中国不同发展阶段地区环境可持续性状态与趋势研究

中国不同地区发展水平存在较大的差异．面临的环境问题和可持续发展的优先领域也不同。因此．可持续发展评价与政策制定需要与区域发晨实际相结合。选取上海、德州和固原三个地区作为中国发达、发展中和欠发达地区的代表．选择可操作和可比性强的指标．基子压力-状态-响应模型．构建了环境可持续性趋势系数．对比不同发展水平地区环境发展的状态、趋势和存在的主要问题。得出以下结论：近20年来．虽然中国总体环境保护能力有了一定的提高．但污染物排放压力持续增长．环境质量普遍恶化的趋势没有得到根本改变;上海、德州和固原环境可持续性趋势系数分别为0．82、0．55和0．45．发达地区环境可持续性最强．发展中地区一般．欠发达地区量差;目前我国环境政策领域往往注重经济发展的“两极”：高度发达地区和欠发达地区,本文的研究结果表明。面积占全国67％、人口占全国40％的发展中地区环境问题最为突出。     

环境载荷与环境压强:环境压力指标及应用

一个国家的经济活动产生的环境压力与其具有的环境承载能力。决定了该国社会与经济发展的可持续状况。因此．测度环境压力和承载力是制定可持续发展目标和政策的必要条件之一。基于国家尺度的社会代谢物质流、地理面积和生态承载面积。可以构建出一个国家本国环境所承受的环境压力总量指标体系——环境载荷和环境压强；德国、荷兰、奥地利、日本和美国等五个工业国家的环境载荷和各环境压强总量指标若干年的实证计算和对比分析。可以发现．虽然美国的国内环境总载荷、人均物质总需求及人均生态足迹赤字等均是各国最高者．其环境压强却处于五国的最低端。与奥地利相近；以环境压强指标测度。除日本不明显外．其余四国的经济发展与本国环境压力之间在研究期（1975—1996）均显示出“脱钩”关系．即本国环境压强并没有随经济总量的增长而增加。为此．最后就环境问题的公平性和环境压力指标的优缺点进行简要讨论。     

可持续环境承载力的度量及其应用

本文在环境容量的基础上探讨了环境承载力的概念和模型,并进一步讨论了可持续环境承载力的定义及其应用,最后研究了环境承载力及其变量的外延意义。     

四种竞争与环境可持续性

本文提出了人类生产与消费活动所造成的环境功能的数量竞争、质量竞争、空间竞争和时间竞争的概念,系统地阐述了各自的内涵及其相互关系。     

深圳市经济与环境协调发展的演进分析

经济与环境的协调发展是实现可持续发展的重要途径。以深圳地区为例。通过指标体系和评价基础构建、评价方法论证及实证研究等环节。对深圳市过去15年社会经济子系绫和资源环境子系统的发展水平及其协调发展程度的演进特征进行了研究。结果表明，协调性评价可以有效的揭示各种关键性发展问题。为相关政策制定提供科学依据；深圳市目前的社会经济发展和资源环境利用与保护工作均相对走在了全国的前列。基本满足了生态市建设的要求；今后，激活高端服务业发展步伐。采取更为严格的资源环境标准约束社会经济发展和城市建设。将成为实现地区可持续发展的主要任务。     

环境公平、环境效率及其与可持续发展的关系

随着可持续发展战略的提出和实施，20世纪80—90年代产生的环境公平概念自然成为其题中之义，并成为其“中心问题”，即居于可持续发展的中心地位；之后又出现了环境效率概念。本文在介绍国内外有关研究成果的基础上进一步阐述了环境公平、环境效率的概念，并对环境公平居于可持续发展中心地位的原因进行了讨论。     

中国能源利用的环境安全及其评价研究

为了保障能源利用条件下的国家环境安全。通过比较环境安全评价和传统环境评价，提出环境安全度这一环境安全的定量指标。建立中国能源利用的环境安全评价体系。评价结果表明。中国以煤为主的能源利用结构对大气环境造成的压力是巨大的。如果不采取任何措施．无论是二氧化硫还是氮氧化物的排放在2010年和2020年都是不安全的。因而．必须制定能源环境协调发展的环境安全战略。制定相应的能源环境协调发展的政策．依靠科技进步削减能源环境污染。动用经济手段促进能源可持续利用。确保国家环境安全。     

