自然条件下盐城海滨湿地土壤水分/盐度空间分异及其与植被关系研究

以盐城国家级自然保护区核心区为案例,根据2011年4～5月对海滨湿地土壤采样分析结果,结合2011年ETM+遥感影像,运用典范对应分析(CCA)、线性回归模拟和地统计学方法,探索自然条件下盐城海滨湿地土壤水分和盐度的空间分异特征及其与植被类型的关系.结果表明:①土壤水分平均值在36.820%～46.333%之间;土壤盐度平均值在0.347%～1.328%之间,具体表现为米草滩>光滩>碱蓬滩>芦苇滩.②土壤水分和盐度的空间变异具有一致性,东西海陆方向上的变异大于南北海岸延伸方向上的变异.土壤水分和盐度最高值出现在西南部米草滩;最低值出现在芦苇滩内.将土壤水分和盐度从低到高分成Ⅰ到Ⅴ级,其中Ⅳ级比重最高,分别占36.156%和28.531%.③不同植被类型的土壤水分和盐度的组合呈现高盐度高水分到低盐度低水分的"双高到双低"组合特征.具体表现为:芦苇滩土壤水分<40.116%,盐度<0.676%;碱蓬滩土壤水分为38.162%～46.403%,盐度为0.471%～1.295%;米草滩土壤水分>43.214%,盐度>1.090%;光滩的土壤水分>43.214%,盐度>0.677%.     

坡面林地土壤水分特征函数空间变异性初探

土壤水分特征函数空间异质性是定量研究土壤非饱和带水分运动以及溶质运移的先决条件. 以坡面机械布点采样、压力膜仪测定土壤水分特征曲线,并以Van-Genuchten模型拟合曲线后,用传统的统计方法与地统计方法,分析了密云水库流域周边人工油松林坡面土壤水分特征函数空间异质性. 结果表明:①不同土壤层各级压力下土壤含水量变异系数(C_v)呈中等变异性,C_v为10%～25%,土壤有效饱和度越低,变异性C_v越大,计算合理取样数目越大. ②模型参数θ_s为中等变异,C_v为17.77%～18.12%,服从正态分布;参数α为强变异性,C_v为70.65%～120.91%;参数n为弱变异性,C_v为5.29%～7.09%. ③各土壤层参数θ_s和α均具有空间变异结构,除20～40 cm层参数α符合指数模型外,其余层参数均符合球状模型,参数θ_s和α变程(A)分别约为66～69及21～69 m;参数n仅在20～40 cm土壤层显示空间变异结构,符合球状模型,变程(A)约为18 m;整体上该林地土壤0～20和20～40 cm层参数多以结构性变异为主,40～60 cm层参数的块金效应渐显增大. 最后采用Kriging插值方法分别对各参数进行了预测.      

环境承载力不确定性多目标优化模型及其应用——以北京市通州区区域战略环境影响评价为例

为明确给出环境承载力的实质内涵"人类活动阈值",利用不确定型多目标优化方法,建立了区域环境承载力优化模型.应用该模型对北京市通州区进行区域战略环境影响评价.结果表明,水环境容量足制约通州区社会经济发展的瓶颈;<通州新城规划>的人口与经济发展目标与其"滨水宜居新城"目标相违,必须削减其人口与经济目标,2010年和2020年适度人口规模分别为44.88～50.39万人和85.29～96.40万人:适度经济规模分别为132.57～182.02亿元和862.9～1141.22亿元.通过加大投资力度,调整投资结构,<通州新城规划>的三次产业结构目标基本可以实现.2010年和2020年三次产业适度的结构分别为(6%～7%):(39%～43%):(51%～54%)与2%:(23%～30%):(68%～75%).为实现这些目标.对于高能耗、高水耗行业(造纸与化工等)应限制其发展,并逐步淘汰.     

电除尘器发展史上的一大突破

一种轻质静电除尘器经一年试验运行获得成功.其除尘效率常温下达99.3%、350℃高温时达95%以上.这种已获国家专利(专利号:93203416.0)的静电除尘器优点明显:重量轻,自重仅为同等效率电除尘器的20%～40%;能耗低,处置1000m~3/h烟气耗电0.16度,仅为传统型的20%～25%;温度适应范围宽.从常温～350℃;收     

两次金汞齐–冷原子荧光光谱法测定大气中的痕量气态总汞

建立了两次金汞齐–冷原子荧光光谱法(CVAFS)测定大气中痕量气态总汞(TGM)的方法.研究表明:本方法的绝对检出限为2 pg;当以0.2～0.4 L·min-1采样速度,采集12～48 h时,采样效率 > 99%,精密度为9.63%;样品经2次循环加热分析,热解吸效率 > 99%.这种分析方法还可以运用到其他环境样品痕量汞的测定.     

