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昆明至瑞丽公路水毁灾害现状及基本类型 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
通过对国道320线昆明至瑞丽公路水毁灾害历年资料和实地调查分析研究,阐该公路水毁灾害的现状,并将全线的公路水划分为崩塌与滑坡、泥石流、水毁路基、路基沉陷与翻浆四种类型。 相似文献
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陕西公路边坡灾害危险性分区研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
针对陕西公路边坡灾害频发且存在区域分异的状况,对陕西公路边坡灾害进行了危险性分区研究。结合公路边坡地质与水毁灾害类型特点,分析了致灾因素,选取了危险性评价指标体系;采用云模型-AHP法和因素叠加法,计算了评价指标权重并构建了危险性评价数值计算模型;基于Arc GIS10.0软件计算生成了《陕西公路边坡灾害危险度图》,灾害危险度范围[1.4,8.375],并以危险度为指标,划分了极高[7,8.375]、高[6,7)、中[4.5,6)、低[3,4.5)、轻微[1.4,3)5种危险等级15个灾害区,其中:极高危险区为大巴山北坡地区,途径国道有G108、G210、G316,分区结果与公路边坡灾害实际相符。 相似文献
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研究了基于高分辨率卫星遥感影像的公路水毁灾情信息提取模型,通过解决跨软件环境的开发问题,实现了基于遥感与地理信息系统混合编程的公路水毁灾情信息提取系统。使用高分辨率卫星遥感数据形成融合数据,通过分析融合图像的光谱、几何、纹理特征,建立了公路信息提取规则,构建了面向对象的公路信息提取模型。根据水在近红外和中红外波长范围内反射率极低的特性,同时考虑不同环境背景造成的信息提取复杂性,研究了具有自适应特点的水面提取模型。通过建立组件式地理信息系统和遥感应用环境之间的通信和数据共享机制,实现了模型运行的交互式用户界面,并提供叠置空间分析功能,从灾后公路边界提取结果中去除水面部分,获得公路水毁信息。实际应用表明,系统可以满足相关工作对公路水毁灾情信息提取技术的要求。 相似文献
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《灾害学》2019,(1)
受降雨时空分布不均和极端降雨频发等因素影响,公路水毁具有分散性、随机性和灾情差异性,对交通部门产生的经济损失也存在较大变化,如何快速有效估算公路水毁损失具有现实意义。根据研究区公路水毁特征概化出四种主要受灾类型,包括路堑边坡垮塌-积水淹没型、路堤穿堤构筑物淤塞-漫流型、弯道附属设施冲失型和行道植株断道型,直接经济损失主要由四种水毁类型对公路结构的损伤和破坏形成;考虑时间价值效应,将间接经济损失简化为增加的营运成本和旅客时间耗费损失;通过整合直接和间接经济损失,构建了公路水毁损失估算模型。以重庆市永川区S417永铜路水毁灾害为例,应用估算模型得出了经济损失,验证了估算方法具有一定的合理性,结果表明:(1)路堑边坡垮塌-积水淹没型和路堤穿堤构筑物淤塞-漫流型是形成研究区公路直接经济损失的主要部分,在快速估算经济损失时,可基于以上两种受灾类型统计结果,乘以扩大系数,得出直接经济损失;(2)间接经济损失属于隐性损失,但是体量远大于直接经济损失,对国民经济造成的影响不容忽视;(3)建立的估算新方法,可快速评估经济损失,保证灾情发布的时效性;(4)可进一步研究基于风险分析的主动经济投入预控措施,联合保险公司、公路养护部门等研讨公路水毁保险机制与养护维修方案,建立公路水毁重大灾情应急抢险工作机制,响应国家应急管理部工作部署,形成双赢、多赢新局面。研究成果可供公路养护维修、应急抢通工程科学编制预算参考。 相似文献
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The objective of this paper is to investigate and to improve understanding of the causes and circumstances of flood disaster deaths. A standardised method of classifying flood deaths is proposed and the difficulties associated with comparing and assessing existing information on flood deaths are discussed. Thirteen flood cases from Europe and the United States, resulting in 247 flood disaster fatalities, were analysed and taken as indicative of flood disaster deaths. Approximately two-thirds of the deaths occurred through drowning. Thus, a substantial number of flood disaster fatalities are not related to drowning. Furthermore, males are highly vulnerable to dying in floods and unnecessary risk-taking behaviour contributes significantly to flood disaster deaths. Based on these results, recommendations are made to prevent loss of life in floods. To provide a more solid basis for the formulation of prevention strategies, better systematic recording of flood fatalities is suggested, especially those caused by different types of floods in all countries. 相似文献
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At least 225 people in the Fiji Islands died as a result of the 1931 hurricane and flood, representing the largest loss of life from a natural disaster in Fiji's recent history. This paper explores the causes of disaster and the potential for recurrence. The disaster occurred because a rare event surprised hundreds of people—especially recently settled Indian farmers—occupying highly exposed floodplains in north‐west Viti Levu island. The likelihood of a flood disaster of such proportions occurring today has been diminished by changed settlement patterns and building materials; however, a trend towards re‐occupancy of floodplains, sometimes in fragile dwellings, is exposing new generations to flood risks. The contribution of this paper to the global hazards literature is set out in three sections: the ethnicity, gender and age of flood fatalities; the naturalness of disasters; and the merit of choice and constraint as explanations for patterns of vulnerability. 相似文献
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“历史模型”与灾害研究 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:3
灾害研究涉及多学科的交叉领域.水灾“历史模型”的研究方法是循社会科学的历史科学与自然科学的水利学科相结合的研究途径.将“历史模型”引人灾害研究.增强了研究与自然环境和社会经济密切相关的灾害问题的能力.本文论述了“历史模型”方法及其在灾害问题研究中的应用. 相似文献
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Flynn DT 《Disasters》2007,31(4):508-515
A major flood in 1997 forced the evacuation of Grand Forks, North Dakota and caused damage of USD 1 billion. Despite this recent disaster there is only marginal evidence of an increase in disaster recovery planning by businesses that experienced the flood. This finding is consistent with the results of other business-related disaster research. Statistical tests of survey results from 2003 indicate that there is a significantly higher rate of disaster recovery planning in businesses started since the 1997 flood than in businesses started before the flood and still in business. Such an outcome indicates a need for public policy actions emphasizing the importance of disaster planning. Improved disaster planning is an aid to business recovery and the results demonstrate the need for more widespread efforts to improve disaster recovery planning on the part of smaller businesses, even in areas that have recently experienced disasters. 相似文献
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