实现可持续发展的资源与环境政策

为了解决好资源环境问题，实现社会经济可持续发展，我国制定了多部资源与环境法律、法规和多项国家标准。但目前仍然存在一些问题：政策、法规不系统、不完善；多种资源被分割管理；各单项政策法规之间存在着重叠和冲突；一些政策法规内容停留在原则上，缺乏可操作性。我国资源与环境政策应包括以下内容：①资源产权制度及其相关政策；②资源价格政策；③资源与环境产业政策；④资源与环境综合利用政策；⑤环境保护政策等。     

中部地区原材料工业发展的环境条件

国家实施"中部崛起"战略拉开了中部地区原材料工业新一轮发展的序幕.全面、深入地研究中部地区的原材料工业发展环境条件及其面临的问题,对于促进中部地区原材料工业的发展水平和原材料基地建设具有重要意义.通过对中部地区原材料工业发展的资源环境条件、问题及其发展的经济政治环境因素分析认为,矿产资源种类多、优势矿种储量大、分布集中等有利的资源环境条件构成中部地区原材料工业发展的重要资源基础;我国所处的环太平洋地区矿产资源富集程度高,在越来越好的国际环境条件下,可以成为我国中部地区原材料工业发展的重要资源补充;国内外产业转移、全球经济发展趋好以及国家实施"中部崛起"战略和"新农村建设"等将为中部地区原材料工业发展提供历史性机遇.在国民经济快速增长、多样化的消费结构及其升级、固定资产投资等市场利好因素的驱动下,只要妥善解决资源保证程度下降、资源开发利用方式粗放等问题,加强对国际政治经济竞争和地区紧张局势所引起的资源安全风险和经济增长方式转变后可能出现的产能过剩等风险的防范,利用中部地区承东启西、纵贯南北的有利地理区位和交通运输条件,中部地区原材料工业发展面临十分有利的环境条件.     

基于SBM-DEA模型的中部地区资源环境效率格局演化及成因机理分析

资源环境是制约区域发展的重要影响因素,区域资源环境的利用是否有效是衡量地区综合发展水平的关键指标之一。因此对区域资源环境效率格局及其成因机理进行时空动态模拟,不仅有助于人们了解区域投入产出的过程与效益,同时又能为相关部门制定区域发展规划以及缓解区域人地矛盾提供参考依据。利用SBM-DEA模型分析2005~2014年间中部地区资源环境效率时空分异特征,并探讨了造成其格局演化的成因机理,得到如下结论:(1)从资源环境效率结果来看,2005~2014年中部地区资源环境效率总体呈现稳步上升态势;(2)省会城市、长江和京广等国家发展轴线的重要节点城市资源环境效率较高,远离长江、京广等重要轴线的城市资源环境效率较低的空间分布格局逐步形成;(3)从资源环境效率与投入产出的耦合关系来看,中部地区75%左右的城市处于Ⅰ类型,较少城市处于Ⅱ类型,极少数城市处于Ⅲ~ⅩⅢ类型。近10 a来中部地区普遍处于低投入、低产出、低污染的发展阶段,资源环境效率较高及以上城市数量先减少后增加,中等效率的城市数量先增加后趋于稳定,效率较低及以下的城市数量呈逐步减少的趋势;(4)促进资源环境效率的主导因素为地区经济发展水平,制约资源环境效率的主导因素为能源消耗。     

Implementation of a software platform to support an eco-design methodology within a manufacturing firm

The paper aims to explore the implementation of an eco-design methodology and the related software platform (G.EN.ESI – Green ENgineering dESIgn) within technical departments of a manufacturing firm. The G.EN.ESI eco-design methodology is based on the life cycle thinking concept and the software platform is conceived as a set of inter-operable software tools able to efficiently exchange data among them and with the traditional design systems (i.e. CAD, PDM and PLM). A multinational company, designing and producing household appliances, adopted the proposed methodology and related software platform for redesigning two cooker hood models with the aim to improve their environmental performances. Design and engineering departments evaluated the methodology and platform impact on the product development process, as well as the platform inter-operability with traditional design tools. The results indicate that methodology and software platform satisfy the requirements of the enterprise in terms of: (i) degree of expertise and training requirement on this subject, (ii) low impact in a consolidated design process and, (ii) good level of inter-operability among heterogeneous tools. However, the testing results highlight the necessity of a further platform optimisations in terms of software integration (single workbench made by integrated software tools with the same graphical user interface).     

