to resources and to human health are highly reduced. In both cases a large part of the environmental impacts are due to the powder elaboration. Finally, CLAD^® process can add shapes on machined/casted parts and it is possible to consider the manufacture of a mechanical part via a hybrid process.     

印染废水吸附处理研究现状

随着染料纺织工业迅速发展,产生的印染废水成了水系环境的主要污染源之一,而染料品种的日益增加,及产品结构和印染工艺的不断改变,使得印染废水的水质也发生了变化,处理难度也随之加大。本文主要介绍不同的吸附处理法的优缺点及它们对不同污染因素的吸附效率。通过对几类吸附方法的比较,发现新兴的秸秆纤维素类生物吸附剂,既可以有效的解决农业固体废弃物的处理问题,又能低成本高效率的处理印染废水,对我国建立发展可持续发展,环境友好型社会具有重要的意义。     

海洋环境监测信息化体系协同运行实践与思考

根据海洋环境监测数据来源的不同,以数据为核心,围绕着数据的获取、数据的存储、数据的分析评价、信息的发布等数据流向的各个环节,开展了不同数据来源全流程的信息化工作,数据流向的每个环节都有相应的成果且实现了协同业务化运行,构成了海洋环境监测信息化体系。本文阐述了海洋环境监测信息化体系及各组成部分协同运行原理,重点介绍海洋环境监测信息化体系中的关键组成部分,对其成功应用实践进行了总结和概括,并从实际应用的角度出发,提出了将来海洋环境监测信息化工作的重点和发展方向。