氢氧化镁铝溶胶MAHs对Cr(VI)吸附性能的研究

采用共沉淀法合成氢氧化镁铝溶胶 MAHs.研究MAHs对模拟Cr(VI)废水的吸附行为和效果.分析溶液pH值、温度、吸附时间、MAHs投加量和Cr(VI)初始浓度等对MAHs吸附性能的影响,并采用XRD和IR表征MAHs结构,探索其吸附机理.结果表明,MAHs对Cr(VI)的适皮宜吸附条件为pH=6、30℃、吸附20 min,其吸附等温线符合Langmuir吸附等温方程.适宜条件下.氢氧化镁铝溶胶MAHs对Cr(VI)的饱和吸附量达90 mg/g,去除率达95%以上,对Cr(VI)具有很强的吸附能力.处理后废水达到因家规定工业废水排放标准(0.5mg/L).氢氧化镁铝溶胶MAHs对Cr(VI)的吸附是由于铬酸根阴离子插入了MAHs样品层间,吸附剂可通过pH=2的Fecl2溶液再生.     

复合絮凝剂聚硅酸铝铁的形貌结构及性能研究

向聚硅酸中引入铝盐、铁盐制得聚硅酸铝铁(PFAS)复合絮凝剂,用电子显微镜观察分析了不同Al/Fe/Si摩尔比的PFAS形貌,用红外光谱研究了其中铝离子、铁离子与聚硅酸的相互作用情况,并对其絮凝性能进行了考察.结果发现:聚硅酸铝铁的形貌均为枝杈状聚集态,并带有分形特征,完全不同于聚硅酸的球形或椭球形,也不同于聚铝、聚合铝铁的晶形;Al/Fe/Si摩尔比对形貌有较大影响.红外光谱证实了PFAS中部分铝离子、铁离子及水解络合铝离子、铁离子可与共存的聚硅酸起螯合(络合)反应生成铁铝硅聚合物,PFAS的絮凝性能高于聚硅酸铝、聚硅酸铁.     

ZnAlFe类水滑石的制备及其吸磷性能的研究

用共沉淀法制备了系列锌铝铁类水滑石(LDH)并考察了LDH的吸磷性能.结果表明,n(Zn)∶n(A1)∶n(Fe)=2∶0.2∶0.8时,LDH对磷酸根的吸附能力最好.温度为30℃,初始pH值为6时,磷饱和吸附容量达51.81 mg/g.吸附前后LDH的XRD和FT-IR分析表明,LDH主要通过表面吸附、离子交换以及形成Zn3(PO4)2·4H2O层来实现磷酸根的去除.     

不同改性膨润土负载纳米磁性Fe_3O_4的制备及表征

以不同改性膨润土和铁盐为原料,采用共沉淀法将纳米Fe3O4原位负载于膨润土上,制备出了磁性膨润土复合材料。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和比表面孔隙分析(BET)对样品进行表征,研究了不同磁性膨润土对H2O2氧化降解橙黄Ⅱ的催化活性。结果表明,Fe3O4均匀负载在膨润土表面,减少了膨润土的团聚,改善了孔隙结构,增加了其比表面积。磁性膨润土的催化性能较纯Fe3O4有了明显提高,使用Fe-Al柱撑改性的膨润土负载纳米Fe3O4,其催化活性最高。     

改性纳米Fe_3O_4去除水溶液中四环素的研究

利用共沉淀法制备了表面活性剂PVP-K30以及PEG-4000改性纳米Fe3O4吸附剂,采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、震动样品磁强计(VSM)表征了改性Fe3O4的形貌、尺寸以及磁性质;以盐酸四环素(TC)为吸附对象,研究了改性剂、反应温度和TC起始质量浓度等对Fe3O4吸附性能的影响,同时利用红外光谱仪(IR)研究吸附机理。结果表明,改性后纳米Fe3O4结晶度及分散性明显提高,较25 nm的未改性Fe3O4,PVP和PEG-4000改性Fe3O4颗粒分别减小至20 nm和10 nm;同时改性产物均保持了较高磁性性能。在吸附盐酸四环素(TC)过程中,PEG-4000改性Fe3O4吸附容量最高(47.62mg/kg),PVP改性Fe3O4的吸附能力(36.1 mg/kg)优于未改性Fe3O4(13.45 mg/kg)。PEG-4000改性Fe3O4吸附TC过程中,Langmuir等温线模型优于Freundlich等温线模型,表明吸附剂对四环素分子为单层分子吸附,其吸附动力学遵循孔内扩散模型,并以表面吸附为主,粒内扩散为辅;改性Fe3O4吸附TC行为中羟基间形成的氢键起主要吸附作用。改性Fe3O4吸附剂经3次解吸仍显示出较高的吸附容量。     