国内外可持续发展评价方法对比分析

国际、国内很多组织都对可持续性评价方法进行过研究分析,但大多是特定的案例研究.目前国内外对可持续发展评价方法没有一个全面系统的分析比较,使得不同地区比较起来很困难.本文对各种评价方法如环境可持续性指数法、生态足迹法、能值分析法和指标综合评价法的来源、理论和应用作了介绍.得出各方法适用范围:可持续性指数法适合于国家间的综合评价;生态足迹和能值分析法适合于各种范围,包括国家、区域、地区和小系统;指标体系综合评价法对于小范围更合适.同时对各种方法的优势和缺陷进行了分析讨论,得出:可持续性指数法信息量大,但是计算复杂;生态足迹法计算过程简单,但是缺失一些可持续性信息;能值分析法考虑问题全面,但是其原理涉及热力学知识,很难被一些学者认同;指标体系评价法变通性较大,可随着评价系统的变化而进行调整,但是主观性较强.通过分析指出不同方法适用范围并指出每种分析方法的优势和不足,为以后选择合适的分析方法评价对象的可持续性提供依据.     

Exploring the need for more radical sustainable innovation: what does it look like and why?

It has been argued in recent years that Western economies need to increase their resource productivity by 90% over the next 50 years. This is a radical aim. This paper draws on design for sustainability (DfS) thinking to scope interventions that encourage greater levels of resource productivity through reconfiguring concepts of growth and well‐being within organisational strategies, structures, systems, processes and outputs. Based on research from a UK EPSRC funded project Design Dialogues (2005–2008), this paper links together sustainable design and innovation literatures and dialogue‐based primary research that together inform the development of an approach to innovation for sustainability. The emphasis on sustainable innovation is to understand what is designed (the outputs of business) and why (the inputs: the values, beliefs, visions and objectives) within a context of ecological limits. The foundations of this approach are introduced here in order to demonstrate the potential to provoke a new way of thinking about longer‐term organisational innovation through making explicit the intrinsic connections between natural and human capitals. This paper explores the need to think differently in order to create sustainability and presents the outcome of this research: a methodology for innovation for sustainability.     

Paris agreement on climate change and Botswana’s Vision 2036: an examination of linkages

Sustainable use of natural resources and sustainable development are concepts that are gaining momentum globally in the advent of global warming and climate change. The threshold for the entry in force of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change was achieved exactly 5 days after the unveiling of Botswana’s Vision 2036 document. This development framework envisages sustainable economic development and climate change adaptation. This article uses exploratory research methodology of systematic document analysis to analyze these principles in the context of Botswana. It investigates government's intentions in achieving the third pillar of the national vision. Botswana has declared its intensions to reduce carbon emissions by 15% by 2030 through the intended nationally determined contributions. While the country’s ambitions are largely forward-looking and aligned with those of the Paris Agreement, the economic diversification plans of Botswana threaten to potentially contribute significantly to the emission of greenhouse gases. The article applies sustainability and/or sustainable development theory in examining the relationship between the Paris Agreement and Botswana’s vision. It concludes that there is link between the two documents, both of which are anchored of the development which is environmentally sustainable. It further concludes that developing nations should make international commitments which are aligned to their developmental plans.     

