板料弯曲变形应力的滑移线解法

滑移线法作为一种求解塑性成形应力状态的常用方法而被广泛应用。而在板材弯曲中一般采用主应力法求解变形区的应力状态。通过对板料弯曲变形区应力分析 ,根据滑移线理论 ,推导出了变形区的应力分布规律 ,与主应力法求解的结果相同     

用滑移线理论确定工件塑性区的一种方法

在分析了变形体和模具的接触特点和接触面金属的流动应力与应变特点的基础上,在考虑接触摩擦为最大剪应力K的情况下,绘制出接触面的滑移线场,应用滑移线理论求解出接触金属进入塑性区的极限载荷,并以此为标准来判断接触金属是否进入塑性区。     

滑移线场应力方程和速度方程的一种推证方法

本文在推导滑移线场应力方程和速度方程的过程中,应用了方向导数概念,将R.Hill提出的沿滑移线移动的局部坐标系统一于固定的直角坐标系内,既简化了推证过程,又易于初学者接受。     

板料拉延成形中应力状态的研究

在采用Hill关于各向异性材料的修正屈服函数,并运用板块分析方法对板料轴对称成形进行数值模拟的基础上,着重分析了拉延成形中悬空区域材料的应力状态,提出了对该区域应力状态过渡点即周向应力为零的应力分界圆进行数值求解的公式及方法,同时对影响该分界圆位置的诸因素进行了细致分析.     

板材超塑性拉延过程的数值模拟

板料超塑性成形是一种全新的成形方法。用刚塑性有限元法对Zn 2 2Al合金U形拉延过程进行了数值模拟 ,分析了变形过程中工件的应力、应变、摩擦和厚度分布 ,揭示了成形过程中金属的塑性变形规律 ,为成形工艺设计提供了有效的分析工具。     

薄壁深孔件拉深过程的数值模拟

利用上限元技术(UBET)模拟出薄壁深孔件在变薄拉深成形过程中,几种主要工艺参数对断裂的影响程度,由此得出防止断裂产生的措施。     

圆柱体镦粗过程的计算机模拟

本文利用上限法研究了圆柱体镦粗变形过程的计算机模拟,提出了一种以实验研究结果为依据的变形流动模式和动可容速度场,以及绘制各步增量变形后镦粗坯料外形的简易尺寸变换法。然后,将计算所得数学模型编制成步进模拟用的ALP1D程序,在IBMPC/XT微机及配置的绘图系统上运行,获得了圆柱体镦粗过程自由表面的外形变化、力——行程曲线和速度矢量分布图。模拟结果与实测数据很一致。     

筒形件拉延过程筒壁区的应力应变状态

拉延是利用金属的塑性,并采用模具将平板坯料制成中空形状零件的一种方法。拉延是板料冲压工艺中很主要的一种工序,应用很广。正确分析确定拉延过程的应力应变状态,有助于拉延工艺问题的解决和保证零件的质量。圆筒形零件,是拉延件中最简单最典型的代表,也是最便于分析拉延过程的形状。所以,很多研究冲压的学者和专家,关     

浒苔生长-衰亡过程中氮形态的迁移转化过程

针对浒苔氮吸收代谢机制,通过连续培养实验研究浒苔生长-衰亡过程中不同形态氮在藻体和培养液中的分布和迁移.结果表明,浒苔在生长期吸收NO₃^--N（17.37μmol/（g·d））而衰亡期向胞外释放NH₄⁺-N（0.84μmol/（g·d））;在生长期胞内NO₃^--N占无机氮（DIN）73.75%~92.15%,在衰亡期NH₄⁺-N占无机氮60.87%~92.13%;培养液中溶解有机氮（DON）浓度持续增加,其中<1kDa组分占64%~98%,> 1kDa组分占2%~36%.在培养期藻体细胞吸收DIN速率平均为8.96μmol/（g·d）,释放DON的平均迁移速率约为59.57μmol/（g·d）.通过收支模型计算,浒苔将近60% DIN转化为以<1kDa组分占优的DON并分泌到胞外.由此可以推测,近海浒苔爆发可以在月际尺度上对水体生源要素结构产生显著影响.     