零价铁活化过硫酸盐降解分散剂木质素磺酸钠研究

为研究零价铁(Fe0)通过电子转移对过硫酸盐(PS)降解分散剂木质素磺酸钠(SL)能力的影响,以SL作为目标污染物,对影响SL降解的因素(初始pH值、SL初始质量浓度、PS浓度、Fe0投加量)及降解机理进行探讨.结果表明,1)当pH值小于2时,SL降解率随pH值升高而升高;当pH值在2～5时,SL降解率随pH值升高而降低.当PS浓度在2～4 mmol/L时,SL的降解率随PS浓度的增大而增大;当PS浓度超过4 mmol/L后降解率呈现下降趋势.当固定其他反应条件时,SL的降解率随SL初始质量浓度的升高而降低.2)相比于单一 Fe0体系和单一 PS体系,Fe0-PS体系对SL的降解率有显著提高,对含SL废水可生化性有所改善.在最佳反应条件下(pH值为2,Fe0投加后质量浓度为0.3 g/L,SL初始质量浓度0.5 g/L,PS浓度为4 mmol/L),180 min内SL的降解率能达到75.9％.3)Fe0活化PS产生SO4-·,通过自由基淬灭剂进行淬灭试验,确定降解过程中的SO4-·与·OH为体系活性物质.4)通过红外吸收光谱扫描,比较SL与反应产物的FTIR图谱,推测在氧化作用下,SL的苯环结构断裂,部分磺酸基团被氧化为SO4-.研究表明,Fe0-PS体系与单一 Fe0体系和单一 PS体系相比,Fe0能有效活化PS产生SO4-·,进而对SL有更好的降解效果.     

多种材料对重金属Cr(VI)的吸附性能研究

本以废物资源化为目的，以寻找廉价而有效的吸附材料为出发点，分别对活性炭，粉煤灰，蛭石，蜂窝煤渣，废酵母等五种材料吸附Cr(VI)的效果进行了实验。结果表明，（1）每种吸附剂的剂量与铬去除率之间均成正相关关系，铬的去除率随吸附剂用量的增加而增加；（2）作为参照物的活性炭吸附效果最好，对（Cr(VI)的去除率可达99．78％，而啤酒酵母，改性蜂窝煤渣，粉煤灰，蛭石的最大吸附量分别可达到活性炭最大吸附量的94．84％，52．37％，45．11％，37．67％；（3）所选用实验材料的吸附性能由优到劣的排序为：啤酒酵母＞改性蜂窝煤渣＞粉煤灰＞蛭石。     

有机膨润土对对硝基苯酚吸附性能的研究

以溴化十六烷基三甲铵(CTMAB)和溴化十六烷基吡啶(CPB)两种表面活性剂对钠基膨润土进行有机改性,研究了改性后的有机膨润土的用量、介质pH值、作用时间、溶液中对硝基苯酚的浓度等因素对膨润土去除对硝基苯酚的影响.结果表明:同一浓度条件下,CTMAB-有机膨润土对对硝基苯酚的去除率和吸附量均比CPB-有机膨润土高;当对硝基苯酚溶液pH在2-10范围内,2种有机膨润土对对硝基苯酚的吸附性能变化不大,但当pH上升到12时,2种有机膨润土对对硝基苯酚去除率分别下降20.5%和36.2%.2种有机膨润土对对硝基苯酚的吸附可用Freundlich方程加以描述.     

硫化亚铜强化高铁酸钾去除水中双酚AF的研究

通过研究硫化亚铜(Cu_2S)强化高铁酸钾(K_2FeO_4)对水中双酚AF(BPAF)的降解性能及反应机理,分析了反应初始条件及腐植酸(HA)和共存阴离子的影响,判断该体系下BPAF降解过程起主要贡献作用的氧化物种。研究结果表明:一价铜CuⅠ可与K_2FeO_4发生电子转移反应生成具有更高氧化性能的中间价态铁(五价铁Fe(V)和四价铁Fe(IV)),可使BPAF快速降解。此外,自由基淬灭实验表明:体系中有羟基自由基(HO·)生成并参与BPAF的氧化,但在Cu_2S/K_2FeO_4体系内起主要贡献作用的氧化物种为Fe(V)和Fe(IV)。腐植酸(HA)、碳酸根(CO_3~(2-))及磷酸根(PO_4~(3-))均对Cu_2S/K_2FeO_4体系下BPAF的降解表现为一定程度的抑制。     

菲和萘在黄土上的吸附等温线和吸附热力学

研究了菲和萘在黄土上的吸附行为,比较分析了Linear方程、Freundlich方程和Langmuir方程描述吸附等温线的准确性.结果表明,菲和萘在黄土上的吸附等温线呈非线性,Freundlich方程最符合其吸附行为.菲和萘在天然黄土上的吸附量随温度升高而降低.其吸附是一个放热过程,吸附热分别为0.017 74 kJ·mol-1和-0.061 25 kJ·mol-1; 吸附的标准自由能改变量分别为-9.939 kJ·mol-1和-7.333 kJ·mol-1.标准自由能的变小是菲和萘在黄土上吸附的推动力.经过阳离子表面活性剂改性后的黄土对菲和萘的吸附能力,随加入的表面活性剂占原土阳离子交换容量(CEC)的百分数增大明显增强,能更加有效地去除水环境中的多环芳烃类污染物.     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

一起有机过氧化物爆炸事故的调查和分析

阐述一起重大爆炸伤亡事故的现场调查和原因分析，介绍如何通过人证物证材料，用鱼刺图法找出可能引起事故的诸原因，逐项加以分析，将与人证或物证材料相矛盾的原因子以排除，最后剩下无法排除亦即能与人证物证相符的那个原因，就是事故的真正原因。笔者是这起事故调查专家组组长，取证和数据可靠。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.