区域经济发展对生态环境压力的定量评价

本文提出了评价区域经济发展对生态环境压力的一种定量方法：生态环境压力指数法。该方法设计了一个0～100尺度的生态环境压力指数(ESI)作为量度区域经济发展对生态环境的压力的大小。生态环境压力指数(ESI)由资源能源消耗分指数(RIn)和环境污染分指数（EPI）来计算。根据ESI数值和RECI与EPI的关系。可以判断生态环境压力的变化和主要来源。该方法被成功地应用于评价中国工韭经济发展对生态环境压力的现状和长期趋势。结果表明。该方法具有较强的综合性，较高的可靠性，较好的直观性。同时原理筒单。计算简便。是一种值得推广的评价区域经济发展对生态环境压力的定量方法。     

保护长江生态环境,统筹流域绿色发展

"生态优先、绿色发展"是国家对长江经济带建设和长江流域发展的最新明确的战略定位。本文分析了长江流域的区位优势及其地位和作用;从流域水资源和水环境总体特征、流域不同区段生态环境特征及主要问题、自然灾害、水利工程影响等不同方面梳理和讨论了长江流域生态环境现状及主要生态环境问题;基于以上分析讨论,提出长江流域生态环境建设中需重点关注的相关领域。     

Ranking Canadian universities: a quantitative approach for sustainability assessment using uD-SiM

This paper introduces a model that enables a comparison between universities based on sustainability indicators related to environmental, economic, social and educational aspects. The proposed model is based on a driving force-pressure-state-exposure-effect-action (DPSEEA) framework and is called uncertainty-based DPSEEA-Sustainability index Model (uD-SiM). The uD-SiM applies the concept of causality and develops sustainability index (SI), which is an outcome of nonlinear relationships of sustainability indicators in different stages of DPSEEA. In this paper, this fuzzy-based multi-criteria decision-making model is used to evaluate the sustainability of five Canadian universities, namely the University of British Columbia, the University of Toronto, the University of Alberta, the McGill University and the Memorial University. The final ranking results are compared with the Green report card ranking for 2010 through SI. The application of various actions and strategies that can be applied to different stages of the framework to improve sustainability in higher education institutions is also discussed.     

Overcoming Contradictions Between Growth and Sustainability:Institutional Innovation in the BRICS

The recent accelerated growth rates or efforts to emulate countries that have achieved a rapid pace of economic growth are widely acclaimed as means to uplift millions from poverty. In so doing, however, this rapid economic growth is most likely to coincide with unsustainable levels of consumption, place excessive pressure on life support systems and terrestrial sinks and foreshorten options for the future. Rather than pursuing the "Environmental Kuznets Curve" (EKC) hypothesis that higher income will bring with it the means to reduce the impacts of greater consumption, ecological economists assert that buying our way out of future scarcity with fast growth is indeed contradictory with sustainability. To better understand these contradictions and explore potential institutional innovations that may enable developing nations to better confront them (in effect, "tunneling under" the EKC), this article refers to recent experience in the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa). Beginning with a brief comparative summary of major development and environmental indicators, pressures on resources and society in each of the BRICS are discussed, followed by identification of institutional and policy frameworks each country has evolved to confront the challenges of growth and sustainability. The article closes with general conclusions for further research and information sharing among developing nations.     

渝东峡江区全新世环境考古与环境变迁研究现状

渝东峡江区全新世环境考古与环境变迁研究,目前的成果主要涉及部分遗址点的古环境复原、个别次流域环境变迁研究及初步建立的古洪水发生序列,在研究思路、方法和手段上仍需考虑区域特殊性并重视：①反映人地关系互动的环境考古研究,包括人类生存环境的生态条件、环境质量及人类对环境的影响能力方面;②遗址“次生堆积”的环境影响因素研究和“事件层”多成因分析;③遗址地层与自然地层的对比研究、区域环境考古及其比较研究;④区域古环境变化序列与全球变化区域响应研究;⑤确保获取高分辨率、满足多指标综合要求的沉积物样品。     

论世界银行衡量可持续发展的最新指标体系

本文综述了近年来衡量可持续发展的各类指标体系;对世界银行发布的最新体系,进行了全面的评论,并且由此归纳出该体系的五项优点和两项缺陷。尤其对于新指标体系应用“储蓄率”的消长,去动态地监测可持续发展的过程,给予了高度的评价。此外,本文还对有关的国家排序结果做了相应的对比分析。