应用滑移线理论求解平面应变问题的一种数值方法

本文由滑移线场的基本性质出发,沿塑性区边界滑移线引入参变量,写出边界滑移线的参变量方程及其静水压力与参变量间的函数关系,然后按参变量积分法求出平面应变问题的极限荷载。文中分别以楔体三侧受压及楔体压缩半无限体问题为例,给出本文方法的具体步骤。     

建设项目景观环境影响评价因素的确定

建设项目对景观的影响应作为环境影响评价的一项内容，在开展该项工作前要确定影响因素。通过各类建设项目对景观环境的影响进行系统的分析和说明，并建立评价的因素体系，对展开建设项目的环境影响评价有一定作用。     

有限元分析软件在过盈配合联接安全核算中的应用

ANSYS有限元分析软件正在被广泛应用于机械行业,岩土工程,电磁场分析,热力学分析以及流体力学等各个领域,由于其分析速度快,精度高,使用方便而成为当前国际有限元分析的主流软件。本文以标准直齿圆柱齿轮和轴的过盈配合为例,说明了ANSYS有限元分析软件在过盈配合联接安全核算中是可以适用的。文中对过盈配合联接中有限元分析力学模型的建立,单元型式的选取,分网精度的确定以及加载方式等,提出了自己的见解,并对部分后处理结果进行了简要分析。     

水污染源在线监测系统比对监测过程中的质量保证和质量控制

对水污染源在线监测系统比对监测过程中的监测条件、样品采集、实验室分析及数据质量和有效性等全过程的质量保证和控制措施进行探讨,以保证其监测数据的科学性、准确性、可靠性和合法性。     

Analytical model of metalworking fluid penetration into the flank contact zone in orthogonal cutting

Metalworking fluids (MWFs) are used widely in machining process to dissipate heat, lubricate moving surfaces, and clear chips. They have also been linked to a number of environmental and worker health problems. To reduce these impacts, minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) sprays of MWF delivered in air or CO₂ have been proposed. MQL sprays can achieve performance comparable with conventional water-based or straight oil MWFs while only delivering a small fraction of the fluid. This performance advantage could be explained by the enhanced penetration into the cutting zone that results from delivering MWF in high pressure and precise sprays. To explore this hypothesis, an analytical model of MWF penetration into the flank face of the cutting zone is developed and validated using experimental data. The model is based on a derivation of the Navier–Stokes equation and the Reynolds equation for lubrication and applied to an orthogonal cutting geometry under steady-state conditions. A solution to the model is obtained using a numerical strategy of discretizing the analytical scheme with two-dimensional centered finite difference method. Penetration into the cutting zone is estimated for MQL sprays delivered in air, CO₂ and N₂ as well as two conventional MWFs, straight oil and semi-synthetic emulsion. The model suggests that conventional MWFs, do not penetrate the cutting zone fully and fail to provide direct cooling to the flank zone where wear is most likely to occur. MQL sprays do penetrate the cutting zone completely. Using convective heat transfer coefficients from a previous study, a finite element heat balance is carried out on the tool to understand how each fluid impacts temperature near the flank tip of the tool. The results of the modeling effort are consistent with experimental measurements of tool temperature during turning of titanium (6AL4V) using a K313 carbide tool. The prediction of temperature near the flank indicates that MQL sprays do suppress temperatures near the flank effectively. These results help explain the low levels of tool wear observed for some MQL sprays, particularly those based on high pressure CO₂. This modeling framework provides valuable insight into how lubricant delivery characteristics such as speed, viscosity, and cutting zone geometry can impact lubricant penetration.     