苯醚甲环唑在番茄和土壤中的残留动态研究

采用田间试验方法研究苯醚甲环唑在番茄和土壤中的残留与降解动态,应用超高效液相色谱-串联四级杆液质联用法(UPLC-MS/MS)进行定性和定量分析. 结果表明,苯醚甲环唑在番茄中的平均回收率为90.3%～107.1%,变异系数为0.7%～7.8%;在土壤中的平均回收率为80.1%～104.7%,变异系数为7.2%～9.1%. 动态研究结果表明:苯醚甲环唑在番茄中的降解比在土壤中快,在山东和河南两地番茄中的降解半衰期分别为3.3～3.8和3.3 d;在土壤中的降解半衰期分别为19.9～22.4和13.1～18.8 d. 10%苯醚甲环唑微乳剂在番茄上按照推荐剂量最多施药2次,采收期距最后一次施药3 d,番茄中苯醚甲环唑残留量小于0.158 mg/kg. 低于日本和澳大利亚规定的最高残留限量(MRL,0.5 mg/kg),说明苯醚甲环唑为低残留、易降解农药.      

海水中挥发酚的在线蒸馏-流动注射分析

采用流动注射分析仪测定渔业养殖海水中的挥发酚.方法的检出限为0.89μg/L;线性范围为0.002～0.1 mg/L,线性相关系数r≥0.999;其相对标准偏差为1%～5%,样品测定频率为18样/h.本方法操作简便、灵敏度较高,线性范围、精密度和准确度均符合国家标准.对海水水样加标回收率的测定为90%～110%,结果令...     

土壤中重金属汞、镉和铜含量实验间比对结果分析

为了掌握土壤检测实验室的重金属检测能力和检测结果的可比性,采用国际上通用的稳健统计,用"Z比分法"统计方法对土壤中汞、镉、铜的检测结果进行分析。结果表明:3个土壤样品实验室铜测定结果满意度为100%;汞检测结果的满意度为66.7%～88.9%,可疑结果率为11.1%～16.7%,不满意率为0%～22.2%;镉检测结果的满意度为83.3%～88.9%,可疑结果率为0%～11.1%,不满意率为0%～16.7%;结论:参加此次比对试验的实验室铜检测能力较高,部分实验室汞和镉检测能力有待于提高。     

沈阳市大气挥发性有机物（VOCs）污染特征

2008年4月～2009年7月间,选取沈阳市不同功能区5个监测点位,采集了4个不同季节的大气VOCs样品187个,利用三级冷阱预浓缩-GC-MS方法测定了108种大气VOCs物质,考察了沈阳市大气VOCs浓度水平及其时空分布情况,并对其主要的来源进行识别. 结果表明,沈阳市大气总VOCs平均质量浓度为(371.0±132.4)μg/m³,其中含量最高的组分为含氧化合物（57.2%）,其次为卤代烃（20%）,烷烃（11.4%）、芳香烃（8.5%）和烯烃（3.0%）. 全市大气总VOCs浓度呈现出春秋浓度较高,冬夏浓度较低的季节变化特征. 主要受工业排放源的影响,商业中心点大气VOCs浓度在冬季的08:00～10:00时段、 12:00～16:00时段和20:00～22:00时段均出现峰值,而夏季则呈现出10:00～12:00时段和18:00～20:00时段的双峰现象. 工业区点位和商业中心区点位浓度高于其它功能区点位,清洁对照点周围由于没有明显的大气VOCs排放源,浓度水平最低. 相关性和比值分析结果表明,机动车燃烧、煤炭生物质燃烧、汽油溶剂挥发和工艺过程是沈阳市大气VOCs的主要来源.     

硼泥复合混凝剂处理制革废水的研究

采用硼泥复合混凝剂 (PSC)对制革废水进行处理 .实验结果表明 :当PSC用量为 2～ 3g/L ,pH为 7.0左右 ,快搅 1～ 2min,慢搅 1 2～ 1 6min ,静置 2 5min后 ,COD去除率达 80 % ;加入硫酸亚铁进一步处理 ,可使COD去除率达 91 %以上 ,浊度去除率 99%以上 .该方法具有混凝剂用量少、工艺简单、絮体沉降快、成本低廉、效率高等优点 .     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.