广州市空气可吸入性颗粒物化学元素组成特征

用安德森双道采样器、Ｔｅｆｌｏｎ膜采集细颗粒物(ＰＭ２．５,Φ＜２．５μｍ)和粗颗粒物(ＰＭ２．５～１０,２．５≤Φ≤１０μｍ),按时间分布均匀原则选取２０个样品,用Ｘ－射线荧光光谱法测定其中的元素含量。分析了细、粗颗粒物中与人类活动污染有关的元素和典型的地壳元素的体积分数、与人类活动污染有关的元素的质量分数和富集系数。结果表明,广州市市区颗粒物元素污染相当严重,并以细颗粒物中更明显;与人类活动污染有关的元素更易在细颗粒物中富集,并在远离市中心区更明显;市中心区和远离市中心区的粗、细颗粒物污染最严重的元素均是Ｓ,Ｃｌ,Ｚｎ和Ｐｂ,显示了广州市的大气污染具有煤烟型硫氧化物污染的特点,同时又具有汽车尾气排放污染的特点      

宝鸡铅锌冶炼厂周围大气降尘中重金属污染研究

为了研究宝鸡铅锌冶炼厂周围大气降尘中重金属元素的浓度含量、来源以及污染现状。利用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定了大气降尘中的重金属元素的浓度,并且应用数据的多元统计方法和地质累积污染指数法对降尘中重金属元素的来源和污染程度进行评价分析。结果表明:铅锌冶炼厂周围大气降尘中重金属元素有4种主要重金属元素均超出中国、当地土壤背景值,其中Pb、Cd达到了重污染。     

A methodology for the life cycle and sustainability analysis of manufacturing processes

Life cycle assessment is emerging as a powerful tool in the evaluation of the environmental impact of manufacturing processes. This paper describes a general methodology for the life cycle analysis of manufacturing processes taking into account the flexibility and decision-making potential of knowledge base systems. Emphasis is placed on on-site waste minimisation and associated sustainability characteristics in relation to environmental impact assessment and process improvement. The ensuing software model is applied with some success to an initial study of pulp and paper manufacture.     

金属塑性变形有限元模拟中的约束处理算法

此文提出了适用于金属体积成形过程有限元模拟的约束处理算法.该算法分为三部分.首先,将整个变形域上的节点分为潜在接触节点和非接触节点,分别建在立以节点位移为变量的子系统刚度方程.然后,以潜在接触节点的子系统为对象,确定每个节点与模具的接触状态,对实际接触摸具节点施加位移约束和摩擦条件,并求解耦合了位移约束和摩擦条件的刚度方程.第三,将上述求解的位移结果回代到非接触节点的子系统中,得到剩余节点的位移值.因此,整个系统的位移场以及应变、应力分布亦可确定.该算法的优点在于,将大系统分解为小系统分开求解,使每次求解的变量数目减少,从而可以处理较大规模的工程问题;只对含接触节点的子系统施行坐标变换、约束处理等,提高了有限元计算的效率;将位移约束、摩擦条件直接耦合到子系统中求解,当N—R迭代收剑时,力平衡条件与几何约束条件同时得到满足,从而保证了各控制方程之间的相容性,有利于提高迭代收敛速度和计算稳定性.     

The isostatic state of the southern Urals crust

The Uralide orogen, in Central Russia, is the focus of intense geoscientific investigations during recent years. The international research is motivated by some unusual lithospheric features compared with other collisional belts including the preservation of (a) a collisional architecture with an orogenic root and a crustal thickness of 55–58 km, and (b) large volumes of very low-grade and non-metamorphic oceanic crust and island arc rocks in the upper crust of a low–relief mountain belt. The latter cause anomalous gravity highs along the thickened crust and the isostatic equilibrium inside the Uralides lithosphere as well as the overthrust high-metamorphic rocks. The integrated URSEIS '95 seismic experiment provides fundamentally new data revealing the lithospheric architecture of an intact Paleozoic collisional orogen that allows the construction of density models. In the Urals' lithosphere different velocity structures resolved by wide-angle seismic experiments along both the URSEIS '95- and the Troitsk profile. They can be used to constrain lithospheric density models: a first model consists of a deep subducted continental lower crust which has been highly eclogitized at depths of 60–90 km to a density of 3550 kg/m³. The second model shows a slightly eclogitized lower crust underlying the Uralide orogen with a crustal thickness of 60 km. The eclogitized lower crust causes a too-small impedance contrast to the lithospheric mantle resulting in a lack of reflectors in the area of the largest crustal thickness. Both models fit the measured gravity field. Analyzing the isostatic state of the southern Urals' lithosphere, both density models are in isostatic equilibrium.